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Modeling of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) migration in heterogeneous saturated media: Effects of hysteresis and fluid immobility in constitutive relations
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1886-9057
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.
Center for Experimental Study of Subsurface Environmental Processes, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA. .
2008 (English)In: Water resources research, ISSN 0043-1397, E-ISSN 1944-7973, Vol. 44, no 3, article id W03409Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The confidence in model predictions for nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) transport in stochastically heterogeneous systems is limited. The fundamental approaches as well as the constitutive models have not been sufficiently validated, mainly because of the lack of appropriate experimental data. Recently, Fagerlund et al. (2007a, 2007b) presented a set of well-controlled laboratory data that are used here (1) to analyze the overall performance of the continuum-based approach for predicting two-phase NAPL-water flow in stochastically heterogeneous media and (2) to compare the predictions from different constitutive models. The five models tested were the nonhysteretic Brooks-Corey-Burdine (BCB) and van Genuchten-Mualem (VGM) models, the hysteretic versions of these models (HBCB and HVGM), and the HVGBCB model, a model combining the hysteretic van Genuchten (HVG) P c -S relation and the hysteretic Brooks-Corey-Burdine k r -S relation. Two cases of NAPL migration were considered: a layered system of two homogeneous sands separated by a dipping interface and a system where one of the layers was stochastically heterogeneous. The results showed that the best models could indeed capture the main characteristics of the spreading and immobilization well, demonstrating the validity of the continuum-based approach for this level of stochastic heterogeneity. Implementation of hysteresis was necessary for correct prediction of the observed speed of NAPL migration as well as the amount of immobilized NAPL. The three hysteretic models were similar in their overall prediction error-based performance. The HVGM model produced less overestimation of NAPL saturations but instead underestimated the entrapment at capillary barriers in comparison to the HBCB and HVGBCB models. The HVGM model also overestimated the speed of NAPL migration, which is attributed to its closed-form k r -S function, for which the VG parameter m has to be fitted under the constraint m = 1 − 1/n. The HVG (and VG) P c -S function, in contrast, used a different set of VG parameters produced with no constraint on m, which better represented the pore size distributions of the sands. A relation for partial nonwetting phase immobility during drainage is also presented.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2008. Vol. 44, no 3, article id W03409
National Category
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Hydrology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-95315DOI: 10.1029/2007WR005974ISI: 000254160600002OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-95315DiVA, id: diva2:169484
Available from: 2006-12-20 Created: 2006-12-20 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Experimental and Modelling Studies on the Spreading of Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids in Heterogeneous Media
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Experimental and Modelling Studies on the Spreading of Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids in Heterogeneous Media
2006 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Spridning av flerfasföroreningar i heterogen mark : Studier med experiment och modellering
Abstract [en]

Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLs) include commonly occurring organic contaminants such as gasoline, diesel fuel and chlorinated solvents. When released to subsurface environments their spreading is a complex process of multi-component, multi-phase flow. This work has strived to develop new models and methods to describe the spreading of NAPLs in heterogeneous geological media.

For two-phase systems, infiltration and immobilisation of NAPL in stochastically heterogeneous, water-saturated media were investigated. First, a methodology to continuously measure NAPL saturations in space and time in a two-dimensional experiment setup, using multiple-energy x-ray-attenuation techniques, was developed. Second, a set of experiments on NAPL infiltration in carefully designed structures of well-known stochastic heterogeneity were conducted. Three detailed data-sets were generated and the importance of heterogeneity for both flow and the immobilised NAPL architecture was demonstrated. Third, the laboratory experiments were modelled with a continuum- and Darcy’s-law-based multi-phase flow model. Different models for the capillary pressure (Pc) – fluid saturation (S) – relative permeability (kr) constitutive relations were compared and tested against experimental observations. A method to account for NAPL immobility in dead-end pore-spaces during drainage was introduced and the importance of accounting for hysteresis and NAPL entrapment in the constitutive relations was demonstrated.

NAPL migration in three-phase, water-NAPL-air systems was also studied. Different constitutive relations used in modelling of three-phase flow were analysed and compared to existing laboratory data. To improve model performance, a new formulation for the saturation dependence of tortuosity was introduced and different scaling options for the Pc-S relations were investigated. Finally, a method to model the spreading of multi-constituent contaminants using a single-component multi-phase model was developed. With the method, the migration behaviour of individual constituents in a mixture, e.g. benzene in gasoline, could be studied, which was demonstrated in a modelling study of a gasoline spill in connection with a transport accident.

Abstract [sv]

Flerfasföroreningar innefattar vanligt förekommande organiska vätskor som bensin, dieselolja och klorerade lösningsmedel. Spridningen av dessa föroreningar i mark är komplicerad och styrs av det samtidiga flödet av organisk vätska, vatten och markluft samt utbytet av komponenter (föroreningar) mellan de olika faserna. Detta arbete syftade till att utveckla nya metoder och modeller för att studera spridningen av flerfasföroreningar i mark:

(i) En metodik utvecklades för att i laboratorium noggrant och kontinuerligt mäta hur en organisk vätska är rumsligt fördelad i en tvådimensionell experimentuppställning. Metoden baserades på röntgenutsläckning för olika energinivåer.

(ii) Infiltration av organisk vätska i vattenmättade medier studerades för olika konfigurationer av geologisk heterogenitet. I experimentuppställningen packades olika sandmaterial noggrant för att konstruera en välkänd, stokastiskt heterogen struktur. Spridningsprocessen dokumenterades i tre detaljerade mätserier och heterogenitetens påverkan på flöde och kvarhållning av den organiska vätskan påvisades.

(iii) Experimenten simulerades med en numerisk modell. Olika modeller prövades för att beskriva de grundläggande relationerna mellan kapillärtryck (Pc) vätskehalt (S) och relativ permeabilitet (kr) för detta tvåfassystem av vatten och organisk vätska. En relation infördes för att beskriva partiell orörlighet hos den organiska vätskan i porer vars halsar tillfälligt blockeras av vatten då mediet avvattnas. Vikten av att i de grundläggande relationerna ta hänsyn till hysteresis och kvarhållning av organisk fas visades.

(iv) Olika Pc-S-kr relationer för trefassystem av vatten, organisk vätska och markluft testades mot befintliga experimentella data. En ny relation för hur slingrigheten (eng. tortuosity) beror av vätskehalten infördes i kr-S relationen och olika möjligheter för att skala Pc-S relationen analyserades.

(v) En modelleringsmetodik utvecklades för att studera spridningen av flerkomponentsföroreningar. Med metoden kunde spridningsbeteendet hos enskilda, särskilt skadliga komponenter som t.ex. bensen särskiljas då ett bensinutsläpp i samband med en transportolycka simulerades.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2006. p. 69
Series
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology, ISSN 1651-6214 ; 259
Keywords
Hydrology, NAPL, Multi-phase flow, Modelling, Experiment design, Heterogeneity, Constitutive relations, Multi-constituent contaminants, Capillary pressure, Relative permeability, Hysteresis, Hydrologi
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7430 (URN)978-91-554-6768-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2007-01-19, Hambergssalen, Geocentrum, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2006-12-20 Created: 2006-12-20 Last updated: 2011-01-25Bibliographically approved

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Fagerlund, FritjofNiemi, Auli

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