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Fine-Tuning of Smad Protein Function by Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerases and Poly(ADP-Ribose) Glycohydrolase during Transforming Growth Factor β Signaling
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, centrumbildningar mm, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research. Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, centrumbildningar mm, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research. Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, centrumbildningar mm, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research. Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, centrumbildningar mm, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research. Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.
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2014 (English)In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 9, no 8, p. e103651-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BACKGROUND:

Initiation, amplitude, duration and termination of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling via Smad proteins is regulated by post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination and acetylation. We previously reported that ADP-ribosylation of Smads by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) negatively influences Smad-mediated transcription. PARP-1 is known to functionally interact with PARP-2 in the nucleus and the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) can remove poly(ADP-ribose) chains from target proteins. Here we aimed at analyzing possible cooperation between PARP-1, PARP-2 and PARG in regulation of TGFβ signaling.

METHODS:

A robust cell model of TGFβ signaling, i.e. human HaCaT keratinocytes, was used. Endogenous Smad3 ADP-ribosylation and protein complexes between Smads and PARPs were studied using proximity ligation assays and co-immunoprecipitation assays, which were complemented by in vitro ADP-ribosylation assays using recombinant proteins. Real-time RT-PCR analysis of mRNA levels and promoter-reporter assays provided quantitative analysis of gene expression in response to TGFβ stimulation and after genetic perturbations of PARP-1/-2 and PARG based on RNA interference.

RESULTS:

TGFβ signaling rapidly induces nuclear ADP-ribosylation of Smad3 that coincides with a relative enhancement of nuclear complexes of Smads with PARP-1 and PARP-2. Inversely, PARG interacts with Smads and can de-ADP-ribosylate Smad3 in vitro. PARP-1 and PARP-2 also form complexes with each other, and Smads interact and activate auto-ADP-ribosylation of both PARP-1 and PARP-2. PARP-2, similar to PARP-1, negatively regulates specific TGFβ target genes (fibronectin, Smad7) and Smad transcriptional responses, and PARG positively regulates these genes. Accordingly, inhibition of TGFβ-mediated transcription caused by silencing endogenous PARG expression could be relieved after simultaneous depletion of PARP-1.

CONCLUSION:

Nuclear Smad function is negatively regulated by PARP-1 that is assisted by PARP-2 and positively regulated by PARG during the course of TGFβ signaling.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2014. Vol. 9, no 8, p. e103651-
National Category
Clinical Medicine
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-231920DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103651ISI: 000341302700014PubMedID: 25133494OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-231920DiVA, id: diva2:745828
Available from: 2014-09-11 Created: 2014-09-11 Last updated: 2022-01-28Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Gene regulation by different proteins of TGFβ superfamily
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Gene regulation by different proteins of TGFβ superfamily
2018 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The present thesis discusses how gene regulation by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family cytokines is affected by post-translational modifications of different transcription factors. The thesis also focuses on gene regulation by transcription factors involved in TGFβ signaling.

The importance of the poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) family in controlling gene expression in response to TGFβ and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is analyzed first. PARP2, along with PARP1, ADP-ribosylates Smad2 and Smad3, the signaling mediators of TGFβ. On the other hand, poly ADP-ribose glycohydrolase (PARG) removes the ADP-ribose from Smad2/3 and antagonizes PARP1 and PARP2. ADP-ribosylation of Smads in turn affects their DNA binding capacity. We then illustrate how PARP1 and PARG can regulate gene expression in response to BMP that signals via Smad1, 5. Over-expression of PARP1 suppressed the transcriptional activity of Smad1/5. Knockdown of PARP1 or over-expression of PARG enhanced the transcriptional activity of BMP-Smads on target genes. Hence our data suggest that ADP-ribosylation of Smad proteins controls both TGFβ and BMP signaling. 

I then focus on elucidating novel genes that are regulated by ZEB1 and Snail1, two key transcriptional factors in TGFβ signaling, known for their ability to induce EMT and cancer metastasis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) and targeted whole genome transcriptomics in triple negative breast cancer cells were used, to find binding regions and the functional impact of ZEB1 and Snail1 throughout the genome. ZEB1 binds to the regulatory sequences of a wide range of genes, not only related to cell invasion, pointing to new functions of ZEB1. On the other hand, Snail1 regulated only a few genes, especially related to signal transduction and cellular movement. Further functional analysis revealed that ZEB1 could regulate the anchorage-independent growth of the triple negative breast cancer cells, whereas Snail1 could regulate the expression of BMP6 in these cells. We have therefore elucidated novel functional roles of the two transcription factors, Snail1 and ZEB1 in triple negative breast cancer cells.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2018. p. 50
Series
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine, ISSN 1651-6206 ; 1404
Keywords
EMT, Snail1, ZEB1, TGFβ, BMP, Gene regulation
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Cell Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-334411 (URN)978-91-513-0172-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2018-01-29, Room B42, BMC, Husargatan 3, Uppsala, 09:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2017-12-29 Created: 2017-11-23 Last updated: 2018-03-08
2. Regulation of TGFβ signaling by long non-coding RNAs and ADP-ribosylation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Regulation of TGFβ signaling by long non-coding RNAs and ADP-ribosylation
2018 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathways participate in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis and have a dual role in cancer. TGFβ acts as a tumor suppressor that promotes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis at initial stages of tumorigenesis. In contrast, TGFβ, induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a normal embryonic process which is employed by advanced cancers, in order to acquire mesenchymal traits and metastasize.

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family members belong to the TGFβ superfamily and are involved in cell differentiation, development and bone formation.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are not translated into proteins, are important regulators of gene expression and physiological processes and are often de-regulated in cancer. They control gene expression through physical association with chromatin, DNA, RNA molecules or proteins.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) catalyze the poly (ADP)-ribosylation of proteins, whereas the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) removes ADP-ribose units. Members of the PARP family function in the DNA damage response, regulation of transcription and cell death.

In this thesis, we investigated the importance of the TGFβ signaling pathway in regulating the expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). We identified TGFβ-regulated lncRNAs and observed that a substantial number of them act in a feedback loop to modulate the magnitude of TGFβ signaling. Interestingly, the nuclear lncRNA TGFB2-antisense RNA 1 (TGFB2-AS1) is induced by TGFβ and negatively regulates expression of members of the TGFβ and BMP pathways, through interaction with EED, a protein of the polycomb repressor complex 2 (PRC2). Also, TGFβ signaling promoted the expression of mir-100-let-7a-2-mir-125b-1 cluster host gene (MIR100HG), which enhanced TGFβ signaling and affected TGFβ-mediated cell cycle arrest. The MIR100HG-derived miRNAs let-7a-2-3p, miR125b-5p and miR-125b-1-3p, were also induced by TGFβ. In contrast, the long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 707 (LINC00707), was reduced in response to TGFβ and affected the expression of a group of genes related to inflammatory responses and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) signaling.

We also report that TGFβ and BMP pathways are regulated by ADP-ribosylation of Smad proteins, the signaling mediators of these pathways. We observed that PARP1 and PARP2 attenuated, while PARG favored TGFβ signaling. Furthermore, PARP1 negatively regulated BMP signaling, by ADP-ribosylating Smad1 and Smad5, whereas PARG enhanced BMP signaling by de-ADP-ribosylating Smads.

Collectively, we provide evidence that lncRNAs and ADP-ribosylating enzymes modulate TGFβ and BMP signaling pathways and propose models for their molecular mechanisms and functional roles.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2018. p. 65
Series
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine, ISSN 1651-6206 ; 1513
Keywords
TGFβ, signal transduction, long non-coding RNAs, ADP-ribosylation, transcriptional regulation, chromatin remodeling
National Category
Cell and Molecular Biology
Research subject
Medical Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-364107 (URN)978-91-513-0497-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2018-12-17, B42, Biomedical Center, Husargatan 3, Uppsala, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2018-11-22 Created: 2018-10-23 Last updated: 2018-11-30

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Maturi, VarunLönn, PeterPapoutsoglou, PanagiotisZieba, AgataVanlandewijck, MichaelSöderberg, OlaHeldin, Carl-HenrikMoustakas, Aristidis

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