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Extended anatomical grading in diffuse axonal injury using MRI: Hemorrhagic lesions in the substantia nigra and mesencephalic tegmentum indicate poor long-term outcome
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6173-8357
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation Medicine. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, centrumbildningar mm, Centre for Research and Development, Gävleborg.
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
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2017 (English)In: Journal of Neurotrauma, ISSN 0897-7151, E-ISSN 1557-9042, Vol. 5, no 34, p. 341-352Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Clinical outcome after traumatic diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is difficult to predict. In this study, three magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences were used to quantify the anatomical distribution of lesions, to grade DAI according to the Adams grading system, and to evaluate the value of lesion localization in combination with clinical prognostic factors to improve outcome prediction. Thirty patients (mean 31.2 years ±14.3 standard deviation) with severe DAI (Glasgow Motor Score [GMS] <6) examined with MRI within 1 week post-injury were included. Diffusion-weighted (DW), T2*-weighted gradient echo and susceptibility-weighted (SWI) sequences were used. Extended Glasgow outcome score was assessed after 6 months. Number of DW lesions in the thalamus, basal ganglia, and internal capsule and number of SWI lesions in the mesencephalon correlated significantly with outcome in univariate analysis. Age, GMS at admission, GMS at discharge, and low proportion of good monitoring time with cerebral perfusion pressure <60 mm Hg correlated significantly with outcome in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed an independent relation with poor outcome for age (p = 0.005) and lesions in the mesencephalic region corresponding to substantia nigra and tegmentum on SWI (p  = 0.008). We conclude that higher age and lesions in substantia nigra and mesencephalic tegmentum indicate poor long-term outcome in DAI. We propose an extended MRI classification system based on four stages (stage I—hemispheric lesions, stage II—corpus callosum lesions, stage III—brainstem lesions, and stage IV—substantia nigra or mesencephalic tegmentum lesions); all are subdivided by age (≥/<30 years).

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2017. Vol. 5, no 34, p. 341-352
Keywords [en]
adult brain injury, axonal injury, head trauma, MRI, susceptibility weighted imaging
National Category
Clinical Medicine Neurology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-309038DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4426ISI: 000391754800009PubMedID: 27356857OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-309038DiVA, id: diva2:1051407
Available from: 2016-12-01 Created: 2016-12-01 Last updated: 2018-07-13Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Clinical Consequences of Axonal Injury in Traumatic Brain Injury
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Clinical Consequences of Axonal Injury in Traumatic Brain Injury
2018 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), mainly caused by road-traffic accidents and falls, is a leading cause of mortality. Survivors often display debilitating motor, sensory and cognitive symptoms, leading to reduced quality of life and a profound economic burden to society. Additionally, TBI is a risk factor for future neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Commonly, TBI is categorized into focal and diffuse injuries, and based on symptom severity into mild, moderate and severe TBI. Diffuse axonal injury (DAI), biomechanically caused by rotational acceleration-deceleration forces at impact, is characterized by widespread axonal injury in superficial and deep white substance. DAI comprises a clinical challenge due to its variable course and unreliable prognostic methods. Furthermore, axonal injury may convey the link to neurodegeneration since molecules associated with neurodegenerative events aggregate in injured axons.

The aim of this thesis was to study clinical consequences of axonal injury, its detection and pathological features, and potential link to neurodegeneration in severe TBI patients treated at the neurointensive care unit at Uppsala University Hospital. In paper I and IV DAI patients were studied for the relation of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) and poor outcome to axonal injury on magnetic resonance imaging. In paper II, soluble amyloid-beta aggregates (oligomers and protofibrils), characteristic of AD pathology, were investigated in surgically resected brain tissue from severe TBI patients, using highly-selective Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assays. In paper III, brain tissue biopsy samples from TBI patients with either focal injury or DAI were examined for differential proteome profiles using mass spectrometry-based proteomics.

The results provide evidence that axonal injury, located in the central brain stem, in substantia nigra and the mesencephalic tegmentum, is particularly related to poor outcome and increased ICP during neurointensive care of DAI patients. A novel classification system for prognostication after DAI is proposed. Furthermore, the thesis shows that severe TBI induces rapid accumulation of neurotoxic soluble amyloid-beta oligomers and protofibrils. In addition, DAI initiates unique proteome profiles different from that of focal TBI in structurally normal-appearing brain. These findings have implication for the clinical management of DAI patients, and provide new insight in the neuropathological consequences of axonal injury.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2018. p. 84
Series
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine, ISSN 1651-6206 ; 1436
Keywords
Traumatic brain injury, diffuse axonal injury, intracranial pressure, magnetic resonance imaging, amyloid-beta, tau
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Research subject
Neurosurgery
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-341914 (URN)978-91-513-0251-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2018-04-21, Auditorium minus, Gustavianum, Akademigatan 3, Uppsala, 09:15 (English)
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Supervisors
Available from: 2018-03-28 Created: 2018-02-19 Last updated: 2018-07-13

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Abu Hamdeh, SamiMarklund, NiklasLannsjö, MarianneHowells, TimRaininko, RailiWikström, JohanEnblad, Per

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