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Tuning of the Excited State Properties of Ruthenium(II)-Polypyridyl Complexes
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, För teknisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten gemensamma enheter, Accelerator mass spectrometry group.
2006 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Processes where a molecule absorbs visible light and then converts the solar energy into chemical energy are important in many biological systems, such as photosynthesis and also in many technical applications e.g. photovoltaics. This thesis describes a part of a multidisciplinary project, aiming at a functional mimic of the natural photosynthesis, with the overall goal of production of a renewable fuel from sun and water. More specific, the thesis is focused on design and photophysical characterization of new photosensitizers, i.e. light absorbers that should be capable of transferring electrons to an acceptor and be suitable building blocks for supramolecular rod-like donor-photosensitizer-acceptor arrays.

The excited state lifetime, the excited state energy and the geometry are important properties for a photosensitizer. The work presented here describes a new strategy to obtain longer excited state lifetimes of the geometrically favorable Ru(II)-bistridentate type complexes, without a concomitant substantial decrease in excited state energy. The basic idea is that a more octahedral coordination around the Ru will lead to longer excited state lifetimes. In the first generation of new photosensitizers a 50-fold increase of the excited state lifetime was observed, going from 0.25 ns for the model complex to 15 ns for the best photosensitizer. The second generation goes another step forward, to an excited state lifetime of 810 ns. Furthermore, the third generation of new photosensitizers show excited state lifetimes in the 0.45 - 5.5 microsecond region at room temperature, a significant improvement. In addition, the third generation of photosensitizers are suitable for further symmetric attachment of electron donor and acceptor motifs, and it is shown that the favorable properties are maintained upon the attachment of anchoring groups. The reactivity of the excited state towards light-induced reactions is proved and the photostability is sufficient so the new design strategy has proven successful.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis , 2006. , p. 79
Series
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology, ISSN 1651-6214 ; 237
Keywords [en]
Physical chemistry, Artificial photosynthesis, Ruthenium(II), Bistridentate complexes, Excited state lifetime, Linear donor-photosenstizer-acceptor arrays, Temperature dependence, Excited state decay
Keywords [sv]
Fysikalisk kemi
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7230ISBN: 91-554-6707-5 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-7230DiVA, id: diva2:169167
Public defence
2006-12-01, Häggsalen, Ångströmlaboratoriet, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Uppsala, 09:30
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2006-11-09 Created: 2006-11-09 Last updated: 2011-06-10Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. A tridentate Ligand for Preparation of Bisterpyridine-like Ruthenium(II) Complexes with an Increased Excited State Lifetime
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A tridentate Ligand for Preparation of Bisterpyridine-like Ruthenium(II) Complexes with an Increased Excited State Lifetime
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2004 (English)In: Inorganic Chemistry Communications, ISSN 1387-7003, E-ISSN 1879-0259, Vol. 7, no 3, p. 337-340Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A new tridentate polypyridine ligand, 6-(2-picolyl)-2,2-bipyridine, as well as its homoleptic Ru(II) complex has been prepared. Photophysical studies show a prolonged lifetime of the excited state compared to [Ru(tpy)2]2+, where tpy is 2,2:6,2″-terpyridine.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2004
National Category
Inorganic Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-95083 (URN)10.1016/j.inoche.2003.12.007 (DOI)
Available from: 2006-11-09 Created: 2006-11-09 Last updated: 2017-12-14Bibliographically approved
2. A New Strategy for the Improvement of Photophysical Properties in Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes: Synthesis and Photophysical and Electrochemical Characterization of Six Mononuclear Ruthenium(II) Bisterpyridine-Type Complexes
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A New Strategy for the Improvement of Photophysical Properties in Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes: Synthesis and Photophysical and Electrochemical Characterization of Six Mononuclear Ruthenium(II) Bisterpyridine-Type Complexes
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2005 (English)In: Inorganic Chemistry, ISSN 0020-1669, E-ISSN 1520-510X, Vol. 44, no 9, p. 3215-3225Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ACS, 2005
National Category
Inorganic Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-95084 (URN)10.1021/ic048247a (DOI)15847430 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2006-11-09 Created: 2006-11-09 Last updated: 2017-12-14Bibliographically approved
3. Steric influence on the excited-state lifetimes of ruthenium complexes with bipyridyl-alkanylene-pyridyl ligands.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Steric influence on the excited-state lifetimes of ruthenium complexes with bipyridyl-alkanylene-pyridyl ligands.
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2008 (English)In: Inorganic Chemistry, ISSN 0020-1669, E-ISSN 1520-510X, Vol. 47, no 9, p. 3540-3548Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The structural effect on the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited-state lifetime has been investigated in bis-tridentate Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes based on the terpyridine-like ligands [6-(2,2'-bipyridyl)](2-pyridyl)methane (1) and 2-[6-(2,2'-bipyridyl)]-2-(2-pyridyl)propane (2). A homoleptic ([Ru(2)(2)](2+)) and a heteroleptic complex ([Ru(ttpy)(2)](2+)) based on the new ligand 2 have been prepared and their photophysical and structural properties studied experimentally and theoretically and compared to the results for the previously reported [Ru(1)(2)](2+). The excited-state lifetime of the homoleptic Ru-II complex with the isopropylene-bridged ligand 2 was found to be 50 times shorter than that of the corresponding homoleptic Ru-II complex of ligand 1, containing a methylene bridge. A comparison of the ground-state geometries of the two homoleptic complexes shows that steric interactions involving the isopropylene bridges make the coordination to the central Ru-II ion less octahedral in [Ru(2)(2)](2+) than in [Ru(1)(2))(2+). Calculations indicate that the structural differences in these complexes influence their ligand field splittings as well as the relative stabilities of the triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer ((MLCT)-M-3) and metal-centered ((MC)-M-3) excited states. The large difference in measured excited-state lifetimes for the two homoleptic Ru-II complexes is attributed to a strong influence of steric interactions on the ligand field strength, which in turn affects the activation barriers for thermal conversion from (MLCT)-M-3 states to short-lived (MC)-M-3 states.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ACS, 2008
National Category
Inorganic Chemistry Analytical Chemistry
Research subject
Analytical Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-95085 (URN)10.1021/ic7019457 (DOI)000255380500018 ()18402440 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2006-11-09 Created: 2006-11-09 Last updated: 2022-01-28Bibliographically approved
4. Six-membered Ring Chelate Complexes of Ru(II): Structural and photophysical effects
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Six-membered Ring Chelate Complexes of Ru(II): Structural and photophysical effects
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2007 (English)In: Inorganic Chemistry, ISSN 0020-1669, E-ISSN 1520-510X, Vol. 46, no 24, p. 10354-10364Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The structural and photophysical properties of Ru(II)−polypyridyl complexes with five- and six-membered chelate rings were studied for two bis-tridentate and two tris-bidentate complexes. The photophysical effect of introducing a six-membered chelate ring is most pronounced for the tridentate complex, leading to a room-temperature excited-state lifetime of 810 ns, a substantial increase from 180 ns for the five-membered chelate ring model complex. Contrasting this, the effect is the opposite in tris-bidentate complexes, in which the lifetime decreases from 430 ns to around 1 ns in going from a five-membered to six-membered chelate ring. All of the complexes were studied spectroscopically at both 80 K and ambient temperatures, and the temperature dependence of the excited-state lifetime was investigated for both of the bis-tridentate complexes. The main reason for the long excited-state lifetime in the six-membered chelate ring bis-tridentate complex was found to be a strong retardation of the activated decay via metal-centered states, largely due to an increased ligand field splitting due to the complex having a more-octahedral geometry.

National Category
Chemical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-95086 (URN)10.1021/ic7011827 (DOI)000251109500039 ()17975915 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2006-11-09 Created: 2006-11-09 Last updated: 2017-12-14Bibliographically approved
5. A 3.0 mu s room temperature excited state lifetime of a bistridentate Ru-II-polypyridine complex for rod-like molecular arrays
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A 3.0 mu s room temperature excited state lifetime of a bistridentate Ru-II-polypyridine complex for rod-like molecular arrays
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2006 (English)In: Journal of the American Chemical Society, ISSN 0002-7863, E-ISSN 1520-5126, Vol. 128, no 39, p. 12616-12617Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A bistridentate RuII-polypyridine complex [Ru(bqp)2]2+ (bqp = 2,6-bis(8'-quinolinyl)pyridine) has been prepared, which has a coordination geometry much closer to a perfect octahedron than the typical Ru(terpyridine)2-type complex. Thus, the complex displays a 3.0 mus lifetime of the lowest excited metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) state at room temperature. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the longest MLCT state lifetime reported for a RuII-polypyridyl complex at room temperature. The structure allows for the future construction of rod-like, isomer-free molecular arrays by substitution of donor and acceptor moieties on the central pyridine units. This makes it a promising photosensitizer for applications in molecular devices for artificial photosynthesis and molecular electronics.

National Category
Chemical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-95087 (URN)10.1021/ja064262y (DOI)000240795000014 ()17002333 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2006-11-09 Created: 2006-11-09 Last updated: 2017-12-14Bibliographically approved
6. Bistridentate Ruthenium(II)polypyridyl-Type Complexes with Microsecond 3MLCT State Lifetimes: Sensitizers for Rod-Like Molecular Arrays
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Bistridentate Ruthenium(II)polypyridyl-Type Complexes with Microsecond 3MLCT State Lifetimes: Sensitizers for Rod-Like Molecular Arrays
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2008 (English)In: Journal of the American Chemical Society, ISSN 0002-7863, E-ISSN 1520-5126, Vol. 130, no 46, p. 15533-15542Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A series of bistridentate ruthenium(II) polypyridyl-type complexes based on the novel 2,6-di(quinolin-8-yl)pyridine (dqp) ligand have been synthesized and their photophysical properties have been studied. The complexes are amenable to substitution in the 4-position of the central pyridine with conserved quasi-C2v symmetry, which allows for extension to isomer-free, rod-like molecular arrays for vectorial control of electron and energy transfer. DFT calculations performed on the parent [Ru(dqp) 2](2+) complex (1) predicted a more octahedral structure than in the typical bistridentate complex [Ru(tpy)2](2+) (tpy is 2,2':6',2"-terpyridine) thanks to the larger ligand bite angle, which was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. A strong visible absorption band, with a maximum at 491 nm was assigned to a metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition, based on time-dependent DFT calculations. 1 shows room temperature emission (Phi = 0.02) from its lowest excited ((3)MLCT) state that has a very long lifetime (tau = 3 micros). The long lifetime is due to a stronger ligand field, because of the more octahedral structure, which makes the often dominant activated decay via short-lived metal-centered states insignificant also at elevated temperatures. A series of complexes based on dqp with electron donating and/or accepting substituents in the 4-position of the pyridine was prepared and the properties were compared to those of 1. An unprecedented (3)MLCT state lifetime of 5.5 micros was demonstrated for the homoleptic complex based on dqpCO2Et. The favorable photosensitizer properties of 1, such as a high extinction coefficient, high excited-state energy and long lifetime, and tunable redox potentials, are maintained upon substitution. In addition, the parent complex 1 is shown to be remarkably photostable and displays a high reactivity in light-induced electron and energy transfer reactions with typical energy and electron acceptors and donors: methylviologen, tetrathiofulvalene, and 9,10-diphenylanthracene. This new class of complexes constitutes a promising starting point for the construction of linear, rod-like molecular arrays for photosensitized reactions and applications in artificial photosynthesis and molecular electronics.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ACS, 2008
National Category
Chemical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-95088 (URN)10.1021/ja804890k (DOI)000263311300058 ()19006410 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2006-11-09 Created: 2006-11-09 Last updated: 2017-12-14Bibliographically approved
7. Modulation of the lowest metal-to-ligand charge-transfer state in [Ru(bpy)(2)(N-N)](2+) systems by changing the N-N from hydrazone to azine: Photophysical Consequences
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Modulation of the lowest metal-to-ligand charge-transfer state in [Ru(bpy)(2)(N-N)](2+) systems by changing the N-N from hydrazone to azine: Photophysical Consequences
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2006 (English)In: Inorganic Chemistry, ISSN 0020-1669, E-ISSN 1520-510X, Vol. 45, no 23, p. 9580-9586Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Two Ru( II) complexes, [ Ru( bpy) L-2]( ClO4) 2 ( 1) and [ Ru( bpy)(2)L']( BF4) 2 ( 2), where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine, L is diacetyl dihydrazone, and L' 1: 2 is the condensate of L and acetone, are synthesized. From X-ray crystal structures, both are found to contain distorted octahedral RuN62+ cores. NMR spectra show that the cations in 1 and 2 possess a C-2 axis in solution. They display the expected metal-to-ligand charge transfer ( (MLCT)-M-1) band in the 400 - 500 nm region. Complex 1 is nonemissive at room temperature in solution as well as at 80 K. In contrast, complex 2 gives rise to an appreciable emission upon excitation at 440 nm. The room-temperature emission is centered at 730 nm ( lambda(max)(em)) with a quantum yield ( em) of 0.002 and a lifetime ( tau(em)) of 42 ns in an air-equilibrated methanol - ethanol solution. At 80 K, Phi(em) = 0.007 and tau(em)= 178 ns, with a lambda(max)(em) of 690 nm, which is close to the 0 - 0 transition, indicating an (MLCT)-M-3 excited-state energy of 1.80 eV. The radiative rate constant ( 5 x 10(4) s(-1)) at room temperature and 80 K is almost temperature independent. From spectroelectrochemistry, it is found that bpy is easiest to reduce in 2 and that L is easiest in 1. The implications of this are that in 2 the lowest (MLCT)-M-3 state is localized on a bpy ligand and in 1 it is localized on L. Transient absorption results also support these assignments. As a consequence, even though 2 shows a fairly strong and long-lived emission from a Ru( II) -> bpy CT state, the Ru( II) -> L CT state in 1 shows no detectable emission even at 80 K.

National Category
Inorganic Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-95089 (URN)10.1021/ic061116k (DOI)000241778900057 ()
Available from: 2006-11-09 Created: 2006-11-09 Last updated: 2017-12-14Bibliographically approved
8. Structural and Spectral Investigation of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes by DFT Calculations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Structural and Spectral Investigation of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes by DFT Calculations
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(English)In: Inorganic ChemistryArticle in journal (Refereed) Submitted
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-95090 (URN)
Available from: 2006-11-09 Created: 2006-11-09 Last updated: 2013-05-17Bibliographically approved

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