Logo: to the web site of Uppsala University

uu.sePublications from Uppsala University
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
A partially coupled, fraction-by-fraction modelling approach to the subsurface migration of gasoline spills
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences. (Hydrologi)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1886-9057
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.
2007 (English)In: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, ISSN 0169-7722, E-ISSN 1873-6009, Vol. 89, no 3-4, p. 174-198Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The subsurface spreading behaviour of gasoline, as well as several other common soil- and groundwater pollutants (e.g. diesel, creosote), is complicated by the fact that it is a mixture of hundreds of different constituents, behaving differently with respect to e.g. dissolution, volatilisation, adsorption and biodegradation. Especially for scenarios where the non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) phase is highly mobile, such as for sudden spills in connection with accidents, it is necessary to simultaneously analyse the migration of the NAPL and its individual components in order to assess risks and environmental impacts.

Although a few fully coupled, multi-phase, multi-constituent models exist, such models are highly complex and may be time consuming to use. A new, somewhat simplified methodology for modelling the subsurface migration of gasoline while taking its multi-constituent nature into account is therefore introduced here. Constituents with similar properties are grouped together into eight fractions. The migration of each fraction in the aqueous and gaseous phases as well as adsorption is modelled separately using a single-constituent multi-phase flow model, while the movement of the free-phase gasoline is essentially the same for all fractions. The modelling is done stepwise to allow updating of the free-phase gasoline composition at certain time intervals. The output is the concentration of the eight different fractions in the aqueous, gaseous, free gasoline and solid phases with time.

The approach is evaluated by comparing it to a fully coupled multi-phase, multi-constituent numerical simulator in the modelling of a typical accident-type spill scenario, based on a tanker accident in northern Sweden. Here the PCFF method produces results similar to those of the more sophisticated, fully coupled model. The benefit of the method is that it is easy to use and can be applied to any single-constituent multi-phase numerical simulator, which in turn may have different strengths in incorporating various processes. The results demonstrate that the different fractions have significantly different migration behaviours and although the methodology involves some simplifications, it is a considerable improvement compared to modelling the gasoline constituents completely individually or as one single mixture.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2007. Vol. 89, no 3-4, p. 174-198
Keywords [en]
Multiphase flow, Gasoline, Modelling, Fractions, NAPL
National Category
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-95311DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.08.004ISI: 000243240300002PubMedID: 17014926OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-95311DiVA, id: diva2:169480
Available from: 2006-12-20 Created: 2006-12-20 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Experimental and Modelling Studies on the Spreading of Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids in Heterogeneous Media
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Experimental and Modelling Studies on the Spreading of Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids in Heterogeneous Media
2006 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Spridning av flerfasföroreningar i heterogen mark : Studier med experiment och modellering
Abstract [en]

Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLs) include commonly occurring organic contaminants such as gasoline, diesel fuel and chlorinated solvents. When released to subsurface environments their spreading is a complex process of multi-component, multi-phase flow. This work has strived to develop new models and methods to describe the spreading of NAPLs in heterogeneous geological media.

For two-phase systems, infiltration and immobilisation of NAPL in stochastically heterogeneous, water-saturated media were investigated. First, a methodology to continuously measure NAPL saturations in space and time in a two-dimensional experiment setup, using multiple-energy x-ray-attenuation techniques, was developed. Second, a set of experiments on NAPL infiltration in carefully designed structures of well-known stochastic heterogeneity were conducted. Three detailed data-sets were generated and the importance of heterogeneity for both flow and the immobilised NAPL architecture was demonstrated. Third, the laboratory experiments were modelled with a continuum- and Darcy’s-law-based multi-phase flow model. Different models for the capillary pressure (Pc) – fluid saturation (S) – relative permeability (kr) constitutive relations were compared and tested against experimental observations. A method to account for NAPL immobility in dead-end pore-spaces during drainage was introduced and the importance of accounting for hysteresis and NAPL entrapment in the constitutive relations was demonstrated.

NAPL migration in three-phase, water-NAPL-air systems was also studied. Different constitutive relations used in modelling of three-phase flow were analysed and compared to existing laboratory data. To improve model performance, a new formulation for the saturation dependence of tortuosity was introduced and different scaling options for the Pc-S relations were investigated. Finally, a method to model the spreading of multi-constituent contaminants using a single-component multi-phase model was developed. With the method, the migration behaviour of individual constituents in a mixture, e.g. benzene in gasoline, could be studied, which was demonstrated in a modelling study of a gasoline spill in connection with a transport accident.

Abstract [sv]

Flerfasföroreningar innefattar vanligt förekommande organiska vätskor som bensin, dieselolja och klorerade lösningsmedel. Spridningen av dessa föroreningar i mark är komplicerad och styrs av det samtidiga flödet av organisk vätska, vatten och markluft samt utbytet av komponenter (föroreningar) mellan de olika faserna. Detta arbete syftade till att utveckla nya metoder och modeller för att studera spridningen av flerfasföroreningar i mark:

(i) En metodik utvecklades för att i laboratorium noggrant och kontinuerligt mäta hur en organisk vätska är rumsligt fördelad i en tvådimensionell experimentuppställning. Metoden baserades på röntgenutsläckning för olika energinivåer.

(ii) Infiltration av organisk vätska i vattenmättade medier studerades för olika konfigurationer av geologisk heterogenitet. I experimentuppställningen packades olika sandmaterial noggrant för att konstruera en välkänd, stokastiskt heterogen struktur. Spridningsprocessen dokumenterades i tre detaljerade mätserier och heterogenitetens påverkan på flöde och kvarhållning av den organiska vätskan påvisades.

(iii) Experimenten simulerades med en numerisk modell. Olika modeller prövades för att beskriva de grundläggande relationerna mellan kapillärtryck (Pc) vätskehalt (S) och relativ permeabilitet (kr) för detta tvåfassystem av vatten och organisk vätska. En relation infördes för att beskriva partiell orörlighet hos den organiska vätskan i porer vars halsar tillfälligt blockeras av vatten då mediet avvattnas. Vikten av att i de grundläggande relationerna ta hänsyn till hysteresis och kvarhållning av organisk fas visades.

(iv) Olika Pc-S-kr relationer för trefassystem av vatten, organisk vätska och markluft testades mot befintliga experimentella data. En ny relation för hur slingrigheten (eng. tortuosity) beror av vätskehalten infördes i kr-S relationen och olika möjligheter för att skala Pc-S relationen analyserades.

(v) En modelleringsmetodik utvecklades för att studera spridningen av flerkomponentsföroreningar. Med metoden kunde spridningsbeteendet hos enskilda, särskilt skadliga komponenter som t.ex. bensen särskiljas då ett bensinutsläpp i samband med en transportolycka simulerades.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2006. p. 69
Series
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology, ISSN 1651-6214 ; 259
Keywords
Hydrology, NAPL, Multi-phase flow, Modelling, Experiment design, Heterogeneity, Constitutive relations, Multi-constituent contaminants, Capillary pressure, Relative permeability, Hysteresis, Hydrologi
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7430 (URN)978-91-554-6768-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2007-01-19, Hambergssalen, Geocentrum, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2006-12-20 Created: 2006-12-20 Last updated: 2011-01-25Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

No full text in DiVA

Other links

Publisher's full textPubMed

Authority records

Fagerlund, FritjofNiemi, Auli

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Fagerlund, FritjofNiemi, Auli
By organisation
Department of Earth Sciences
In the same journal
Journal of Contaminant Hydrology
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar

doi
pubmed
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
pubmed
urn-nbn
Total: 1063 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf