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In later years polymer replication techniques have become a frequently employed fabrication method for microfluidic and micro-optical devices. This thesis describes applications and further developments of microstructures replicated in polymer materials.

A novel method for homogenous amplified single-molecule detection utilizing a microfluidic readout format is presented. The method enables enumeration of single biomolecules by transforming specific molecular recognition events at nanometer dimensions to micrometer-sized DNA macromolecules. This transformation process is mediated by target specific padlock probe ligation, followed by rolling circle amplification (RCA) resulting in the creation of one rolling circle product (RCP) for each recognized target. Throughout this transformation the discrete nature of the molecular population is preserved. By hybridizing a fluorescence-labeled DNA detection oligonucleotide to each repeated sequence of the RCP, a confined cluster of fluorophores is generated, which makes optical detection and quantification possible. Spectral multiplexing is also possible since the spectral profile of each RCP can be analyzed separately. The microfluidic data acquisition process is characterized in detail and conditions that allow for quantification limited only by Poisson sampling statistics is established. The molecular characteristics of RCPs in solution are also investigated.

Furthermore a novel thermoplastic microfluidic platform is described. The platform allows for observation of the microchannels using high magnification optics and also offers the possibility of on-chip cell culture and the integration of mechanical actuators.

A novel fabrication process for the integration of polymer micro-optical elements on silicon is presented. The process is used for fabrication of a micro-optical system consisting of a laser and a movable microlens making beam steering possible. Such a micro-scanning system could potentially be used for miniaturized biochemical analysis.

Methods that enable interrogation of multiple genomic regions in parallel are very useful for efficient detection of genetic variation. Two different types of probes are described in this thesis that can be used for direct analysis or for sample preparation upstream of Next Generation Sequencing.  In addition to the development of molecular probing systems it also reports on the progress of two assay formats for biological experiments.

The Selector probe enrich for genomic regions of interest by probe mediated specific circularization of target fragments. Amplification based enrichment of circles can be carried out using polymerase chain reaction, rolling-circle amplification or multiple displacement amplification. Enrichment of all exons in 28 genes known to be mutated in lung and/or colon cancer is demonstrated.  Selection and analysis by SOLiD Sequencing was performed on fresh frozen and formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples, and mutations previously detected by Sanger sequencing were detected.  The extractor probe is another probe variant that can be used for multiplex enrichment of DNA. It targets genomic fragments by using both ligation and sequence specific elongation for discrimination between on and off target sequences.

A microfluidic platform fabricated by compact disc injection molding that can be used for biological assays is described.  Microchannel structures in thermoplastic material are coated with silicon dioxide by electron beam evaporation which facilitates closing of the structures by PDMS- glass bonding by ozone plasma. The platform’s utility for biological experiments is demonstrated by for detection of amplified single molecules (ASM), cell culturing and on-chip peristaltic pumping.

The thesis also includes an exploratory study for the purpose of using a non-optical system for detection of ASM’s.  Optimizations were performed of the conditions needed in order to detect an increase in hydrodynamic size of magnetic particles, using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), as they form complex with ASM’s.