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Cort, R. & Lindblom, J. (2023). Sensing the breakdown: Managing complexity at the railway. Culture and Organization
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Sensing the breakdown: Managing complexity at the railway
2023 (English)In: Culture and Organization, ISSN 1475-9551, E-ISSN 1477-2760Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

This paper explores the complex and time-critical work practices within operational train traffic in Sweden by reporting on an incident causing an infrastructure breakdown and large traffic disruptions. Based on a workplace study approach, we report on how the control room workers – train traffic controllers and information officers – grasp, make sense of, and handle the consequences of the incident as it unfolds in realtime. We portray how the workers develop and acquire a sense of place in relation to the incident’s severity which is essential for successfully handling the situation. By introducing the ‘sense of place’ concept originally derived from the field of natural resources to the domain of operational train traffic, we provide a deepened understanding of the challenges characterising remote control work from a safety-critical socio-technical systems perspective. Finally, reflections on the application of the ‘sense of place’ concept, safety aspects and directions for future research are provided.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Routledge, 2023
Keywords
Socio-technical systems, workplace studies, control room, work practices, railway, sense of place
National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Research subject
Human-Computer Interaction
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-456580 (URN)10.1080/14759551.2023.2266857 (DOI)
Projects
Socioteknisk systemdesign av framtidens tågtrafiksystemTrafikverkets excellenssatsningMänniska och automation i framtida samverkan
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, 2019/8562Swedish Transport Administration, 2020/11957Swedish Transport Administration, 2020/7162
Available from: 2021-10-20 Created: 2021-10-20 Last updated: 2023-10-12
Jansson, A. A. & Cort, R. (2020). Assessment of openness as a dynamic team skill in order to counteract “free-riding”. In: 2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE): . Paper presented at 2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 21-24 October, Uppsala.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Assessment of openness as a dynamic team skill in order to counteract “free-riding”
2020 (English)In: 2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 2020Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Group work is frequently used in higher education to prepare students for their future work roles and to foster the development of interpersonal and social skills. Such skills may be of particular importance when solving complex problems, in study situations as well as in real life. However, students often report on problems in group work and teachers face difficulties in making fair assessments of the individuals’ contribution. This paper emphasizes the development of openness as an essential team skill for enabling successful group work, to counteract free-riding, and to facilitate teachers in making fair assessments. With the use of a questionnaire for peer assessments of team skills, we measured openness in 23 groups from two different courses—one with students who know each other well and one with students who just met. In a comparison of the two student groups, we conclude that students with a history of working together exhibited more openness, thus speaking in favor of group work running over a longer period of time. We consider the operationalization of the concept of openness as the main contribution here, in addition to the empirical result.

Series
Frontiers in Education Conference, ISSN 1539-4565, E-ISSN 2377-634X
Keywords
peer-assessment, group work, team skills
National Category
Pedagogical Work
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-424505 (URN)10.1109/FIE44824.2020.9274004 (DOI)000646660800136 ()978-1-7281-8961-1 (ISBN)978-1-7281-8962-8 (ISBN)
Conference
2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 21-24 October, Uppsala
Available from: 2020-11-06 Created: 2020-11-06 Last updated: 2021-06-17Bibliographically approved
Cort, R. (2020). Att utveckla ihärdighet: En intervjustudie om lärarens roll för studenters motivation att jobba mot långsiktiga mål. In: : . Paper presented at NU (Nätverk och Utveckling).
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Att utveckla ihärdighet: En intervjustudie om lärarens roll för studenters motivation att jobba mot långsiktiga mål
2020 (Swedish)Conference paper, Poster (with or without abstract) (Refereed)
Abstract [sv]

Ihärdighet, eller ”grit”, är en egenskap som beskriver individers förmåga att behålla motivation i strävan mot ett långsiktigt mål och trots motgångar (Duckworth mfl., 2007). Personer med grit har ofta också ett ”growth mindset” vilket innebär en tilltro till sig själv och en inställning att lärande är en ständigt pågående process. Motsatsen, ett statiskt mindset, innebär att individen ser motstånd och misslyckanden som bevis på oförmåga (Dweck, 2017). Processen för lärande kommer då i skymundan och motgångar ses som ett definitivt mått på individens kompetens och värde. I klassrummet är det högst troligt att vi möter både studenter med ett growth mindset och de utan. De sistnämnda har sannolikt en tendens att ge upp när de stöter på utmaningar i utbildningen. Ur ett högskolepedagogiskt perspektiv är det relevant att fråga oss vad vi som lärare kan göra för att stötta studenterna i att utveckla ett growth mindset och bidra till ökad ihärdighet. Vinsten med detta skulle ligga i färre avhopp på kurser och utbildningsprogram samt i en större samhällelig utveckling när allt fler studenter lyckas använda sin fulla potential utan att hämmas av ett statiskt mindset.

För att undersöka vad lärare kan göra för att stötta studenternas utveckling av ett growth mindset, och därmed också deras ihärdighet, genomfördes gruppintervjuer med studenter vid Uppsala universitet. Totalt genomfördes fyra stycken, 30 minuter långa, gruppintervjuer med totalt 13 deltagare. Intervjufrågorna kretsade kring utveckling av ihärdighet med fokus på studenternas erfarenheter av undervisning och vad de uppfattar som stöttande respektive begränsande när de kommer till att upprätthålla motivation över tid. Med en tematisk analys identifierades följande tre teman: Positiv attityd, Lärande som en process, och Att skapa kontext. Mer konkret handlar det om att som lärare (1) ha en positiv attityd till sitt ämne samt att visa tilltro till studenternas möjlighet att lära, (2) att se studenternas individuella inlärningskurvor och i viss mån anpassa undervisningen därefter, samt att (3) sätta ämnet och undervisningen i en större kontext för att synliggöra hur den aktuella kursen relaterar till utbildningsämnet samt till studenternas framtida yrkesutövanden. De aspekter som studenterna lyfter kan tyckas grundläggande men de är centrala för att förmedla vikten av att anstränga sig och vinsten av att inte ge upp. Om vi genom att inkludera små medel som dessa i vår undervisning kan öka studenternas tro på sina möjligheter att lära har vi inget att förlora men desto mer att vinna.

Referenser:Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(6), 1087–1101.

Dweck, C. S. (2017). Mindset: du blir vad du tänker. Natur & kultur.

National Category
Pedagogical Work
Research subject
Computer Science with specialization in Human-Computer Interaction; Computing Education Research
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-424503 (URN)
Conference
NU (Nätverk och Utveckling)
Available from: 2020-11-06 Created: 2020-11-06 Last updated: 2023-01-09Bibliographically approved
Cort, R. (2020). Behind the Scenes: Unintended Effects of Increased Technology use in Operational Train Traffic. In: Swedish Transportation Research Conference 2020, October 21, 2020.: . Paper presented at Swedish Transportation Research Conference 2020, October 21, 2020..
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Behind the Scenes: Unintended Effects of Increased Technology use in Operational Train Traffic
2020 (English)In: Swedish Transportation Research Conference 2020, October 21, 2020., 2020Conference paper, Oral presentation only (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Information technology has been an increasingly pervasive component of most workplaces throughout the past half-century, and has resulted in changes to how, when and where we work. In operational train traffic, the main actors are traffic controllers and train drivers and their workplaces are no exception to the rapid implementation pace of new IT across society. The work of traffic control is performed in a control room—an environment that has long been technology-intensive, and automation is anticipated to play an even more increasing role in the future. At the same time, the train drivers that traditionally have relied on their “out the window” perception are now requested to work with a variety of modern driver systems and are thus exposed to more information technologies within the cab than ever before. Overall, the last two decades have presented a rapid growth of railway technologies, mostly with the aim to increase capacity. In this talk, I pose the question as to how this has affected the work practices conducted by traffic controllers and train drivers respectively but also how it has affected the collaborative aspects of their work.

National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-424504 (URN)
Conference
Swedish Transportation Research Conference 2020, October 21, 2020.
Available from: 2020-11-06 Created: 2020-11-06 Last updated: 2020-11-27Bibliographically approved
Thorvald, P., Lindblom, J. & Andreasson, R. (2019). On the development of a method for cognitive load assessment in manufacturing. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 59, 252-266
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On the development of a method for cognitive load assessment in manufacturing
2019 (English)In: Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, ISSN 0736-5845, E-ISSN 1879-2537, Vol. 59, p. 252-266Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The increasing complexity and demands of assembly operations in manufacturing has been shown to lead to increased cognitive load in assembly workers. Previous work has outlined the complexity of an assembly worker's situation both in terms of difficulty and speed of work and there have been a few attempts at creating frameworks and methods for understanding the key aspects of what creates increased cognitive load. This paper presents the development of an analytic method, denoted CLAM (Cognitive Load Assessment for Manufacturing), and a tool for assessing cognitive load in manufacturing, primarily assembly. It outlines the journey of the development as well as discusses and problematizes relevant meta-methodological issues paired with method development. The intended contribution of the work is to make a difference in reducing the cognitive load of assembly workers on the shop floor, thus focusing the development on applicability and usability of the tool in practice. With this purpose in mind, focus of the method development has been on the practitioners, i.e. the method should not require any expert knowledge to be applied. The CLAM method and accompanying documentation such as a handbook containing instructions towards using the method and interpreting the results, is available in an online tool.

Keywords
Cognitive load, Manufacturing, Assembly, Method development, CLAM method
National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-390370 (URN)10.1016/j.rcim.2019.04.012 (DOI)000472694400022 ()
Available from: 2019-05-03 Created: 2019-08-12 Last updated: 2021-10-26Bibliographically approved
Andreasson, R., Jansson, A. A. & Lindblom, J. (2019). Past and future challenges for railway research and the role of a systems perspective. In: Proc. 20th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association: Volume VII. Paper presented at IEA 2018, August 26–30, Florence, Italy (pp. 1737-1746). Springer
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Past and future challenges for railway research and the role of a systems perspective
2019 (English)In: Proc. 20th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association: Volume VII, Springer, 2019, p. 1737-1746Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Operational train traffic is dependent on an efficient traffic plan monitored and executed by the traffic controllers, the proficient maneuvering of the trains by the train drivers, and on the interaction, communication, and coordination between these two work roles. The railway research community, and the branch of industry itself, has called for an integrated systems perspective for the whole train traffic system to achieve an efficient performance. As human-human and human-technology interactions are natural parts of the socio-technical system of train traffic, the aim of this paper is to provide illustrative examples for why a systems perspective is needed for the future of railway research. Furthermore, we present the theoretical framework of distributed cognition (DCog) as a necessary addition to the theoretical and methodological toolbox of the Human Factors and Ergonomics (HF&E) discipline. To realize efficient and coordinated processes involved in organizing and executing operational train traffic, the paper proposes that the DCog framework should be implemented in the train traffic domain as a viable approach forward.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2019
Series
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, ISSN 2194-5357, E-ISSN 2194-5365 ; 824
National Category
Interaction Technologies
Research subject
Interaction Lab (ILAB)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-364089 (URN)10.1007/978-3-319-96071-5_178 (DOI)000473061800167 ()2-s2.0-85052309815 (Scopus ID)978-3-319-96070-8 (ISBN)
Conference
IEA 2018, August 26–30, Florence, Italy
Available from: 2018-08-11 Created: 2018-10-23 Last updated: 2023-01-09Bibliographically approved
Andreasson, R., Jansson, A. & Lindblom, J. (2019). The coordination between train traffic controllers and train drivers: a distributed cognition perspective on railway. Cognition, Technology & Work, 21(3), 417-443
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The coordination between train traffic controllers and train drivers: a distributed cognition perspective on railway
2019 (English)In: Cognition, Technology & Work, ISSN 1435-5558, E-ISSN 1435-5566, Vol. 21, no 3, p. 417-443Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Although there has long been a call for a holistic systems perspective to better understand real work in the complex domain of railway traffic, prior research has not strongly emphasised the socio-technical perspective. In operational railway traffic, the successful planning and execution of the traffic are the product of the socio-technical system comprised by both train drivers and traffic controllers. This paper presents a study inspired by cognitive ethnography with the aim to characterise the coordinating activities that are conducted by train traffic controllers and train drivers in the work practices of the socio-technical system of Swedish railway. The theoretical framework of distributed cognition (DCog) is used as a conceptual and analytical tool to make sense of the complex railway domain and the best practices as they are developed and performed “in the wild”. The analysis reveals a pattern of collaboration and coordination of actions among the workers and we introduce the concept of enacted actionable practices as a key concern for understanding how a successfully executed railway traffic emerges as a property of the socio-technical system. The implications for future railway research are briefly discussed.

Keywords
Distributed cognition, DCog, Railway, Rail human factors
National Category
Interaction Technologies
Research subject
Interaction Lab (ILAB)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-364088 (URN)10.1007/s10111-018-0513-z (DOI)000478042500005 ()2-s2.0-85051644932 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Available from: 2018-10-23 Created: 2018-10-23 Last updated: 2021-10-29Bibliographically approved
Andreasson, R., Alenljung, B., Billing, E. & Lowe, R. (2018). Affective touch in human–robot interaction: Conveying emotion to the Nao robot. International Journal of Social Robotics, 10, 473-491
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Affective touch in human–robot interaction: Conveying emotion to the Nao robot
2018 (English)In: International Journal of Social Robotics, ISSN 1875-4791, E-ISSN 1875-4805, Vol. 10, p. 473-491Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Affective touch has a fundamental role in human development, social bonding, and for providing emotional support in interpersonal relationships. We present, what is to our knowledge, the first HRI study of tactile conveyance of both positive and negative emotions (affective touch) on the Nao robot, and based on an experimental set-up from a study of human–human tactile communication. In the present work, participants conveyed eight emotions to a small humanoid robot via touch. We found that female participants conveyed emotions for a longer time, using more varied interaction and touching more regions on the robot’s body, compared to male participants. Several differences between emotions were found such that emotions could be classified by the valence of the emotion conveyed, by combining touch amount and duration. Overall, these results show high agreement with those reported for human–human affective tactile communication and could also have impact on the design and placement of tactile sensors on humanoid robots.

National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-335361 (URN)10.1007/s12369-017-0446-3 (DOI)000445226600007 ()
Available from: 2017-12-01 Created: 2017-12-04 Last updated: 2018-10-25Bibliographically approved
Alenljung, B., Andreasson, R., Lowe, R., Billing, E. & Lindblom, J. (2018). Conveying Emotions by Touch to the Nao Robot: A User Experience Perspective. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 2(4), Article ID 82.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Conveying Emotions by Touch to the Nao Robot: A User Experience Perspective
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2018 (English)In: Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, ISSN 2414-4088, Vol. 2, no 4, article id 82Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract
National Category
Interaction Technologies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-396810 (URN)10.3390/mti2040082 (DOI)
Funder
Region Västra GötalandKnowledge Foundation, 20140220
Available from: 2018-12-16 Created: 2019-11-11 Last updated: 2021-10-26Bibliographically approved
Lowe, R., Andreasson, R., Alenljung, B., Lund, A. & Billing, E. (2018). Designing for a wearable affective interface for the NAO robot: A study of emotion conveyance by touch. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 2(1)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Designing for a wearable affective interface for the NAO robot: A study of emotion conveyance by touch
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2018 (English)In: Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, ISSN 2414-4088, Vol. 2, no 1Article in journal (Refereed) Published
National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-348035 (URN)10.3390/mti2010002 (DOI)
Projects
Design, textil och hållbar utveckling
Available from: 2018-01-20 Created: 2018-04-10 Last updated: 2018-04-10Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0003-0159-9628

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