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In Vivo Blood-Brain Barrier Transport of Oxycodone in the Rat: Indications for Active Influx and Implications for Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy. (PKPD)
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy. (Karlsson)
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy. (PKPD)
2006 (English)In: Drug Metabolism And Disposition, ISSN 0090-9556, E-ISSN 1521-009X, Vol. 34, no 9, p. 1624-1631Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport of oxycodone was studied in rats. Microdialysis probes were inserted into the striatum and vena jugularis. Ten animals were given a bolus dose followed by a 120-min constant rate infusion to study the steady-state concepts of oxycodone BBB equilibration. Another 10 animals were given a 60-min constant rate infusion to study the rate of equilibration across the BBB. Oxycodone-D3 was used as a calibrator for the microdialysis experiments. The samples were analyzed with a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method and a population pharmacokinetic model was used to simultaneously fit all the data using NONMEM. A two-compartment model which allowed for a delay between the venous and arterial compartments best described the pharmacokinetics for oxycodone in blood and plasma, whereas a one-compartment model was sufficient to describe the pharmacokinetics in the brain. The BBB transport of oxycodone was parameterized as CL(in) and K(p,uu). CL(in) describes the clearance of oxycodone across the BBB into the brain, whereas K(p,uu) describes the extent of drug equilibration across the BBB. CL(in) across the BBB was estimated to 1910 microl/min x g brain. K(p,uu) was estimated to 3.0, meaning that the unbound concentration of oxycodone in brain was 3 times higher than in blood, which is an indication of active influx of oxycodone at the BBB. This is the first evidence of an opioid having an unbound steady-state concentration in brain that is higher than unity, which can explain potency discrepancies between oxycodone and other opioids.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2006. Vol. 34, no 9, p. 1624-1631
National Category
Pharmaceutical Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-95636DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.009746ISI: 000239938500025PubMedID: 16763013OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-95636DiVA, id: diva2:169933
Available from: 2007-03-30 Created: 2007-03-30 Last updated: 2018-01-13Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oxycodone and Morphine with Emphasis on Blood-Brain Barrier Transport
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oxycodone and Morphine with Emphasis on Blood-Brain Barrier Transport
2007 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxycodone and morphine was investigated and related to the transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in rats. The influence of a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor on the plasma pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxycodone was evaluated. Microdialysis experiments were conducted to evaluate the unbound pharmacokinetics, including the rate and extent of transport across the BBB, of oxycodone and morphine. Mathematical models were used to assess the pharmacokinetics and also the relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drugs.

Oxycodone clearance, volume of distribution at steady-state, half-life, total brain tissue concentrations and tail-flick latency were all unaffected when a P-gp inhibitor was co-administered with oxycodone as compared to a control group. The lack of differences between the groups indicates that oxycodone BBB transport is not affected by P-gp inhibition. Investigating the unbound concentrations of oxycodone in brain and blood using microdialysis revealed an exciting finding. At steady-state, the unbound concentration in brain was 3 times higher than in blood (i.e. a Kp,uu of 3), indicating that active influx is involved in the BBB transport of oxycodone. In contrast, the Kp,uu of morphine was estimated to 0.56, which is an indication that active efflux mechanisms are involved in the BBB transport of morphine. This means that based on the same unbound concentration in blood, an approximately 6-fold higher unbound concentration of oxycodone compared to morphine will be reached in the brain. Using pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling, the unbound brain concentrations of oxycodone and morphine were correlated to the tail-flick latency in vivo. The relative potency of the drugs was found to be concentration dependent with an infliction point of 55 nM.

In summary, this thesis emphasise the importance of taking the local brain pharmacokinetics into consideration when investigating the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of centrally acting drugs.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2007. p. 51
Series
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Pharmacy, ISSN 1651-6192 ; 50
Keywords
Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacotherapy, pharmacokinetics, pharamcodynamics, blood-brain barrier, oxycodone, microdialysis, NONMEM, brain distribution, transport, Farmakokinetik/Farmakoterapi
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7772 (URN)978-91-554-6840-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2007-04-20, B22, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Husargatan 3, Uppsala, 13:15
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2007-03-30 Created: 2007-03-30Bibliographically approved

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Boström, EmmaSimonsson, Ulrika S. H.Hammarlund-Udenaes, Margareta

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