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The impact of muscle function, muscle mass and sarcopenia on independent ageing in very old Swedish men
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7682-950X
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics.
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3705-0725
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics.
2019 (English)In: BMC Geriatrics, ISSN 1471-2318, E-ISSN 1471-2318, Vol. 19, article id 153Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background Preserved functions of daily life and cognition are cornerstones of independent aging, which is crucial for maintaining a high quality of life. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of sarcopenia, and its underlying components, on independent ageing in a cohort study of very old men.

Methods The presence of sarcopenia and independent ageing at a mean age of 87 was investigated in 287 men from the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men. Five years later 127 men were re-evaluated for independent ageing. Sarcopenia was defined by two different definitions from the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. In the first definition sarcopenia was defined as skeletal muscle index < 7.26 kg/m2 and either gait speed ≤0.8 m/s or hand grip strength < 30 kg. In the later up-dated definition, HGS < 27 kg and/or chair stand test > 15 s defines probable sarcopenia, which is confirmed by SMI < 7.0 kg/m2. Independent ageing was defined as a Mini-Mental State Examination score of ≥25 points, absence of diagnosed dementia, community-dwelling, independency in personal care and ability to walk outdoors alone.

Results Sarcopenia at baseline was observed in 21% (60/287) and 20% (58/287), respectively, due to definition. The prevalence of independent ageing was 83% (239/288) at baseline and 69% (87/127) five years later. None of the sarcopenia diagnoses were associated with independent ageing. In contrast, gait speed was both in cross-sectional (odds ratio (OR) per one standard deviation increase 2.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.47–3.15), and in longitudinal multivariate analyses (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.19–2.82). In the cross-sectional analysis also higher hand grip strength was associated with independent ageing (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.12–2.22), while a slower chair stand test was inversely associated (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.43–0.86). Muscle mass; i.e. skeletal muscle index, was not associated with independent ageing.

Conclusions For very old men, especially a higher gait speed, but also a higher hand grip strength and a faster chair stand test, were associated with independent ageing, while skeletal muscle index alone, and the composite sarcopenia phenotype measured with two different definitions, were not.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2019. Vol. 19, article id 153
Keywords [en]
Sarcopenia, EWGSOP1, EWGSOP2, Muscle mass, Muscle function, Gait speed, Hand grip strength, Chair stand test, Independent ageing
National Category
Geriatrics
Research subject
Geriatrics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-380155DOI: 10.1186/s12877-019-1142-yISI: 000469459000001PubMedID: 31142271OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-380155DiVA, id: diva2:1298740
Available from: 2019-03-25 Created: 2019-03-25 Last updated: 2019-06-20Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Independent Ageing in Very Old Swedish Men
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Independent Ageing in Very Old Swedish Men
2019 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Predictors for survival have been investigated thoroughly, but less is known about how to reach high age with preserved physical and cognitive function. These functions are crucial to stay independent in daily life, which is highly valued by the oldest old.

This thesis was based on data from the Uppsala Longitudinal Study in Adult Men. In 1970, all men born in 1920-24 and living in Uppsala were invited to the study, and 82% (n=2,322) participated in the first investigation. In this thesis, data are used from the investigations cycles at the ages of 50, 71, 87 and 92 years. Independent ageing was defined as follows: having independency in personal care and the ability to walk outdoors alone, being community-dwelling, having a Mini-Mental State Examination score of 25 points or greater, and having no diagnosed dementia.

Thirty-seven percent of the original cohort survived to the age of 85. At a mean age of 87, 74% of the participants were independently aged, while at a mean age of 92 the prevalence of independent ageing was 64%. In Paper I, non-smoking and normal weight at a mean age of 50 were associated with independent ageing at a mean age of 87 years. In Paper II, never smoking, not being obese, and a high adherence to a Mediterranean-like diet at a mean age of 71 were associated with independent ageing at a mean age of 87. In both Papers I and II, high leisure time physical activity was associated with survival, but not with independent ageing. In Paper III, higher gait speed and hand grip strength and a faster chair stand test were cross-sectionally associated with independent ageing at a mean age of 87. Higher gait speed was also longitudinally associated with independent ageing five years. However, muscle mass and sarcopenia were not associated with the outcome. In Paper IV, a history of stroke, osteoarthritis, hip fracture and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were associated with loss of independent ageing at a mean age of 92.

Smoking, weight and diet are all modifiable risk factors associated with independent ageing. If decreased smoking and a normalised weight in the population could diminish stroke, hip fracture, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and osteoarthritis, the prevalence of independent ageing could rise, even in nonagenarians. Additionally, a Mediterranean-like diet may contribute to both survival and independent ageing.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2019. p. 77
Series
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine, ISSN 1651-6206 ; 1558
Keywords
Independent ageing, survival, sarcopenia, comorbidity, body mass index, smoking, dietary pattern, dietary biomarkers, longitudinal, octogenarians, nonagenarians
National Category
Geriatrics
Research subject
Geriatrics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-380162 (URN)978-91-513-0613-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2019-05-16, Enghoffsalen, Akademiska sjukhuset, Ingång 50, Uppsala, 09:15 (Swedish)
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Supervisors
Available from: 2019-04-24 Created: 2019-03-26 Last updated: 2019-06-17

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Franzon, KristinZethelius, BjörnCederholm, TommyKilander, Lena

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