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Evaluation of a porosity measurement method for wet calcium phosphate cements
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Applied Materials Sciences. (Materials in Medicine)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1524-2059
(Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Dept. of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Technical University of Catalonia)
(Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Dept. of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Technical University of Catalonia)
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Applied Materials Sciences. (Materials in Medicine)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2709-9541
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2015 (English)In: Journal of biomaterials applications, ISSN 0885-3282, E-ISSN 1530-8022, Vol. 30, no 5, p. 526-536Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The porosity of a calcium phosphate cement is a key parameter as it affects several important properties of the cement. However, a successful, non-destructive porosity measurement method that does not include drying has not yet been reported for calcium phosphate cements. The aim of this study was to evaluate isopropanol solvent exchange as such a method. Two different types of calcium phosphate cements were used, one basic (hydroxyapatite) and one acidic (brushite). The cements were allowed to set in an aqueous environment and then immersed in isopropanol and stored under three different conditions: at room temperature, at room temperature under vacuum (300 mbar) or at 37􏰀C. The specimen mass was monitored regularly. Solvent exchange took much longer time to reach steady state in hydroxyapatite cements compared to brushite cements, 350 and 18 h, respectively. Furthermore, the immersion affected the quasi-static compressive strength of the hydroxyapatite cements. However, the strength and phase composition of the brushite cements were not affected by isopropanol immersion, suggesting that isopropanol solvent exchange can be used for brushite calcium phosphate cements. The main advantages with this method are that it is non-destructive, fast, easy and the porosity can be evaluated while the cements remain wet, allowing for further analysis on the same specimen. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sage Publications, 2015. Vol. 30, no 5, p. 526-536
Keywords [en]
Calcium phosphate, bone cement, porosity, solvent exchange, brushite, hydroxyapatite
National Category
Ceramics Biomaterials Science Medical Materials
Research subject
Engineering Science with specialization in Materials Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-258636DOI: 10.1177/0885328215594293ISI: 000367743900003PubMedID: 26163278OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-258636DiVA, id: diva2:842184
Funder
The Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (STINT), IG2011-2047Swedish Research Council, 621-2011-6258Available from: 2015-07-17 Created: 2015-07-17 Last updated: 2017-12-04Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Can Bone Void Fillers Carry Load?: Behaviour of Calcium Phosphate Cements Under Different Loading Scenarios
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Can Bone Void Fillers Carry Load?: Behaviour of Calcium Phosphate Cements Under Different Loading Scenarios
2017 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are used as bone void fillers and as complements to hardware in fracture fixation. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the possibilities and limitations of the CPCs’ mechanical properties, and find out if these ceramic bone cements can carry application-specific loads, alone or as part of a construct. Recently developed experimental brushite and apatite cements were found to have a significantly higher strength in compression, tension and flexion compared to the commercially available CPCs chronOS™ Inject and Norian® SRS®. By using a high-resolution measurement technique the elastic moduli of the CPCs were determined and found to be at least twice as high compared to earlier measurements, and closer to cortical bone than trabecular bone. Using the same method, Poisson's ratio for pure CPCs was determined for the first time. A non-destructive porosity measurement method for wet brushite cements was developed, and subsequently used to study the porosity increase during in vitro degradation. The compressive strength of the experimental brushite cement was still higher than that of trabecular bone after 25 weeks of degradation, showing that the cement can carry high loads over a time span sufficiently long for a fracture to heal. This thesis also presents the first ever fatigue results for acidic CPCs, and confirms the importance of testing the materials under cyclic loading as the cements may fail at stress levels much lower than the material’s quasi-static compressive strength. A decrease in fatigue life was found for brushite cements containing higher amounts of monetite. Increasing porosity and testing in a physiological buffer solution (PBS), rather than air, also decreased the fatigue life. However, the experimental brushite cement had a high probability of surviving loads found in the spine when tested in PBS, which has previously never been accomplished for acidic CPCs. In conclusion, available brushite cements may be able to carry the load alone in scenarios where the cortical shell is intact, the loading is mainly compressive, and the expected maximum stress is below 10 MPa. Under such circumstances this CPC may be the preferred choice over less biocompatible and non-degradable materials.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2017. p. 67
Series
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology, ISSN 1651-6214 ; 1492
Keywords
Calcium phosphate, bone cement, brushite, apatite, monetite, porosity, solvent exchange, degradation, compressive strength, diametral tensile strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, fatigue
National Category
Ceramics Medical Materials Biomaterials Science
Research subject
Engineering Science with specialization in Materials Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-316656 (URN)978-91-554-9865-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2017-05-12, Häggsalen, Ångströmlaboratoriet, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Uppsala, 09:15 (English)
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Supervisors
Available from: 2017-04-19 Created: 2017-03-22 Last updated: 2017-04-19

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Ajaxon, IngridÖhman, CarolinePersson, Cecilia

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