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Analyses and Application of Ambient Seismic Noise in Sweden: Source, Interferometry, Tomography
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4414-1046
2017 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Ambient seismic noise from generation to its application for determination of sub-surface velocity structures is analyzed using continuous data recordings from the Swedish National Seismic Network (SNSN). The fundamental aim of the thesis is to investigate the applicability of precise velocity measurements from ambient noise data. In the ambient noise method, a form of interferometry, the seismic signal is constructed from long-term cross correlation of a random noise field. Anisotropy of the source distribution causes apparent time shifts (velocity bias) in the interferometric signals. The velocity bias can be important for the study area (Sweden) which has relatively small velocity variations. This work explores the entire data path, from investigating the noise-source distribution to a tomographic study of southern Sweden.

A new method to invert for the azimuthal source distribution from cross-correlation envelopes is introduced. The method provides quantitative estimates of the azimuthal source distribution which can be used for detailed studies of source generation processes. An advantage of the method is that it uses few stations to constrain azimuthal source distributions. The results show that the source distribution is inhomogeneous, with sources concentrated along the western coast of Norway. This leads to an anisotropic noise field, especially for the secondary microseisms. The primary microseismic energy comes mainly from the northeast.

The deduced azimuthal source distributions are used to study the level of expected bias invelocity estimates within the SNSN. The results indicate that the phase-velocity bias is less than 1% for most station pairs but can be larger for small values of the ratio of inter-station distance over wavelength. In addition, the nature of velocity bias due to a heterogeneous source field is investigated in terms of high and finite-frequency regimes.

Graphical software for phase-velocity dispersion measurements based on new algorithms is presented and validated with synthetic data and by comparisons to other methods. The software is used for phase-velocity measurements, and deduced azimuthal source distributions are used for velocity-bias correction. Derived phase-velocity dispersion curves are used to construct two-dimensional velocity maps of southern Sweden at different periods based on travel-time tomography. The effect of the bias correction is investigated, and velocity maps are interpreted in comparison to previous geological and geophysical information.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2017. , p. 60
Series
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology, ISSN 1651-6214 ; 1511
Keywords [en]
Seismic interferometry, Ambient noise, Surface wave, Wave propagation, Inverse theory, Sweden
National Category
Geophysics
Research subject
Geophysics with specialization in Seismology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-320169ISBN: 978-91-554-9906-8 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-320169DiVA, id: diva2:1088892
Public defence
2017-06-09, Hambergsalen, Geocentrum, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2017-05-18 Created: 2017-04-17 Last updated: 2017-06-07
List of papers
1. Mapping the source distribution of microseisms using noise covariogram envelopes
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Mapping the source distribution of microseisms using noise covariogram envelopes
2016 (English)In: Geophysical Journal International, ISSN 0956-540X, E-ISSN 1365-246X, Vol. 205, no 3, p. 1473-1491Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We introduce a method for mapping the noise-source distribution of microseisms which uses information from the full length of covariograms (cross-correlations). We derive a forward calculation based on the plane-wave assumption in 2-D, to formulate an iterative, linearized inversion of covariogram envelopes in the time domain. The forward calculation involves bandpass filtering of the covariograms. The inversion exploits the well-known feature of noise cross-correlation, that is, an anomaly in the noise field that is oblique to the interstation direction appears as cross-correlation amplitude at a smaller time lag than the in-line, surface wave arrival. Therefore, the inversion extracts more information from the covariograms than that contained at the expected surface wave arrival, and this allows us to work with few stations to find the propagation directions of incoming energy. The inversion is naturally applied to data that retain physical units that are not amplitude normalized in any way. By dividing a network into groups of stations, we can constrain the source location by triangulation. We demonstrate results of the method with synthetic data and one year (2012) of data from the Swedish National Seismic Network and also look at the seasonal variation of source distribution around Scandinavia. After preprocessing and cross-correlation, the stations are divided into five groups of 9-12 stations. We invert the envelopes of each group in eight period ranges between 2 and 25 s. Results show that the noise sources at short periods (less than 12 s) lie predominantly in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea, and at longer periods the energy appears to have a broader distribution. The strongly anisotropic source distribution in this area is estimated to cause significant biases of velocity measurements compared to the level of heterogeneity in the region. The amplitude of the primary microseisms varies little over the year, but secondary microseisms are much weaker in summer than in winter. Furthermore, the peak period of the secondary microseisms shifts from 5-6 s in winter to 4-5 s during the summer.

Keywords
Inverse theory, Interferometry, Surface waves and free oscillations, Wave propagation, Europe
National Category
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-302233 (URN)10.1093/gji/ggw092 (DOI)000376380000011 ()
External cooperation:
Available from: 2016-09-01 Created: 2016-08-31 Last updated: 2017-11-21Bibliographically approved
2. Velocity-measurement bias of the ambient noise method due to source directivity: A case study for the Swedish National Seismic Network
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Velocity-measurement bias of the ambient noise method due to source directivity: A case study for the Swedish National Seismic Network
2017 (English)In: Geophysical Journal International, ISSN 0956-540X, E-ISSN 1365-246X, Vol. 209, no 3, p. 1648-1659Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The bias of velocity measurements from ambient-noise covariograms due to an anisotropic distribution of noise sources is studied assuming that the noise field consists of planar surface waves from large distance. First, general characteristics of the bias are described in terms of their dependence on wavelength, source-anomaly amplitude and width. Second, the expected bias of measurements in Sweden based on a noise-source model for the adjacent regions is analysed. The bias is conceptually explained and described in terms of two regimes, namely a high-frequency and a finite-frequency regime and their parameter domains quantified. Basic scaling laws are established for the bias. It is generally found to be small compared to lateral heterogeneity, except in the finite-frequency regime when inter-station distance is small compared to a wavelength and in regions of low levels of heterogeneity. The potential bias, i.e., its peak-to-peak variation, is generally higher for group-velocity than phase-velocity measurements. The strongly varying noise-source distribution as seen from Sweden results in predictions of relatively strong bias in the area at relevant frequencies and inter-station distances. Levels of heterogeneity in the Baltic shield are relatively low, rendering the potential bias significant. This highlights the need for detailed studies of source anisotropy before application of ambient-noise tomography, particularly in regions with weak velocity heterogeneity. Predicted bias only partially explains deviations of phase-velocity measurements from a regional average for individual station pairs. Restricting measurements to station pairs with inter-station distance exceeding five wavelengths limits the potential velocity bias in the area to within 1%. This rather dramatic restriction can be relaxed by directional analysis of the noise-source field and application of azimuthal restrictions to the selected station pairs for measurement.

National Category
Geophysics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-320163 (URN)10.1093/gji/ggx115 (DOI)000408374300022 ()
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2011-04711
Available from: 2017-04-16 Created: 2017-04-16 Last updated: 2018-09-17Bibliographically approved
3. GSpecDisp: a Matlab GUI package for phase-velocity dispersion measurements from ambient-noise correlations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>GSpecDisp: a Matlab GUI package for phase-velocity dispersion measurements from ambient-noise correlations
2018 (English)In: Computers & Geosciences, ISSN 0098-3004, E-ISSN 1873-7803, p. 41-53Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We present a graphical user interface (GUI) package to facilitate phase-velocity dispersion measurements of surface waves in noise-correlation traces. The package, called GSpecDisp, provides an interactive environment for the measurements and presentation of the results. The selection of a dispersion curve can be done automatically or manually within the package. The data are time-domain cross-correlations in SAC format, but GSpecDisp measures phase velocity in the spectral domain. Two types of phase-velocity dispersion measurements can be carried out with GSpecDisp; (1) average velocity of a region, and (2)"single-pair phase velocity. Both measurements are done by matching the real part of the cross-correlation spectrum with the appropriate Bessel function. Advantages of these two types of measurements are that no prior knowledge about surface-wave dispersion in the region is needed, and that phase velocity can be measured up to that period for which the inter-station distance corresponds to one wavelength. GSpecDisp can measure the phase velocity of Rayleigh and Love waves from all possible components of the noise correlation tensor. First, we briefly present the theory behind the methods that are used, and then describe different modules of the package. Finally, we validate the developed algorithms by applying them to synthetic and real data, and by comparison with other methods. The source code of GSpecDisp can be downloaded from: https://github.com/Hamzeh-Sadeghi/GSpecDisp.

Keywords
Seismic interferometry, Ambient noise, Phase velocity dispersion curve, Maflab, GUI, Seismology
National Category
Geophysics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-320166 (URN)10.1016/j.cageo.2017.09.006 (DOI)000416186100005 ()
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2011-04711
Available from: 2017-04-16 Created: 2017-04-16 Last updated: 2019-08-01Bibliographically approved
4. Surface wave tomography of southern Sweden from ambient seismic noise
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Surface wave tomography of southern Sweden from ambient seismic noise
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Geophysics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-320167 (URN)
Available from: 2017-04-16 Created: 2017-04-16 Last updated: 2017-04-17

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