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Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the role of obesity and weight gain in the development of sleep problems in a population-based cohort. Material and methods: A population-based sample of men (n = 1896, aged 40-79 years) and women (n = 5116, age = 20 years) responded to questionnaires at baseline and follow-up after 10-13 years. Sleep problems were assessed through questions about difficulties initiating sleep (DIS), difficulties maintaining sleep (DMS), excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), and insomnia. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from self-reported weight and height at both baseline and follow-up, while confounding factors (physical activity, tobacco and alcohol use, somatic disease, and snoring) were based on responses at baseline. Results: Although overweight and obese subjects reported more sleep problems at baseline, there was no independent association between BMI level at baseline and development of new sleep problems. Subjects in the quartile with the highest rise in BMI with a weight gain exceeding 2.06 kg/m(2) had a higher risk of developing DMS [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.58; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-2.01), EDS (2.25; 1.65-3.06], and insomnia (2.78; 1.60-4.82). Weight gain was not associated with the development of DIS. Conclusions: Weight gain is an independent risk factor for developing several sleep problems and daytime sleepiness. The presence of overweight and weight gain should be considered when treating patients with sleep problems. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Background and objectives: Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is often diagnosed late. The aim of this study was to analyse gender differences at initiation of long-term mechanical ventilation (LTMV) in patients with (OHS), to analyse gender differences in treatment effect and to study how the prescription of LTMV due to OHS has changed over time. Methods: Data on patients on LTMV due to OHS between 1996 and 2014 were obtained from Swedevox, a nationwide health quality registry of patients on LTMV in Sweden. Results: When starting LTMV, women were generally older (age 64.4 +/- 11.2 vs. 60.1 +/- 12.1 years, p < 0.001), more obese (BMI 43.0 +/- 8.2 vs. 41.5 +/- 7.9 kg/m(2), p < 0.001), more hypoxic (PaO2 7.6 +/- 1.5 vs. 7.9 +/- 1.6 kPa, p +/- 0.001), had more hypercapnia (PaCO2 7.2 +/- 1.3 vs. 6.9 +/- 1.3 kPa, p = 0.001), had higher base excess (6.9 +/- 4.1 vs. 5.8 +/- 4.7 kPa, p < 0.001) and more frequently started LTMV in a non-elective situation (43.2% vs. 37.5%, p = 0.026) than men. Improvement of arterial blood gas values or in age-adjusted mortality at one-year follow-up did not differ. During the study period, the age of patients at the initiation of LTMV rose by 3.4 years/decade (P = 0.001) in women and with 1.9 years/decade (P = 0.048) in men but there were no significant changes in BMI (P = 0.425). Conclusions: Diagnosis of OHS is more delayed in women and as a consequence the disease is more advanced when diagnosed. In spite of this, there is no gender difference in survival rate in patients with OHS treated with LTMV. More and older patients with OHS nowadays gain access to LTMV.

Study Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disease with metabolic and cardiovascular consequences and is associated with decreased serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). The aim of this study was to investigate whether continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) will increase serum IGF-1 concentration in patients with OSA. Methods: Patients with moderate to severe OSA were recruited from a sleep clinic and serum IGF-1 was measured before initiation of CPAP and at follow-up after 4.8 +/- 2.5 months. Patients adherent to CPAP treatment (usage >= 4 h/night) were compared with those considered to be nonadherent (usage < 4 h/night). Results: Complete data were obtained from 69 patients (86% male, age 56 +/- 12 years, respiratory event index 43 +/- 21 events/h, Epworth Sleepiness Scale score 12 +/- 5). In those adherent to CPAP (n = 42), there was an increase in serum IGF-1 concentration with 21.1 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 13.1 to 29.2) mu g/L compared to 4.7 (95% CI: -4.1 to 13.5) mu g/L in the nonadherent group (n = 27) (P =.0083). In a linear multivariate model adjusting for sex, age, body mass index, respiratory event index, and mean oxygen saturation during the night recording, the change in serum IGF-1 concentration was significantly associated with adherence to CPAP treatment (adjusted beta coefficient: 21.8, 95% CI: 10.2 to 33.4) and inversely associated with change in body mass index (adjusted beta coefficient: -7.1, 95% CI: -11.3 to -3.0) and change in hemoglobin A1c (adjusted beta coefficient: -1.8, 95% CI: - 33 to -0.3). Conclusions: CPAP usage >= 4 h/night is associated with increased serum IGF-1 concentration in male patients with OSA.

Objectives: Adherence to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is crucial. Our aim was to identify protective and risk factors against the discontinuation of CPAP treatment in patients with OSA and to estimate the mortality risk in those who were non-adherent to CPAP therapy.

Methods: This was a registry-based cohort study from 37 centers across Sweden with OSA patients on CPAP in the Swedevox Swedish national registry between July 2010 and March 2017.

Results: In 16,425 patients (70.8% men) with complete follow-up data after 1.2 ± 0.8 years the adjusted relative risk ratio (aRRR) for the discontinuation of CPAP was 0.57 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.50–0.65) for use of humidifier, 0.87 (95% CI 0.82–0.92) for increasing age per 10 years, 0.80 (95% CI 0.77–0.83) for increasing apnea hypopnea index (AHI) per 5 units/hour, and 0.96 (95% CI 0.95–0.97) per increased unit on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Increasing BMI was associated with increased adherence up to BMI 35. Women and patients with hypertension ran an increased risk of discontinuing CPAP treatment, aRRR 1.28 (95% CI 1.12–1.46) and 1.24 (95% CI 1.12–1.42) respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for mortality was 1.74 (95% CI 1.32–2.28) among those who did not adhere to CPAP (median follow-up period 2.4 years after the one year adherence evaluation).

Conclusion: Use of humidifier is associated with greater adherence to CPAP treatment. Other factors predicting adherence are increasing age, more severe OSA and overweight up to BMI 35, whereas female gender and coexisting hypertension are risk factors for discontinuation of CPAP. Failure to adhere to CPAP is associated with increased mortality.