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Effects of Gastric Bypass Surgery on the Brain: Simultaneous Assessment of Glucose Uptake, Blood Flow, Neural Activity, and Cognitive Function During Normo- and Hypoglycemia
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical diabetology and metabolism.
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical diabetology and metabolism.
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical diabetology and metabolism.
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology.
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2021 (English)In: Diabetes, ISSN 0012-1797, E-ISSN 1939-327X, Vol. 70, no 6, p. 1265-1277Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

While Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery in obese individuals typically improves glycemic control and prevents diabetes, it also frequently causes asymptomatic hypoglycemia. Previous work showed attenuated counterregulatory responses following RYGB. The underlying mechanisms as well as the clinical consequences are unclear. In this study, 11 subjects without diabetes with severe obesity were investigated pre- and post-RYGB during hyperinsulinemic normo-hypoglycemic clamps. Assessments were made of hormones, cognitive function, cerebral blood flow by arterial spin labeling, brain glucose metabolism by F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography, and activation of brain networks by functional MRI. Post- versus presurgery, we found a general increase of cerebral blood flow but a decrease of total brain FDG uptake during normoglycemia. During hypoglycemia, there was a marked increase in total brain FDG uptake, and this was similar for post- and presurgery, whereas hypothalamic FDG uptake was reduced during hypoglycemia. During hypoglycemia, attenuated responses of counterregulatory hormones and improvements in cognitive function were seen postsurgery. In early hypoglycemia, there was increased activation post- versus presurgery of neural networks in brain regions implicated in glucose regulation, such as the thalamus and hypothalamus. The results suggest adaptive responses of the brain that contribute to lowering of glycemia following RYGB, and the underlying mechanisms should be further elucidated.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Diabetes Association , 2021. Vol. 70, no 6, p. 1265-1277
National Category
Endocrinology and Diabetes
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-452976DOI: 10.2337/db20-1172ISI: 000671940300008PubMedID: 33674408OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-452976DiVA, id: diva2:1594449
Note

K.E.A. and M.H.L. contributed equally.

Available from: 2021-09-15 Created: 2021-09-15 Last updated: 2023-12-14Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Brain-gut-adipose interplay in the antidiabetic effects of gastric bypass surgery
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Brain-gut-adipose interplay in the antidiabetic effects of gastric bypass surgery
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Gastric bypass surgery (GBP) leads not only to considerable and consistent weight loss but to a number of beneficial metabolic effects, often including a swift remission of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Increases in the gut hormone GLP-1 are considered central to this effect, although several other mechanism are likely involved. One complication to GBP is post-bariatric hypoglycaemia (PBH), where the individual suffers from episodes of low blood sugar after meals. The mechanism behind this is incompletely understood. 

Previous research has reported an attenuation of the counterregulatory response to hypoglycaemia in patients after GBP. Many hypoglycaemic episodes also appear to be asymptomatic. Together, this has led to the hypothesis that GBP and PBH may involve an adaptation to lower blood glucose levels, a lowered glycaemic set point. As much of hypoglycaemia counterregulation involves the central nervous system (CNS), such an adaptation would presumably involve neuroendocrine mechanism. Experimental treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) has been reported as successful against PBH, which is paradoxical as GLP-1RA stimulate insulin release. 

The aim of this thesis is to further explore the metabolic changes after GBP that may influence glycaemic control. In Paper I, euglycaemic-hypoglycaemic clamps were used to assess whether infusion with GLP-1RA affects the counterregulatory response to hypoglycaemia after GBP. In Paper II, normoglycaemic-hypoglycaemic clamps were performed before and after GBP during simultaneous brain imaging with fMRI and FDG-PET techniques, cognitive testing and assessment of counterregulatory hormones. Paper III details the time course of metabolic changes after GBP in patients with previous T2DM with focus on adipose tissue, including gene expression, and possible anti-inflammatory effects. Paper IV approaches the same question as Paper I, this time in the setting of a standardized meal test. All papers include assessment of heart rate variability (HRV) as a potential reflection of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. 

In Paper I, we do not find indications that GLP-1RA affects counterregulatory hormones, but that it may affect ANS activation during hypoglycaemia. In contrast, Paper IV reports higher cortisol levels with GLP1-RA after a meal, and indications of ANS effects, but no effect on post-prandial glucose levels. Results from Paper II support the hypothesis that GBP attenuates hormonal counterregulatory responses and affects how the CNS responds to hypoglycaemia. In Paper III we report sustained improvements in glucose uptake in adipocytes, potentially indications of decreased low-grade inflammation and signs of transient increases in parasympathetic activity. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2024. p. 65
Series
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine, ISSN 1651-6206 ; 2005
National Category
Endocrinology and Diabetes
Research subject
Endocrinology and Diabetology; Medical Science; Medical Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-517684 (URN)978-91-513-1996-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-02-15, H:son Holmdahlsalen, ing 100/101, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 8, Uppsala, 13:00 (English)
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Available from: 2024-01-19 Created: 2023-12-14 Last updated: 2024-01-19

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Almby, Kristina E.Lundqvist, Martin H.Abrahamsson, NiclasKvernby, SofiaFahlström, MarkusPereira, Maria J.Gingnell, MalinKarlsson, AndersFanni, GiovanniSundbom, MagnusHaller, SvenLubberink, MarkWikström, JohanEriksson, Jan

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Almby, Kristina E.Lundqvist, Martin H.Abrahamsson, NiclasKvernby, SofiaFahlström, MarkusPereira, Maria J.Gingnell, MalinKarlsson, AndersFanni, GiovanniSundbom, MagnusHaller, SvenLubberink, MarkWikström, JohanEriksson, Jan
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Clinical diabetology and metabolismRadiologyDepartment of PsychologyCervenka: PsychiatryUpper Abdominal Surgery
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