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  • 1.
    Abbasian, Maryam
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.
    2D Reflection Seismic Imaging of Sparse 3D Data in the Zinkgruvan Mine, Central Sweden2021Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Zinkgruvan mining area in the southern Bergslagen mineral district of central Sweden holds over 30 million tons of massive sulphide mineralization. The ever-increasing global demand for mineral/metal resources, together with metal consumption growth especially for high-tech purposes has made the exploration of these resources of particular importance. In this thesis work, as a part of the larger research-industry SIT4ME project, Seismic Image Techniques for Mineral Exploration, project sponsored by the EIT Raw Materials, three 2D-crooked reflection seismic profiles were extracted from a sparse 3D dataset in the Zinkgruvan mining area and processed in a combination since approximately 600 receivers simultaneously recorded 368 shots along these three different profiles. One of the profiles (P1) was acquired using 10 m receiver and source intervals, while the other two profiles (P3 and P4) were acquired using 20 m receiver and 10 m source intervals. The data show notable reflections on several shot gathers presenting reasonable quality, although parts are severely contaminated with electricity grid noise from a major powerline crossing the profiles. The study mainly aims at providing information applicable for near surface structural imaging in this complex geological setting. Three different combinations of CDP lines for every two different profiles were binned and processed together in order to examine 3D nature of reflections and their corresponding geological origins. Through a number of tests and careful parameter selections, reflections in the raw shot gathers were enhanced. The final sections (both unmigrated and migrated stacks) show clear reflections associated with important geological units. This thesis presents the acquisition setup, reflection seismic processing procedure, results obtained and the interpretation of the three cross profiles in conjunction with available geological data from the site. The sections show a good correlation with the available borehole data from the site. 

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  • 2.
    Abdollahi, Somayeh
    et al.
    Univ Tehran, Inst Geophys, POB 14155-6466, Tehran, Iran.
    Ardestani, Vahid Ebrahimzadeh
    Univ Tehran, Inst Geophys, POB 14155-6466, Tehran, Iran.
    Zeyen, Hermann
    Univ Paris Saclay, Univ Paris Sud, CNRS, GEOPS, F-91405 Orsay, France.
    Shomali, Zaher Hossein
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics. Univ Tehran, Inst Geophys, POB 14155-6466, Tehran, Iran.
    Crustal and upper mantle structures of Makran subduction zone, SE Iran by combined surface wave velocity analysis and gravity modeling2018In: Tectonophysics, ISSN 0040-1951, E-ISSN 1879-3266, Vol. 747, p. 191-210Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The inversion of Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion curves is challenging, because it is non-linear and multimodal. In this study, we develop and test a new Rayleigh wave dispersion curve inversion scheme using the Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE) algorithm. Incorporating this optimization algorithm into the inverse procedure not only can effectively locate the promising areas in the solution space for a global minimum but also avoids its wandering near the global minimum in the final stage of search. In addition, our approach differs from others in the model parameterization: Instead of subdividing the model into a large number of thin layers, we invert for thickness, velocities and densities and their vertical gradients of four layers, sediments, upper-crust, lower-crust and upper mantle. The proposed inverse procedure is applied to non-linear inversion of fundamental mode Rayleigh wave group dispersion curves for shear and compressional wave velocities. At first, to determine the efficiency and stability of the SCE method, two noise-free and two noisy synthetic data sets are inverted. Then real data for Makran region in SE Iran are inverted to examine the usage and robustness of the proposed approach on real surface wave data. In a second step, we applied 3D Gravity Modeling based on surface wave analysis results to obtain the density structure and thickness of each layer. The reason for using both types of data sets, is that gravity anomaly has a bad vertical resolution and surface wave group velocities are good for placing layer limits at depth, but they are not very sensitive to densities. Therefore, using gravity data increases the overall resolution of density distribution. In a final step, we used again the SCE method to invert the fundamental mode Rayleigh wave group dispersion curves based on the gravity results. Gravity results like thicknesses and sediment densities have been used to constrain the limit of search space in the SCE method. Results show a high shear and compressional velocity under the Gulf of Oman which reduce to the North of the Makran region. The Moho depth of the Oman Gulf is about 18-28 km and it increases to 46-48 km under the Taftan-Bazman volcanic-arc. The density image shows an average crustal density with maximum values under the Gulf of Oman decreasing northward to the Makran.

  • 3.
    Abdollahi, Somayeh
    et al.
    Univ Tehran, Inst Geophys, POB 14155-6466, Tehran, Iran.
    Zeyen, Hermann
    Univ Paris Saclay, Univ Paris Sud, CNRS, GEOPS, F-91405 Orsay, France.
    Ardestani, Vahid Ebrahimzadeh
    Univ Tehran, Inst Geophys, POB 14155-6466, Tehran, Iran.
    Shomali, Zaher Hossein
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics. Univ Tehran, Inst Geophys, POB 14155-6466, Tehran, Iran.
    3D joint inversion of gravity data and Rayleigh wave group velocities to resolve shear-wave velocity and density structure in the Makran subduction zone, south-east Iran2019In: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, ISSN 1367-9120, E-ISSN 1878-5786, Vol. 173, p. 275-290Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study, we developed a method to invert jointly Rayleigh wave group velocities and gravity anomalies for velocity and density structure of the lithosphere. We applied the method to the Makran accretionary prism, SE Iran. The reason for using different data sets is that each of these data sets is sensitive to different parameters. Surface wave group velocities are sensitive mainly to shear wave velocity distribution in depth but do not well resolve density variations. Therefore, joint inversion with gravity data increases the resolution of density distribution. Our approach differs from others mainly in the model parameterization: Instead of subdividing the model into a large number of thin layers, we invert for the properties of only four layers: thickness, P- and S-wave velocities and densities and their vertical gradients in sediments, upper-crust, lower-crust and upper mantle. The method is applied first to synthetic models in order to demonstrate its usefulness. We then applied the method to real data to investigate the lithosphere structure beneath the Makran. The resulting model shows that Moho depth increases from Oman Sea (18-33 km) and Makran fore-arc (33-37 km) to the volcanic-arc (44-46 km). The crustal density is high in the Oman Sea as should be expected for the oceanic crust. We also find a high-velocity anomaly in the upper mantle under the Oman Sea corresponding to the subducting slab. The crust under the fore-arc, volcanic-arc and back-arc settings of Makran subduction zone is characterized by low-velocity zones.

  • 4.
    Abrehdary, Majid
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Sjöberg, Lars E.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics. Royal Inst Technol KTH, Div Geodesy & Satellite Positioning, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Remaining non-isostatic effects in isostatic-gravimetric Moho determination: is it needed?2023In: Geophysical Journal International, ISSN 0956-540X, E-ISSN 1365-246X, Vol. 234, no 3, p. 2066-2074Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    For long time the study of the Moho discontinuity (or Moho) has been a crucial topic in inferring the dynamics of the Earth's interior, and with profitable result it is mapped by seismic data, but due to the heterogeneous distribution of such data the quality varies over the world. Nevertheless, with the advent of satellite gravity missions, it is today possible to recover the Moho constituents (i.e. Moho depth; MD and Moho density contrast; MDC) via gravity observations based on isostatic models. Prior to using gravity observations for this application it must be stripped due to the gravitational contributions of known anomalous crustal density structures, mainly density variations of oceans, glacial ice sheets and sediment basins (i.e. stripping gravity corrections). In addition, the gravity signals related mainly with masses below the crust must also be removed. The main purpose of this study is to estimate the significance of removing also remaining non-isostatic effects (RNIEs) on gravity, that is, gravity effects that remain after the stripping corrections. This is carried out by using CRUST19 seismic crustal model and employing Vening Meinesz–Moritz (VMM) gravimetric-isostatic model in recovering the Moho constituents on a global scale to a resolution of 1° × 1°. To reach this goal, we present a new model, named MHUU22, formed by the SGGUGM2 gravitational field, Earth2014 topography, CRUST1.0 and CRUST19 seismic crustal models. Particularly, this study has its main emphasis on the RNIEs on gravity and Moho constituents to find out if we can modify the stripping gravity corrections by a specific correction of the RNIEs. The numerical results illustrate that the RMS differences between MHUU22 MD and the seismic model CRUST1.0 and least-squares combined model MOHV21 are reduced by 33 and 41 per cent by applying the NIEs, and the RMS differences between MHUU22 MDC and the seismic model CRUST1.0 and least-squares combined model MDC21 are reduced by 41 and 23 per cent when the above strategy for removing the RNIEs is applied. Hence, our study demonstrates that the specific correction for the RNIEs on gravity disturbance is significant, resulting in remarkable improvements in MHUU22, which more clearly visualize several crustal structures.

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  • 5.
    Abril, Claudia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.
    Seismicity and crustal structure in Iceland2018Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The main goal of this Ph.D. thesis is to improve locations of earthquake hypocenters and to resolve heterogeneous crustal structure and its effects on travel times. The data and case studies are drawn from the Icelandic national SIL network and the temporary NICE project deploy-ment in the Tjörnes Fracture Zone. Iceland presents complex tectonics and active volcanism, consequences of its position astride the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between the European and North American plates and on top of a melting anomaly in the mantle below. Studies focused on characterizing the seismicity and the crustal structure are prerequisites for further seismologi-cal studies in Iceland, e.g., on seismic sources, the evolution of volcanic systems, activity on seismic faults and seismic hazard, among others.

    Different methods have been explored. First, we estimated empirically travel-time functions of seismic waves and their uncertainties for 65 stations in the Icelandic permanent network (SIL) using arrival times. The estimated travel-time functions and uncertainties were used to relocate the complete catalog applying a nested-search algorithm to this non-linear problem. The clearest changes in locations compared to the SIL solutions were obtained in the peripheral areas of the network, in particular in the Tjörnes Fracture Zone (North Iceland) and on the Reykjanes Peninsula (South Iceland).

    Relocations with empirical travel times were used complementary with constrained earth-quake relocation and the collapsing methods of Li et al. [2016] to study the seismicity in the Hengill area (South Iceland). Patterns in the seismicity in the final locations reproduce lin-eations previously found in relative relocations in the area. The brittle-ductile transition was estimated, obtaining a smaller depth in the northern part of the region, dominated by volcanic processes, compared with the south, controlled by tectonic processes. Furthermore, the Hengill fissure swarm that hosts two large geothermal power plants, was found to have deeper penetrat-ing earthquakes than adjacent volcanic areas, presumably because it is more effectively cooled.

    Local earthquake tomography was used to solve simultaneously for earthquake location and velocity structure in the Tjörnes Fracture Zone, using data from the temporary network installed during the North ICeland Experiment, and data from the permanent SIL network. 3-D velocity models for P- and S-waves were obtained for the area and used to relocate the complete SIL catalog. The results demonstrate significant structures associated with the different branches of this complex transform region, e.g. low velocities along the Husavík-Flatey Fault (HFF), penetrating to about 10 km depth. Low Vp/Vs ratios were also mapped at depth along the HFF indicating presence of highly compressible fluids in the middle crust. In general, the seismicity pattern was shifted towards the surface from SIL locations and clarified in its lateral distribution. This highlighted a zone of concentrated deformation in the Tjörnes Microplate, which intersections with the two main strands of the overall zone coincide with changes in their geometry and character.

    List of papers
    1. Relocating earthquakes with empirical traveltimes
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Relocating earthquakes with empirical traveltimes
    2018 (English)In: Geophysical Journal International, ISSN 0956-540X, E-ISSN 1365-246X, Vol. 214, no 3, p. 2098-2114Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    A strategy is proposed to incorporate effects of 3-D velocity variations on earthquake locationsusing empirical traveltimes (ETTs). Traveltime residuals are interpolated from those predictedusing a 1-D velocity reference, mapped on to the hypocentres of corresponding earthquakesfor each station in a network. First, station corrections are computed by averaging the residualsover a fixed scale. Then, summary-ray variograms are used to estimate uncertainty and that,in turn, is used to tune a local fit to neighbouring residuals to refine the corrections. Resulting3-D traveltime estimates are then used as a description of the forward problem in a nonlineargrid-search relocation. Data are weighted according to the estimated uncertainty. Data fromthe Icelandic Southern Iceland Lowlands (SIL) national seismic network are used to test thestrategy. ETTs are estimated forP- andS-waves at 65 stations in the SIL network, basedon four million arrival time readings of 300.000 events registered between 1990 and 2012.ETTs are strongly correlated for the two wave types. The spatial variations of the predictedcorrections are consistently comparable or somewhat less forS-waves thanP-waves. Thisfeature suggests variations of theVP/VSratio in the Icelandic crust. Error estimates are alsostrongly correlated for the two wave types and between nearby stations. Relocations aretested by comparison with explosions and small populations of well-located events withindenser subnetworks. Relocations result in modestly enhanced clustering of explosions andearthquakes and significantly improved depth estimates. Estimates of the random relocationerror are statistically better behaved than those of the SIL system. They are in general reduced,as is expected since 3-D heterogeneity is now partly taken into account.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Oxford University Press, 2018
    Keywords
    Body waves, earthquake monitoring
    National Category
    Geophysics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-363251 (URN)10.1093/gji/ggy246 (DOI)000439648000037 ()
    Funder
    EU, FP7, Seventh Framework Programme, 308377
    Available from: 2018-10-15 Created: 2018-10-15 Last updated: 2018-12-05Bibliographically approved
    2. Seismicity of the Hengill area, SW Iceland: Details revealed by catalog relocation and collapsing
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Seismicity of the Hengill area, SW Iceland: Details revealed by catalog relocation and collapsing
    2019 (English)In: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, ISSN 0377-0273, E-ISSN 1872-6097, Vol. 376, p. 15-26Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The spatial distribution of seismicity in the Hengill region, SW Iceland, is analyzed by relocation and collapsing. The Hengill region is a diffuse triple junction with volcano-tectonic activity associated with rifting, tectonic activity on a transecting transform and induced seismicity due to drilling and injection of fluid into geothermal fields. The Icelandic Meteorological Office has compiled 114,000 events over a 20-year period within an area of approximately 600 km2. The events in their catalog are relocated by application of empirical travel-time tables using a non-linear location strategy. The relocations are then redone applying a Bayesian inversion using the catalog event density as a prior. Finally, they are collapsed using the same catalog density as an attractor. We show that this catalog processing reproduces details of the spatial pattern of seismicity that independently emerges from relative relocations of a small subset of the catalog events (swarm activity). In particular, the predominant faulting orientations are reproduced in different parts of the region and the depth distribution of events resembles that obtained by dense deployments in the area. Its depth extent varies between 5 and 7 km in the northern part of the region, where volcanic processes dominate, and between 7 and 8 km in the southern part, where tectonic deformation is predominant. Induced seismicity is shallower than adjacent natural seismicity. An intriguing lineation emerges in the lateral distribution of inferred depth to the brittle-ductile transition in the northern volcanic part of the region, which is parallel to the strike of the fissure swarms in the area. Associating this transition with an isotherm (650 °C), the Hengill volcanic system and its fissure swarm appear to be considerably cooler than the Hrómundartindur system. This may relate to a recent intrusion into the latter or more efficient cooling in the Hengill fissure swarm due to deeper penetrating permeability. In both cases this has potential consequences for geothermal exploitation in the area.

    Keywords
    Seismicity, Hengill, Relocation, Brittle-ductile transition, Earthquake catalog, Iceland
    National Category
    Geophysics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-327037 (URN)10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.03.008 (DOI)000466257600002 ()
    Available from: 2017-07-31 Created: 2017-07-31 Last updated: 2020-05-12Bibliographically approved
    3. Local Earthquake Tomography in the Tjörnes Fracture Zone (North Iceland)
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Local Earthquake Tomography in the Tjörnes Fracture Zone (North Iceland)
    2021 (English)In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Solid Earth, ISSN 2169-9313, E-ISSN 2169-9356, Vol. 126, no 6, article id e2020JB020212Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Local earthquake tomography has been carried out in the Tjornes Fracture Zone. This transform region connects the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to the Northern Volcanic Zone in Iceland in a mostly offshore area. The challenge to record seismic information in this area was the motivation for the North ICeland Experiment (NICE). Fourteen ocean-bottom seismometers and eleven on-land stations were installed in the project and operated simultaneously with the permanent Icelandic seismic network (SIL) during summer 2004. Data from the experiment were used to estimate P- and S-wave crustal velocities. Also, the gravity anomaly was derived for comparison with the tomographic results. Upper-crustal velocities are found to be relatively low in the offshore region. In particular, low velocities are mapped along the Husavik-Flatey Fault, where a more confined negative gravity anomaly and a sedimentary basin are found. Low velocities are also mapped along the Grimsey Oblique Rift and in a zone connecting these two main lineaments. The northern half of the aseismic Grimsey Shoal appears as a fast anomaly. Furthermore, localized high-velocity anomalies are found beneath northern Trollaskagi and Flateyjarskagi Peninsulas, where bedrock dates from Upper and Middle Miocene (10-15 Ma). Regions of low Vp/Vs ratios are mapped at depth along the main lineaments. Low velocities along the lineaments are interpreted as due to fracturing extending into the middle crust, while high velocities in the upper crust beneath Tertiary formations are associated with relic volcanoes. Low Vp/Vs variations along the lineaments are interpreted as due to the presence of supercritical fluids.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2021
    National Category
    Geophysics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-363252 (URN)10.1029/2020JB020212 (DOI)000665206200017 ()
    Funder
    Swedish Research Council, 2003-3600German Research Foundation (DFG), Da478/13-1German Research Foundation (DFG), RI1220/2-1
    Note

    Title in dissertation list of papers: Local earthquake tomography and earthquake relocation in the Tjörnes Fracture Zone (North Iceland)

    Available from: 2018-10-15 Created: 2018-10-15 Last updated: 2024-01-15Bibliographically approved
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  • 6.
    Abril, Claudia
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Gudmundsson, Ólafur
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Relocating earthquakes with empirical traveltimes2018In: Geophysical Journal International, ISSN 0956-540X, E-ISSN 1365-246X, Vol. 214, no 3, p. 2098-2114Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A strategy is proposed to incorporate effects of 3-D velocity variations on earthquake locationsusing empirical traveltimes (ETTs). Traveltime residuals are interpolated from those predictedusing a 1-D velocity reference, mapped on to the hypocentres of corresponding earthquakesfor each station in a network. First, station corrections are computed by averaging the residualsover a fixed scale. Then, summary-ray variograms are used to estimate uncertainty and that,in turn, is used to tune a local fit to neighbouring residuals to refine the corrections. Resulting3-D traveltime estimates are then used as a description of the forward problem in a nonlineargrid-search relocation. Data are weighted according to the estimated uncertainty. Data fromthe Icelandic Southern Iceland Lowlands (SIL) national seismic network are used to test thestrategy. ETTs are estimated forP- andS-waves at 65 stations in the SIL network, basedon four million arrival time readings of 300.000 events registered between 1990 and 2012.ETTs are strongly correlated for the two wave types. The spatial variations of the predictedcorrections are consistently comparable or somewhat less forS-waves thanP-waves. Thisfeature suggests variations of theVP/VSratio in the Icelandic crust. Error estimates are alsostrongly correlated for the two wave types and between nearby stations. Relocations aretested by comparison with explosions and small populations of well-located events withindenser subnetworks. Relocations result in modestly enhanced clustering of explosions andearthquakes and significantly improved depth estimates. Estimates of the random relocationerror are statistically better behaved than those of the SIL system. They are in general reduced,as is expected since 3-D heterogeneity is now partly taken into account.

  • 7.
    Abril, Claudia
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.
    Mai, Martin
    King Abdullah University of Science and Technology.
    Jonsson, Sigurjon
    King Abdullah University of Science and Technology.
    Ground-motion simulations around the Husavik-Flatey Fault, North IcelandManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 8.
    Abril, Claudia
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics. Icelandic Meteorol Off IMO, Reykjavik, Iceland..
    Tryggvason, Ari
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Gudmundsson, Ólafur
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Steffen, Rebekka
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics. Lantmäteriet, Gävle, Sweden..
    Local Earthquake Tomography in the Tjörnes Fracture Zone (North Iceland)2021In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Solid Earth, ISSN 2169-9313, E-ISSN 2169-9356, Vol. 126, no 6, article id e2020JB020212Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Local earthquake tomography has been carried out in the Tjornes Fracture Zone. This transform region connects the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to the Northern Volcanic Zone in Iceland in a mostly offshore area. The challenge to record seismic information in this area was the motivation for the North ICeland Experiment (NICE). Fourteen ocean-bottom seismometers and eleven on-land stations were installed in the project and operated simultaneously with the permanent Icelandic seismic network (SIL) during summer 2004. Data from the experiment were used to estimate P- and S-wave crustal velocities. Also, the gravity anomaly was derived for comparison with the tomographic results. Upper-crustal velocities are found to be relatively low in the offshore region. In particular, low velocities are mapped along the Husavik-Flatey Fault, where a more confined negative gravity anomaly and a sedimentary basin are found. Low velocities are also mapped along the Grimsey Oblique Rift and in a zone connecting these two main lineaments. The northern half of the aseismic Grimsey Shoal appears as a fast anomaly. Furthermore, localized high-velocity anomalies are found beneath northern Trollaskagi and Flateyjarskagi Peninsulas, where bedrock dates from Upper and Middle Miocene (10-15 Ma). Regions of low Vp/Vs ratios are mapped at depth along the main lineaments. Low velocities along the lineaments are interpreted as due to fracturing extending into the middle crust, while high velocities in the upper crust beneath Tertiary formations are associated with relic volcanoes. Low Vp/Vs variations along the lineaments are interpreted as due to the presence of supercritical fluids.

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    fulltext
  • 9.
    Abtahi, Sayyed Mohammad
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Airborne Gravity Gradient, Magnetic and VLF datasets: Case studies of modelling, inversion and interpretation2016Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Northern Sweden is one of the largest hosts for mineral resources in Europe and always has been an interesting area for researchers from various disciplines of Earth sciences. This dissertation is a comprehensive summary of three case study papers on airborne VLF, gravity gradient and magnetic data in the area.

    In the first paper, tensor VLF data is extracted from an old data set which contains only the total and the vertical magnetic components. The anomalous part of the horizontal magnetic field components is computed by a Hilbert transform of the vertical magnetic field. The normal part of the horizontal magnetic field component is computed as a function of total, vertical and anomalous part of horizontal magnetic fields. The electric field is also calculated for TE mode and impedance tensor and apparent resistivity are computed. In addition tippers are calculated for two transmitters and inverted by a 3D inversion algorithm. Comparison of the estimated model and geology map of bedrock shows that lower resistivity zones are correlated with mineralizations.

    The second paper deals with the internal consistency of airborne gravity gradient data. The six components of the data are estimated from a common potential function. It is shown that the data is adequately consistent but at shorter land clearances the difference between the estimated data and the original data is larger. The technique is also used for computing the Bouguer anomaly from terrain corrected FTG data. Finally the data is inverted in 3D, which shows that the estimated density model in shallow depth is dominated by short wave length features.

    Inversion of TMI data is the topic of the third paper where a new type of reference model for 3D inversion of magnetic data is proposed by vertically extending the estimated magnetization of a 2D terrain magnetization model. The final estimated 3D result is compared with the magnetization model where no reference model is used. The comparison shows that using the reference model helps the high magnetization zones in the estimated model at shallow depths to be better correlated with measured high remanent magnetization from rock samples. The high magnetization zones are also correlated with gabbros and volcanic metasediments.

    List of papers
    1. Extracting geoelectrical maps from vintage very-low-frequency airborne data, tipper inversion, and interpretation: A case study from northern Sweden
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Extracting geoelectrical maps from vintage very-low-frequency airborne data, tipper inversion, and interpretation: A case study from northern Sweden
    2016 (English)In: Geophysics, ISSN 0016-8033, E-ISSN 1942-2156, Vol. 81, no 5, p. B135-B147Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    In 1985, the mining company Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara Aktiebolag collected airborne very-low-frequency (VLF) data in northern Sweden. The operators stored only the vertical component and the total magnetic field, which at that time were believed to be sufficient for qualitative interpretation. Therefore, the data could not be directly used for quantitative tensor VLF processing and inversion. To avoid the costs of resurveying, we have developed a novel technique to estimate the tippers from the measured VLF data by computing anomalous and normal parts of the horizontal components of the magnetic field from two transmitters separately. Retrieval of the normal horizontal components was possible because one component of the horizontal magnetic field was used as the phase reference during the measurements. Additionally, we have determined how the approximate apparent resistivity suitable for data visualization can be computed from the components of the magnetic field assuming an average normal resistivity of the subsurface. Maps of apparent resistivity combined with topography show a clear correlation between high topography and high resistivity, whereas conductive zones are found in valleys in between. More importantly, the 3D model inverted from the calculated tippers shows excellent agreement with a map of the surface geology. Based on this comparison, some less resistive zones can be related to fluids in fractures and others can be related to mineralized contact zones. We suggest to focus further exploration on conductive zones surrounding areas with basaltic composition.

    Keywords
    case history, inversion, interpretation, electromagnetics
    National Category
    Geophysics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-300086 (URN)10.1190/GEO2015-0296.1 (DOI)000392752200002 ()
    Available from: 2016-08-02 Created: 2016-08-02 Last updated: 2018-10-29
    2. Consistency investigation, vertical gravity estimation and inversion of airborne gravity gradient data – A case study from northern Sweden
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Consistency investigation, vertical gravity estimation and inversion of airborne gravity gradient data – A case study from northern Sweden
    2016 (English)In: Geophysics, ISSN 0016-8033, E-ISSN 1942-2156, Vol. 81, no 3, p. B65-B76Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    For airborne gravity gradient data, it is a challenge to distinguish between high-frequency intrinsic and dynamically produced noise caused by the aircraft and small-scale effects from shallow density variations. To facilitate consistent interpretation, techniques that include all of the measured gravity gradient components are particularly promising. We represented the measurements by a common potential function accounting for lateral and height variations. Thus, it was possible to evaluate the internal consistency between the measured components and to identify components with bias or particularly strong noise. As an extra benefit for data sets that contain terrain-corrected and nonterrain-corrected gravity gradient measurements at flight altitude, we estimated terrain-corrected anomalies on the topographic relief using downward continuation and retrieved nonterrain-corrected gravity gradient data suitable for inversion using upward continuation. For a field data set from northern Sweden, the largest differences (up to 50 eotvos) between the measured and estimated components of the gravity gradient data were found in areas of high topographical relief. But the average residual standard deviations of the individual components were between 3.6 and 7.4 eotvos, indicating that the components were consistent in an average sense. We have determined the successful conversion of terrain-corrected airborne gravity gradient data to Bouguer gravity data on the topographic relief using ground-based vertical gravity data as a reference. A 3D inverse model computed from the nonterrain-corrected data clearly showed the depth extent of the geologic structures observed at the surface, but it only produced a weak representation of the shallow structure. In contrast, a 2D surface density model in which only lateral variations of density in the topographic relief was allowed exhibited more realistic density distributions in fair correlation with geology.

    Keywords
    gravity, modeling, noise, processing
    National Category
    Geophysics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-300024 (URN)10.1190/geo2014-0428.1 (DOI)000384984900008 ()
    Available from: 2016-08-02 Created: 2016-08-02 Last updated: 2017-11-28Bibliographically approved
    3. A new reference model for 3D inversion of airborne magnetic data in hilly terrain – a case study from northern Sweden
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>A new reference model for 3D inversion of airborne magnetic data in hilly terrain – a case study from northern Sweden
    (English)Article in journal (Refereed) Submitted
    National Category
    Geophysics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-300111 (URN)
    Available from: 2016-08-02 Created: 2016-08-02 Last updated: 2016-09-05
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  • 10.
    Abtahi, Sayyed Mohammad
    et al.
    Isfahan Univ Technol, Dept Min Engn, Esfahan, Iran.
    Pedersen, Laust Börsting
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Kamm, Jochen
    Univ Munster, Dept Geophys, Munster, Germany.
    Kalscheuer, Thomas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    A new reference model for 3D inversion of airborne magnetic data in hilly terrain: A case study from northern Sweden2018In: Geophysics, ISSN 0016-8033, E-ISSN 1942-2156, Vol. 83, no 1, p. B1-B12Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The inherent nonuniqueness in modeling magnetic data can be partly reduced by adding prior information, either as mathematical constructs or simply as bounds on magnetization obtained from laboratory measurements. If a good prior model can be used as a reference model, then the quality of estimated models through an inverse approach can be greatly improved. But even though data on magnetic properties of rocks might exist, their distribution may often be quite irregular on local and regional scales, so that it is difficult to define representative classes of rock types suitable for constraining geophysical models of magnetization. We have developed a new way of constructing a reference model that varies only laterally and is confined to the part of the terrain that lies above the lowest topography in the area. To obtain this model, several estimated 2D magnetization distributions were constructed by data inversion as a function of the iteration number. Then, a suitable 2D model of the magnetization in the topography was chosen as a starting point for constructing a 3D reference model by modifying it with a vertical decay such that its average source depth was the same for all horizontal positions. The average source depth of the reference model was chosen to satisfy the average source depth obtained from analyzing the radial power spectrum of the area studied. Finally, the measured magnetic data were inverted in three dimensions using the given reference model. For a selected reference model, shallow structures indicated a better overall correlation with large remanent magnetizations measured on rock samples from the area. Throughout the entire model, the direction of magnetization was allowed to vary freely. We found that the Euclidean norm of the estimated model was reduced compared with the case where the magnetization direction was fixed.

  • 11.
    Abtahi, Sayyed Mohammad
    et al.
    Uppsala University.
    Pedersen, Laust
    Kamm, Jochen
    Kalscheuer, Thomas
    A new reference model for 3D inversion of airborne magnetic data in hilly terrain – a case study from northern SwedenArticle in journal (Refereed)
  • 12.
    Abtahi, Sayyed Mohammad
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics. Isfahan Univ Technol, Dept Min Engn, Esfahan, Iran.
    Pedersen, Laust
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Kamm, Jochen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Kalscheuer, Thomas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Consistency investigation, vertical gravity estimation and inversion of airborne gravity gradient data – A case study from northern Sweden2016In: Geophysics, ISSN 0016-8033, E-ISSN 1942-2156, Vol. 81, no 3, p. B65-B76Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    For airborne gravity gradient data, it is a challenge to distinguish between high-frequency intrinsic and dynamically produced noise caused by the aircraft and small-scale effects from shallow density variations. To facilitate consistent interpretation, techniques that include all of the measured gravity gradient components are particularly promising. We represented the measurements by a common potential function accounting for lateral and height variations. Thus, it was possible to evaluate the internal consistency between the measured components and to identify components with bias or particularly strong noise. As an extra benefit for data sets that contain terrain-corrected and nonterrain-corrected gravity gradient measurements at flight altitude, we estimated terrain-corrected anomalies on the topographic relief using downward continuation and retrieved nonterrain-corrected gravity gradient data suitable for inversion using upward continuation. For a field data set from northern Sweden, the largest differences (up to 50 eotvos) between the measured and estimated components of the gravity gradient data were found in areas of high topographical relief. But the average residual standard deviations of the individual components were between 3.6 and 7.4 eotvos, indicating that the components were consistent in an average sense. We have determined the successful conversion of terrain-corrected airborne gravity gradient data to Bouguer gravity data on the topographic relief using ground-based vertical gravity data as a reference. A 3D inverse model computed from the nonterrain-corrected data clearly showed the depth extent of the geologic structures observed at the surface, but it only produced a weak representation of the shallow structure. In contrast, a 2D surface density model in which only lateral variations of density in the topographic relief was allowed exhibited more realistic density distributions in fair correlation with geology.

  • 13.
    Abtahi, Sayyed Mohammad
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics. Isfahan Univ Technol, Dept Min Engn, Esfahan, Iran.
    Pedersen, Laust
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Kamm, Jochen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics. Univ Munster, Dept Geophys, Munster, Germany.
    Kalscheuer, Thomas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Extracting geoelectrical maps from vintage very-low-frequency airborne data, tipper inversion, and interpretation: A case study from northern Sweden2016In: Geophysics, ISSN 0016-8033, E-ISSN 1942-2156, Vol. 81, no 5, p. B135-B147Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In 1985, the mining company Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara Aktiebolag collected airborne very-low-frequency (VLF) data in northern Sweden. The operators stored only the vertical component and the total magnetic field, which at that time were believed to be sufficient for qualitative interpretation. Therefore, the data could not be directly used for quantitative tensor VLF processing and inversion. To avoid the costs of resurveying, we have developed a novel technique to estimate the tippers from the measured VLF data by computing anomalous and normal parts of the horizontal components of the magnetic field from two transmitters separately. Retrieval of the normal horizontal components was possible because one component of the horizontal magnetic field was used as the phase reference during the measurements. Additionally, we have determined how the approximate apparent resistivity suitable for data visualization can be computed from the components of the magnetic field assuming an average normal resistivity of the subsurface. Maps of apparent resistivity combined with topography show a clear correlation between high topography and high resistivity, whereas conductive zones are found in valleys in between. More importantly, the 3D model inverted from the calculated tippers shows excellent agreement with a map of the surface geology. Based on this comparison, some less resistive zones can be related to fluids in fractures and others can be related to mineralized contact zones. We suggest to focus further exploration on conductive zones surrounding areas with basaltic composition.

  • 14.
    Adamaki, Angeliki
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Seismicity Analyses Using Dense Network Data: Catalogue Statistics and Possible Foreshocks Investigated Using Empirical and Synthetic Data2017Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Precursors related to seismicity patterns are probably the most promising phenomena for short-term earthquake forecasting, although it remains unclear if such forecasting is possible. Foreshock activity has often been recorded but its possible use as indicator of coming larger events is still debated due to the limited number of unambiguously observed foreshocks. Seismicity data which is inadequate in volume or character might be one of the reasons foreshocks cannot easily be identified. One method used to investigate the possible presence of generic seismicity behavior preceding larger events is the aggregation of seismicity series. Sequences preceding mainshocks chosen from empirical data are superimposed, revealing an increasing average seismicity rate prior to the mainshocks. Such an increase could result from the tendency of seismicity to cluster in space and time, thus the observed patterns could be of limited predictive value. Randomized tests using the empirical catalogues imply that the observed increasing rate is statistically significant compared to an increase due to simple clustering, indicating the existence of genuine foreshocks, somehow mechanically related to their mainshocks. If network sensitivity increases, the identification of foreshocks as such may improve. The possibility of improved identification of foreshock sequences is tested using synthetic data, produced with specific assumptions about the earthquake process. Complications related to background activity and aftershock production are investigated numerically, in generalized cases and in data-based scenarios. Catalogues including smaller, and thereby more, earthquakes can probably contribute to better understanding the earthquake processes and to the future of earthquake forecasting. An important aspect in such seismicity studies is the correct estimation of the empirical catalogue properties, including the magnitude of completeness (Mc) and the b-value. The potential influence of errors in the reported magnitudes in an earthquake catalogue on the estimation of Mc and b-value is investigated using synthetic magnitude catalogues, contaminated with Gaussian error. The effectiveness of different algorithms for Mc and b-value estimation are discussed. The sample size and the error level seem to affect the estimation of b-value, with implications for the reliability of the assessment of the future rate of large events and thus of seismic hazard.

    List of papers
    1. EVIDENCE OF PRECURSORY PATTERNS IN AGGREGATED TIME SERIES
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>EVIDENCE OF PRECURSORY PATTERNS IN AGGREGATED TIME SERIES
    2016 (English)In: Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, vol. L, 2016, Proceedings of the 14th Intern. Congress, Thessaloniki, May 2016, 2016, Vol. 50Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate temporal changes in seismic activity observed in the West Corinth Gulfand North-West Peloponnese during 2008 to 2010. Two major earthquake sequencestook place in the area at that time (in 2008 and 2010). Our aim is to analyse Greekseismicity to attempt to confirm the existence or non-existence of seismic precursorsprior to the strongest earthquakes. Perhaps because the area is geologically andtectonically complex, we found that it was not possible to fit the data well using aconsistent Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS) model. Nor could weunambiguously identify foreshocks to individual mainshocks. Therefore we soughtpatterns in aggregated foreshock catalogues. We set a magnitude threshold (M3.5)above which all the earthquakes detected in the study area are considered as“mainshocks”, and we combined all data preceding these into a single foreshockcatalogue. This reveals an increase in seismicity rate not robustly observable forindividual cases. The observed effect is significantly greater than that consistent withstochastic models, including ETAS, thus indicating genuine foreshock activity withpotential useful precursory power, if sufficient data is available, i.e. if the magnitudeof completeness is sufficiently low.

    Abstract [el]

    Μελετάμε χρονικές μεταβολές της σεισμικής δραστηριότητας στο Δυτικό ΚορινθιακόΚόλπο και τη Βορειοδυτική Πελοπόννησο κατά τα έτη 2008-2010. Δύο σημαντικέςσεισμικές ακολουθίες σημειώθηκαν στην περιοχή σε αυτή την περίοδο (2008 και 2010).Στόχος είναι να αναλύσουμε τη σεισμικότητα ώστε να επιβεβαιώσουμε την ύπαρξη ή μηπροσεισμικής δραστηριότητας πριν από τους μεγαλύτερους σεισμούς. Λόγω τηςγεωλογικής και τεκτονικής πολυπλοκότητας της περιοχής, δεν ήταν εφικτή η εφαρμογήενός ενιαίου μοντέλου Επιδημικού Τύπου Μετασεισμικών Ακολουθιών (ETAS), ούτε ηαναγνώριση προσεισμών μεμονωμένων κυρίων σεισμών. Επομένως, αναζητήσαμεανάλογα μοτίβα σε ενιαίους καταλόγους προσεισμών. Θέσαμε ένα μέγεθος (Μ3.5)πάνω από το οποίο όλοι οι σεισμοί θεωρούνται “κύριοι”, και συνδυάσαμε τα δεδομέναπου προηγούνται αυτών, σε ένα κοινό κατάλογο. Αναδεικνύεται έτσι μια αύξηση τουρυθμού σεισμικότητας που δεν είναι εμφανής σε μεμονωμένες περιπτώσεις και είναι πιοσημαντική από εκείνη που προβλέπεται από στοχαστικά μοντέλα, όπως το ETAS,υποδηλώνοντας την ύπαρξη προσεισμών που μπορούν να δώσουν τη δυνατότηταπρόγνωσης αν υπάρχει ικανοποιητικό πλήθος δεδομένων, δηλ. αν το μέγεθοςπληρότητας είναι αρκετά χαμηλό.

    Keywords
    Corinth Gulf, Seismicity, Aggregated Foreshock Catalogues, Κορινθιακός Κόλπος, Σεισμικότητα, Ενιαίοι Κατάλογοι Προσεισμών
    National Category
    Natural Sciences Geophysics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295440 (URN)
    Conference
    14th International Congress, Geological Society of Greece, Thessaloniki, May 2016
    Available from: 2016-06-07 Created: 2016-06-07 Last updated: 2017-08-21Bibliographically approved
    2. Precursory Activity Before Larger Events in Greece Revealed by Aggregated Seismicity Data
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Precursory Activity Before Larger Events in Greece Revealed by Aggregated Seismicity Data
    2017 (English)In: Pure and Applied Geophysics, ISSN 0033-4553, E-ISSN 1420-9136, Vol. 174, no 3, p. 1331-1343Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate the seismicity rate behaviour in and around Greece during 2009, seeking significant changes in rate preceding larger events. For individual larger events it is difficult to clearly distinguish precursory rate changes from other, possibly unrelated, variations in seismicity. However, when we aggregate seismicity data occurring within a radius of 10 km and in a 50-day window prior to earthquakes with, e. g. magnitude C3.5, the resulting aggregated time series show a clearly increasing trend starting 2-3 weeks prior to the "mainshock'' time. We apply statistical tests to investigate if the observed behaviour may be simply consistent with random (poissonian) variations, or, as some earlier studies suggest, with clustering in the sense that high activity rates at some time may imply increased rates later, and thus (randomly) greater probability of larger coming events than for periods of lower seismicity. In this case, rate increases have little useful predictive power. Using data from the entire catalogue, the aggregated rate changes before larger events are clearly and strongly statistically significant and cannot be explained by such clustering. To test this we choose events at random from the catalogue as potential "mainshocks''. The events preceding the randomly chosen earthquakes show less pronounced rate increases compared to the observed rate changes prior to larger events. Similar behaviour is observed in data sub-sets. However, statistical confidence decreases for geographical subsets containing few "mainshocks'' as it does when data are weighted such that "mainshocks'' with many preceding events are strongly downweighted relative to those with fewer. The analyses suggest that genuine changes in aggregated rate do occur prior to larger events and that this behaviour is not due to a small number of mainshocks with many preceding events dominating the analysis. It does not automatically follow that it will be possible to routinely observe precursory changes prior to individual larger events, but there is a possibility that this may be feasible, e. g. with better data from more sensitive networks.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    SPRINGER BASEL AG, 2017
    Keywords
    Temporal seismicity patterns, aggregated data, precursory activity, Greece
    National Category
    Geophysics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-320921 (URN)10.1007/s00024-017-1465-6 (DOI)000396834700039 ()
    Available from: 2017-04-27 Created: 2017-04-27 Last updated: 2017-08-21Bibliographically approved
    3. Advantages and Limitations of Foreshock Activity as a Useful Tool for Earthquake Forecasting
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Advantages and Limitations of Foreshock Activity as a Useful Tool for Earthquake Forecasting
    (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Keywords
    Accelerating Seismicity, Earthquake Predictability
    National Category
    Geophysics
    Research subject
    Geophysics with specialization in Seismology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-328055 (URN)
    Available from: 2017-08-16 Created: 2017-08-16 Last updated: 2017-08-21
    4. Impact of Magnitude Uncertainties on Seismic Catalogue Properties
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Impact of Magnitude Uncertainties on Seismic Catalogue Properties
    Show others...
    2018 (English)In: Geophysical Journal International, ISSN 0956-540X, E-ISSN 1365-246X, Vol. 213, no 2, p. 940-951Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Catalogue-based studies are of central importance in seismological research, to investigate the temporal, spatial and size distribution of earthquakes in specified study areas. Methods for estimating the fundamental catalogue parameters like the Gutenberg–Richter (G-R) b-value and the completeness magnitude (Mc) are well established and routinely applied. However, the magnitudes reported in seismicity catalogues contain measurement uncertainties which may significantly distort the estimation of the derived parameters. In this study, we use numerical simulations of synthetic data sets to assess the reliability of different methods for determining b-value and Mc, assuming the G-R law validity. After contaminating the synthetic catalogues with Gaussian noise (with selected standard deviations), the analysis is performed for numerous data sets of different sample size (N). The noise introduced to the data generally leads to a systematic overestimation of magnitudes close to and above Mc. This fact causes an increase of the average number of events above Mc, which in turn leads to an apparent decrease of the b-value. This may result to a significant overestimation of seismicity rate even well above the actual completeness level. The b-value can in general be reliably estimated even for relatively small data sets (N < 1000) when only magnitudes higher than the actual completeness level are used. Nevertheless, a correction of the total number of events belonging in each magnitude class (i.e. 0.1 unit) should be considered, to deal with the magnitude uncertainty effect. Because magnitude uncertainties (here with the form of Gaussian noise) are inevitable in all instrumental catalogues, this finding is fundamental for seismicity rate and seismic hazard assessment analyses. Also important is that for some data analyses significant bias cannot necessarily be avoided by choosing a high Mc value for analysis. In such cases, there may be a risk of severe miscalculation of seismicity rate regardless the selected magnitude threshold, unless possible bias is properly assessed.

    Keywords
    Statistical Seismology, Earthquake Catalogue Properties, Completeness Magnitude, b-value
    National Category
    Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
    Research subject
    Statistics; Geophysics with specialization in Seismology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-328053 (URN)10.1093/gji/ggy023 (DOI)000448720300016 ()
    Available from: 2017-08-16 Created: 2017-08-16 Last updated: 2019-01-22Bibliographically approved
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    preview image
  • 15.
    Adamaki, Angeliki K.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Roberts, Roland G.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Precursory Activity Before Larger Events in Greece Revealed by Aggregated Seismicity Data2017In: Pure and Applied Geophysics, ISSN 0033-4553, E-ISSN 1420-9136, Vol. 174, no 3, p. 1331-1343Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate the seismicity rate behaviour in and around Greece during 2009, seeking significant changes in rate preceding larger events. For individual larger events it is difficult to clearly distinguish precursory rate changes from other, possibly unrelated, variations in seismicity. However, when we aggregate seismicity data occurring within a radius of 10 km and in a 50-day window prior to earthquakes with, e. g. magnitude C3.5, the resulting aggregated time series show a clearly increasing trend starting 2-3 weeks prior to the "mainshock'' time. We apply statistical tests to investigate if the observed behaviour may be simply consistent with random (poissonian) variations, or, as some earlier studies suggest, with clustering in the sense that high activity rates at some time may imply increased rates later, and thus (randomly) greater probability of larger coming events than for periods of lower seismicity. In this case, rate increases have little useful predictive power. Using data from the entire catalogue, the aggregated rate changes before larger events are clearly and strongly statistically significant and cannot be explained by such clustering. To test this we choose events at random from the catalogue as potential "mainshocks''. The events preceding the randomly chosen earthquakes show less pronounced rate increases compared to the observed rate changes prior to larger events. Similar behaviour is observed in data sub-sets. However, statistical confidence decreases for geographical subsets containing few "mainshocks'' as it does when data are weighted such that "mainshocks'' with many preceding events are strongly downweighted relative to those with fewer. The analyses suggest that genuine changes in aggregated rate do occur prior to larger events and that this behaviour is not due to a small number of mainshocks with many preceding events dominating the analysis. It does not automatically follow that it will be possible to routinely observe precursory changes prior to individual larger events, but there is a possibility that this may be feasible, e. g. with better data from more sensitive networks.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 16.
    Adamaki, Angeliki
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Roberts, Roland
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Advantages and Limitations of Foreshock Activity as a Useful Tool for Earthquake ForecastingManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 17.
    Adamaki, Angeliki
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Roberts, Roland
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    EVIDENCE OF PRECURSORY PATTERNS IN AGGREGATED TIME SERIES2016In: Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, vol. L, 2016, Proceedings of the 14th Intern. Congress, Thessaloniki, May 2016, 2016, Vol. 50Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate temporal changes in seismic activity observed in the West Corinth Gulfand North-West Peloponnese during 2008 to 2010. Two major earthquake sequencestook place in the area at that time (in 2008 and 2010). Our aim is to analyse Greekseismicity to attempt to confirm the existence or non-existence of seismic precursorsprior to the strongest earthquakes. Perhaps because the area is geologically andtectonically complex, we found that it was not possible to fit the data well using aconsistent Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS) model. Nor could weunambiguously identify foreshocks to individual mainshocks. Therefore we soughtpatterns in aggregated foreshock catalogues. We set a magnitude threshold (M3.5)above which all the earthquakes detected in the study area are considered as“mainshocks”, and we combined all data preceding these into a single foreshockcatalogue. This reveals an increase in seismicity rate not robustly observable forindividual cases. The observed effect is significantly greater than that consistent withstochastic models, including ETAS, thus indicating genuine foreshock activity withpotential useful precursory power, if sufficient data is available, i.e. if the magnitudeof completeness is sufficiently low.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 18. Adamczyk, A.
    et al.
    Malinowski, M.
    Malehmir, Alireza
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    High-resolution near-surface velocity model building using full-waveform inversion-a case study from southwest Sweden2014In: Geophysical Journal International, ISSN 0956-540X, E-ISSN 1365-246X, Vol. 197, no 3, p. 1693-1704Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Full-waveform inversion (FWI) is an iterative optimization technique that provides high-resolution models of subsurface properties. Frequency-domain, acoustic FWI was applied to seismic data acquired over a known quick-clay landslide scar in southwest Sweden. We inverted data from three 2-D seismic profiles, 261-572 m long, two of them shot with small charges of dynamite and one with a sledgehammer. To our best knowledge this is the first published application of FWI to sledgehammer data. Both sources provided data suitable for waveform inversion, the sledgehammer data containing even wider frequency spectrum. Inversion was performed for frequency groups between 27.5 and 43.1 Hz for the explosive data and 27.5-51.0 Hz for the sledgehammer. The lowest inverted frequency was limited by the resonance frequency of the standard 28-Hz geophones used in the survey. High-velocity granitic bedrock in the area is undulated and very shallow (15-100 m below the surface), and exhibits a large P-wave velocity contrast to the overlying normally consolidated sediments. In order to mitigate the non-linearity of the inverse problem we designed a multiscale layer-stripping inversion strategy. Obtained P-wave velocity models allowed to delineate the top of the bedrock and revealed distinct layers within the overlying sediments of clays and coarse-grained materials. Models were verified in an extensive set of validating procedures and used for pre-stack depth migration, which confirmed their robustness.

  • 19.
    Adamczyk, Anna
    et al.
    Institute of Geophysics - Polish Academy of Sciences.
    Malinowski, Michal
    Institute of Geophysics - Polish Academy of Sciences.
    Malehmir, Alireza
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Delineating shallow quick-clay structures using acoustic full-waveform inversion – case studyfrom southwest Sweden2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Full waveform inversion (FWI) was applied to imageshallow structures of marine-clay sediments and to provideinsight on the mechanism of a quick-clay landslide. Thedata was acquired in a high-resolution seismic surveyconducted over a known landslide scar near the Göta riverin southwest Sweden. Inversion proved to be challengingbecause of contrasted P-wave velocity structure – thevelocities ranged from 500 m/s in weathered top layer to6000 m/s in the shallow granitic bedrock (up to 30 m belowthe surface). FWI applied to 3 profiles provided highresolution2D P-wave velocity models revealing theintercalating layers of clays and coarse-grain material andthe shape of the bedrock. The multiscale approach was usedto mitigate the strong nonlinearity of the inverse problem.The models were used in pre-stack depth migration andproved significant improvement in reflector flattening andfocusing over the starting first-arrival traveltimetomography models.

  • 20.
    Afsar, Fatima
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF 2D/3D SEISMIC DATA OVER DHURNAL OIL FIELD, NORTHERN PAKISTAN2013Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 80 credits / 120 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The study area, Dhurnal oil field, is located 74 km southwest of Islamabad in the Potwar basin of Pakistan. Discovered in March 1984, the field was developed with four producing wells and three water injection wells. Three main limestone reservoirs of Eocene and Paleocene ages are present in this field. These limestone reservoirs are tectonically fractured and all the production is derived from these fractures. The overlying claystone formation of Miocene age provides vertical and lateral seal to the Paleocene and Permian carbonates. The field started production in May 1984, reaching a maximum rate of 19370 BOPD in November 1989. Currently Dhurnal‐1 (D-1) and Dhurnal‐6 (D-6) wells are producing 135 BOPD and 0.65 MMCF/D gas. The field has depleted after producing over 50 million Bbls of oil and 130 BCF of gas from naturally fractured low energy shelf carbonates of the Eocene, Paleocene and Permian reservoirs. Preliminary geological and geophysical data evaluation of Dhurnal field revealed the presence of an up-dip anticlinal structure between D-1 and D-6 wells, seen on new 2003 reprocessed data. However, this structural impression is not observed on old 1987 processed data. The aim of this research is to compare and evaluate old and new reprocessed data in order to identify possible factors affecting the structural configuration. For this purpose, a detailed interpretation of old and new reprocessed data is carried out and results clearly demonstrate that structural compartmentalization exists in Dhurnal field (based on 2003 data). Therefore, to further analyse the available data sets, processing sequences pertaining to both vintages have been examined. After great effort and detailed investigation, it is concluded that the major parameter giving rise to this data discrepancy is the velocity analysis done with different gridding intervals. The detailed and dense velocity analysis carried out on the data in 2003 was able to image the subtle anticlinal feature, which was missed on the 1987 processed seismic data due to sparse gridding. In addition to this, about 105 sq.km 3D seismic data recently (2009) acquired by Ocean Pakistan Limited (OPL) is also interpreted in this project to gain greater confidence on the results. The 3D geophysical interpretation confirmed the findings and aided in accurately mapping the remaining hydrocarbon potential of Dhurnal field.

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    Thesis
  • 21. Agapitov, Oleksiy
    et al.
    Krasnoselskikh, Vladimir
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Rolland, Guy
    A statistical study of the propagation characteristics of whistler waves observed by Cluster2011In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 38, p. L20103-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    VLF waves play a crucial role in the dynamics of radiation belts, and are responsible for the loss and the acceleration of energetic electrons. Modeling wave-particle interactions requires the best possible knowledge for how wave energy and wave-normal directions are distributed in L-shells and for the magnetic latitudes of different magnetic activity conditions. In this work, we performed a statistical study for VLF emissions using a whistler frequency range for nine years (2001-2009) of Cluster measurements. We utilized data from the STAFF-SA experiment, which spans the frequency range from 8.8 Hz to 3.56 kHz. We show that the wave energy distribution has two maxima around L similar to 4.5 = 6 and L similar to 2, and that wave-normals are directed approximately along the magnetic field in the vicinity of the geomagnetic equator. The distribution changes with magnetic latitude, and so that at latitudes of similar to 30 degrees, wave-normals become nearly perpendicular to the magnetic field. The observed angular distribution is significantly different from Gaussian and the width of the distribution increases with latitude. Since the resonance condition for wave-particle interactions depends on the wave normal orientation, our results indicate that, due to the observed change in the wave-normal direction with latitude, the most efficient particle diffusion due to wave-particle interaction should occur in a limited region surrounding the geomagnetic equator.

  • 22.
    Agustsson, Kristjan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Kristjansdottir, Sigridur
    Flovenz, Olafur G
    Gudmundsson, Olafur
    Induced Seismic Activity during Drilling of Injection Wells at the Hellisheiði Power Plant, SW Iceland.2015In: Induced Seismic Activity during Drilling of Injection Wells at the Hellisheiði Power Plant, SW Iceland., 2015Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 23.
    Ahmadi, Omid
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Application of the Seismic Reflection Method in Mineral Exploration and Crustal Imaging: Contributions to Hardrock Seismic Imaging2015Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The seismic reflection method has been used extensively in mineral exploration and for imaging crustal structures within hardrock environments. In this research the seismic reflection method has been used and studied to address problems associated with hardrock settings. Papers I and II, address delineating and imaging a sulfide ore body and its surrounding rocks and structures in Garpenberg, central Sweden, at an active mine. 3D ray-tracing and finite-difference modeling were performed and the results suggest that although the detection of the ore body by the seismic reflection method is possible in the area, the presence of backfilled stopes in the mine makes seismic imaging of it difficult. In paper III the deeper structures of the Pärvie fault system in northern Sweden were revealed down to about 8 km through 2D seismic reflection profiling. The resulting images were interpreted using microearthquake data as a constraint. Based on the interpretation, some locations were suggested for future scientific deep drilling into the fault system. In paper IV, the seismic signature of complex geological structures of the Cue-Weld Range area in Western Australia was studied using a portion of a deep 2D seismic reflection profile. The pronounced reflections on the seismic images were correlated to their corresponding rock units on an available surface geological map of the study area. 3D constant velocity ray-tracing was performed to constrain the interpretation. Furthermore, the proposed structural model was tested using a 2D acoustic finite-difference seismic modeling method. Based on this study, a new 3D structural model was proposed for the subsurface of the area. These studies have investigated the capability of the seismic reflection method for imaging crustal structures within challenging hardrock and complex geological settings and show some its potential, but also its limitations.

    List of papers
    1. High-resolution 2D seismic imaging and forward modeling of a polymetallic sulfide deposit at Garpenberg, central Sweden
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>High-resolution 2D seismic imaging and forward modeling of a polymetallic sulfide deposit at Garpenberg, central Sweden
    2013 (English)In: Geophysics, ISSN 0016-8033, E-ISSN 1942-2156, Vol. 78, no 6, p. B339-B350Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    We acquired a high-resolution 2D seismic profile to test the capability of the seismic method in imaging a sulfide ore body at Garpenberg, central Sweden. Delineation of the geologic structures, which surround and host the ore body, is another goal of the survey. Due to the 3D geology of the structures, a cross-dip correction performed to image out-of-the-plane reflections, resulting in a clear high amplitude anomaly at a time and location to that to be expected from near the top of the ore body. Furthermore, DMO processing and migration are applied to the data, providing images of four main reflection groups. The reflections have been interpreted as corresponding to geologic rock units in the area that partly interfere with the potential ore body signal. To further investigate the seismic response of the ore body, forward modeling by ray-tracing is applied using the ore body geometry as mapped by drilling. We use two ray-tracing approaches: standard 3D ray-tracing and an exploding reflector approach. Seven representative samples from the mine area are used to determine P-wave velocities. The measurements show a considerable contrast between the ore body and host rock. By comparing the modeled and observed data, we find that the high amplitude signal in the real seismic section most likely emanates from near the top of one concentrated ore which lies inside the larger mapped ore body that has been modeled as a resource. The base of the ore body is only observed on the synthetic data whereas a signal penetration analysis suggests that the seismic signal penetrated efficiently along the entire survey line. Presence of disseminated ore and lower fold toward the northern end of the profile could be combined reasons that make imaging the base of the ore body difficult.

    Keywords
    2D, processing, ray tracing, modeling
    National Category
    Geophysics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-210135 (URN)10.1190/geo2013-0098.1 (DOI)000330223800003 ()
    Available from: 2013-11-01 Created: 2013-11-01 Last updated: 2017-12-06
    2. The effect of the backfilled stopes on seismic imaging of a sulfide deposit in Garpenberg, central Sweden
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>The effect of the backfilled stopes on seismic imaging of a sulfide deposit in Garpenberg, central Sweden
    2015 (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    National Category
    Geophysics
    Research subject
    Geophysics with specialization in Solid Earth Physics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-259140 (URN)
    Available from: 2015-07-27 Created: 2015-07-27 Last updated: 2022-01-28
    3. Revealing the deeper structure of the end-glacial Parvie fault system in northern Sweden by seismic reflection profiling
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Revealing the deeper structure of the end-glacial Parvie fault system in northern Sweden by seismic reflection profiling
    2015 (English)In: Solid Earth, ISSN 1869-9510, E-ISSN 1869-9529, Vol. 6, no 2, p. 621-632Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    A new seismic reflection survey for imaging deeper levels of the end-glacial Parvie fault system in northern Sweden was acquired in June 2014. The Parvie fault system hosts the largest fault scarp so far documented in northern Scandinavia, both in terms of its length and calculated magnitude of the earthquake that generated it. Present-day microearthquakes occur along the length of the fault scarp on the eastern side of the scarp, in general agreement with an east-dipping main fault. In the central section of the fault system, where there is a number of subsidiary faults east of the main Parvie scarp, it has been unclear how the earthquakes relate to the structures mapped at the surface. A seismic profile across the Parvie fault system acquired in 2007, with a mechanical hammer as a source, showed a good correlation between the surface mapped faults and moderate to steeply dipping reflections. The most pronounced reflectors could be mapped to about 3 km depth. In the new seismic survey, for deeper penetration an explosive source with a maximum charge size of 8.34 kg in 20 m deep shot holes was used. Reflectors can now be traced to deeper levels with the main 65A degrees east-dipping fault interpreted as a weakly reflective structure. As in the previous profile, there is a strongly reflective 60A degrees west-dipping structure present to the east of the main fault that can now be mapped to about 8 km depth. Extrapolations of the main and subsidiary faults converge at a depth of about 11.5 km, where current earthquake activity is concentrated, suggesting their intersection has created favorable conditions for seismic stress release. Based on the present and previous seismic reflection data, we propose potential locations for future boreholes for scientific drilling into the fault system. These boreholes will provide a better understanding of the reflective nature of the fault structures and stress fields along the faults at depth.

    National Category
    Geophysics
    Research subject
    Geophysics with specialization in Solid Earth Physics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-259138 (URN)10.5194/se-6-621-2015 (DOI)000357128400020 ()
    Available from: 2015-07-27 Created: 2015-07-27 Last updated: 2023-04-28Bibliographically approved
    4. Seismic signatures of complex geological structures in the Cue-Weld range area, Murchison domain, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Seismic signatures of complex geological structures in the Cue-Weld range area, Murchison domain, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia
    2016 (English)In: Tectonophysics, Vol. 689, p. 56-66Article in journal, Meeting abstract (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The Murchison domain forms the northwest part of the Youanmi Terrane, a tectonic unit within the Neoarchean Yilgarn Craton in Western Australia. In the Cue-Weld Range area the Murchison domain has experienced a complex magmatic and deformation history that resulted in a transposed array of greenstone belts that host significant iron, gold, and base metal deposits. In this study, we interpret the upper 2 s (about 6 km) of a deep crustal seismic profile TOGA-YU1, near the town of Cue, and correlate rock units and structures in outcrop with corresponding reflections. We performed 3D constant velocity ray-tracing and calculate the corresponding travel times for the reflectionsfor time domain pre-stack and post-stack seismic data. This allows us to link shallow reflections with mafic volcanic rocks of the Glen Group and basaltic rocks of the Polelle Group in outcrop. Based on our interpretation and published geological maps and data, we propose a model in which the local stratigraphy represents a refolded thrust system. To test our hypothesis, we applied 2D acoustic finite difference forward modeling. The corresponding synthetic data were processed in the same way as the acquired data. Comparisons between the acquired and the synthetic data show that the model is consistent with observations. We propose a new model for the subsurface of the Cue-Weld Range area and argue that some of the lithologies in the area are repeated structurally at different levels. Our approach highlights the benefit of imaging and modeling of deep seismic transects to resolve local structural complexity in Archean granite-greenstone terrains.

    Keywords
    Seismic interpretation; 3D structural model; Ray-tracing; Finite difference modeling; Weld range; Murchison domain
    National Category
    Geophysics Geology
    Research subject
    Geophysics with specialization in Solid Earth Physics; Earth Science with specialization in Mineral Chemistry, Petrology and Tectonics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-259139 (URN)10.1016/j.tecto.2016.02.020 (DOI)000387522100006 ()
    Available from: 2015-08-01 Created: 2015-07-27 Last updated: 2017-01-25Bibliographically approved
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  • 24.
    Ahmadi, Omid
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Hedin, Peter
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Malehmir, Alireza
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Juhlin, Christopher
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    3D Seismic Interpretation and Forward Modeling: an approach to providing reliable results from 2D seismic data2013In: Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Meeting: Mineral Deposit Research for a High-Tech World / [ed] Johnson, E., 2013, Vol. 1-4, p. 50-53Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Accurate 3D interpretations is challenging when only 2D seismic reflection data are available. This can be compensated for by using additional data. Here we present two case studies where 2D seismic reflection data have been used in combination with geological/geophysical data to create and verify 3D interpretations of specific structures targeted for scientific deep drilling and mining. In the first case, a surface geological map and high resolution 2D seismic reflection data were used to create a 3D lithological model of the subsurface structures in an area around a scientific deep drilling site. This model was also compared to results from constrained 3D inverse modeling of gravity data. In the second case, seismic forward ray-trace modeling was used to delineate a massive sulfide ore body by using high resolution 2D seismic reflection data. By comparison of the generated synthetic data with the real data, it was found that the top of the ore body was detected.

  • 25.
    Ahmadi, Omid
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Juhlin, Christopher
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Seismic Forward Modeling of a Poly-metallic Massive sulfide Deposit at Garpenberg, Central Sweden2013In: 75th EAGE Conference & Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2013, 2013Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 26.
    Ahmadi, Omid
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Juhlin, Christopher
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    The effect of the backfilled stopes on seismic imaging of a sulfide deposit in Garpenberg, central Sweden2015Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 27.
    Ahmadi, Omid
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Juhlin, Christopher
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Ask, Maria
    Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology.
    Lund, Björn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Revealing the deeper structure of the end-glacial Parvie fault system in northern Sweden by seismic reflection profiling2015In: Solid Earth, ISSN 1869-9510, E-ISSN 1869-9529, Vol. 6, no 2, p. 621-632Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A new seismic reflection survey for imaging deeper levels of the end-glacial Parvie fault system in northern Sweden was acquired in June 2014. The Parvie fault system hosts the largest fault scarp so far documented in northern Scandinavia, both in terms of its length and calculated magnitude of the earthquake that generated it. Present-day microearthquakes occur along the length of the fault scarp on the eastern side of the scarp, in general agreement with an east-dipping main fault. In the central section of the fault system, where there is a number of subsidiary faults east of the main Parvie scarp, it has been unclear how the earthquakes relate to the structures mapped at the surface. A seismic profile across the Parvie fault system acquired in 2007, with a mechanical hammer as a source, showed a good correlation between the surface mapped faults and moderate to steeply dipping reflections. The most pronounced reflectors could be mapped to about 3 km depth. In the new seismic survey, for deeper penetration an explosive source with a maximum charge size of 8.34 kg in 20 m deep shot holes was used. Reflectors can now be traced to deeper levels with the main 65A degrees east-dipping fault interpreted as a weakly reflective structure. As in the previous profile, there is a strongly reflective 60A degrees west-dipping structure present to the east of the main fault that can now be mapped to about 8 km depth. Extrapolations of the main and subsidiary faults converge at a depth of about 11.5 km, where current earthquake activity is concentrated, suggesting their intersection has created favorable conditions for seismic stress release. Based on the present and previous seismic reflection data, we propose potential locations for future boreholes for scientific drilling into the fault system. These boreholes will provide a better understanding of the reflective nature of the fault structures and stress fields along the faults at depth.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 28.
    Ahmadi, Omid
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Juhlin, Christopher
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Gessner, Klaus
    New Insights from Seismic Imaging Over the Youanmi Terrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia2014In: Energy Procedia, Vol. 59, p. 113-119Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 29.
    Ahmadi, Omid
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Juhlin, Christopher
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Malehmir, Alireza
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Munck, Mie
    Boliden Mines.
    High-resolution 2D seismic imaging and forward modeling of a polymetallic sulfide deposit at Garpenberg, central Sweden2013In: Geophysics, ISSN 0016-8033, E-ISSN 1942-2156, Vol. 78, no 6, p. B339-B350Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We acquired a high-resolution 2D seismic profile to test the capability of the seismic method in imaging a sulfide ore body at Garpenberg, central Sweden. Delineation of the geologic structures, which surround and host the ore body, is another goal of the survey. Due to the 3D geology of the structures, a cross-dip correction performed to image out-of-the-plane reflections, resulting in a clear high amplitude anomaly at a time and location to that to be expected from near the top of the ore body. Furthermore, DMO processing and migration are applied to the data, providing images of four main reflection groups. The reflections have been interpreted as corresponding to geologic rock units in the area that partly interfere with the potential ore body signal. To further investigate the seismic response of the ore body, forward modeling by ray-tracing is applied using the ore body geometry as mapped by drilling. We use two ray-tracing approaches: standard 3D ray-tracing and an exploding reflector approach. Seven representative samples from the mine area are used to determine P-wave velocities. The measurements show a considerable contrast between the ore body and host rock. By comparing the modeled and observed data, we find that the high amplitude signal in the real seismic section most likely emanates from near the top of one concentrated ore which lies inside the larger mapped ore body that has been modeled as a resource. The base of the ore body is only observed on the synthetic data whereas a signal penetration analysis suggests that the seismic signal penetrated efficiently along the entire survey line. Presence of disseminated ore and lower fold toward the northern end of the profile could be combined reasons that make imaging the base of the ore body difficult.

  • 30.
    Ahmadi, Omid
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Koyi, Hemin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Juhlin, Christopher
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Gessner, Klaus
    Geol Survey Western Australia, 100 Plain St, East Perth, WA 6004, Australia.
    Seismic signatures of complex geological structures in the Cue-Weld range area, Murchison domain, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia2016In: Tectonophysics, Vol. 689, p. 56-66Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Murchison domain forms the northwest part of the Youanmi Terrane, a tectonic unit within the Neoarchean Yilgarn Craton in Western Australia. In the Cue-Weld Range area the Murchison domain has experienced a complex magmatic and deformation history that resulted in a transposed array of greenstone belts that host significant iron, gold, and base metal deposits. In this study, we interpret the upper 2 s (about 6 km) of a deep crustal seismic profile TOGA-YU1, near the town of Cue, and correlate rock units and structures in outcrop with corresponding reflections. We performed 3D constant velocity ray-tracing and calculate the corresponding travel times for the reflectionsfor time domain pre-stack and post-stack seismic data. This allows us to link shallow reflections with mafic volcanic rocks of the Glen Group and basaltic rocks of the Polelle Group in outcrop. Based on our interpretation and published geological maps and data, we propose a model in which the local stratigraphy represents a refolded thrust system. To test our hypothesis, we applied 2D acoustic finite difference forward modeling. The corresponding synthetic data were processed in the same way as the acquired data. Comparisons between the acquired and the synthetic data show that the model is consistent with observations. We propose a new model for the subsurface of the Cue-Weld Range area and argue that some of the lithologies in the area are repeated structurally at different levels. Our approach highlights the benefit of imaging and modeling of deep seismic transects to resolve local structural complexity in Archean granite-greenstone terrains.

  • 31.
    Ahmadi, Omid
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Malehmir, Alireza
    3D Seismic Waveform Modeling of an Ore Body within a Stochastic Heterogeneous Medium2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Shallow mineral deposits of giant sizes are rapidly mined out and thus to sustain mining and help the economic growth, there is a tendency to explore deeper deposits. Most economic size mineral deposits are hosted within a complex and heterogeneous medium affected by various stages of deformation and metamorphism. Therefore, to understand their seismic responses, 3D heterogeneous modeling of various scale lengths should be considered. Here we present an algorithm that allows to build a model with various degrees of heterogeneity and structural anisotropy for the medium and use that to study a 6 Mt massive sulfide deposit at about 1 km depth. The seismic response was simulated using a 3D acoustic finite-difference method. Wavefield records through the model show imaging of the ore body in the presence of a high-degree of structural anisotropy/heterogeneity is difficult, but the associated amplitude anomaly appeared as diffraction can be detected within the 3D recorded wavefields and likely possible to be imaged using high-fold seismic data. The recorded wavefield however suggests some asymmetric pattern for the diffraction due to the high-degree of structural anisotropy introduced and hence care must be taken when processing and locating these deposits within highly preferentially-oriented heterogeneous medium.  

  • 32.
    Ahmadi, Pouya
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Elastic Anisotropy of Deformation Zones in both Seismic and Ultrasonic Frequencies: An Example from the Bergslagen Region, Eastern Sweden2013Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 80 credits / 120 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Estimation of elastic anisotropy, which is usually caused by rock fabrics and mineral orientation, has an important role in exploration seismology and better understanding of crustal seismic reflections. If not properly taken care of during processing steps, it may lead to wrong interpretation or distorted seismic image. In this thesis, a state-of-the-art under the development Laser Doppler Interferometer (LDI) device is used to measure phase velocities on the surface of rock samples from a major deformation zone (Österbybruk Deformation Zone) in the Bergslagen region of eastern Sweden. Then, a general inversion code is deployed to invert measured phase velocities to obtain full elastic stiffness tensors of two samples from the major deformation zone in the study area. At the end, results are used to correct for the anisotropy effects using three dimensionless Tsvankin's parameters and a non-hyperbolic moveout equation. The resulting stacked section shows partial reflection improvement of the deformation zone compared with the isotropic processing section. This suggests that rock anisotropy may also contribute to the generation of reflections from the deformation zones in the study area but requires further investigations.

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    fulltext
  • 33.
    Ahmadi, Pouya
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Malehmir, Alireza
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Elastic Anisotropy of Deformation Zones: From Lab Measurements to Real Seismic Data, an Example from Eastern Sweden2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Estimation of elastic anisotropy, which is usually caused by rock fabrics and mineral orientation, has animportant role in exploration seismics and better understanding of crustal seismic reflections. If notproperly taken care of during processing steps, it may lead to wrong interpretation or distorted seismicimage. In this paper, a state-of-the-art under development Laser Doppler Interferometer (LDI) device isused to measure anisotropy of rock samples from a major deformation zone in the Bergslagen region ineastern Sweden. Results are then used to correct for the anisotropy effects using a non-hyperbolic moveoutequation. The resulting stacked section shows partial improvement of the deformation zone compared withthe isotropic processing section. This suggests that rock anisotropy may also contribute to generation ofreflections from the deformation zones in the study area but requires further investigations.

  • 34.
    Ahmadi, Pouya
    et al.
    Curtin University, Australia.
    Malehmir, Alireza
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Laser Doppler Interferometry (LDI) to obtain full stiffness tensor: A case study on a deformation zone in Sweden2015Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Estimation of elastic anisotropy, which is usually caused by rock fabrics and mineral orientations, has an important role in exploration seismology and a better understanding of crustal seismic reflections. If not properly taken care of during data processing steps, it leads to wrong interpretation and/or distorted seismic image. In this work, a state-of-the-art under the development Laser Doppler Interferometer (LDI) device is used to measure phase velocities on the surface of rock samples from a major poly-phase crustal scale deformation zone (Österbybruk Deformation Zone) in the Bergslagen region of eastern Sweden. Then, a general inversion code is deployed to invert the measured phase velocities to obtain full elastic stiffness tensors of two samples from the deformation zone. At the end, results are used to correct for the anisotropy effects using three dimensionless Tsvankin's parameters and a non-hyperbolic moveout equation. The resulting stacked section shows partial reflection improvement of the deformation zone compared with the traditional isotropic processing approach. This illustrates that rock anisotropy contributes to the generation of the reflections from the deformation zones in the study area although they do not show significant density contrast with their surrounding rocks.

  • 35.
    Ahokangas, E.
    et al.
    University of Turku.
    Maries, Georgiana
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Mäkinen, J.
    University of Turku.
    Pasanen, A.
    Geological Survey of Finland (GTK).
    Malehmir, Alireza
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Seismic Imaging of Esker Sediments within the Satakunta Sandstone Depression in Köyliö, SW Finland2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Satakunta sandstone depression infilled by the Pori-Koski interlobate esker sediments hosts a major high-quality groundwater reservoir in Köyliö, SW Finland. These up to 100 m thick sediments were delineated for the first time down to bedrock level by high-resolution reflection seismic method using a newly developed landstreamer consisting of 80-3C MEMs (micro electro mechanical) broadband sensors together with 50 wireless recorders connected to 10 Hz geophones to obtain greater depth penetrations. The 5-day survey resulted in about 5 km long seismic data (2-4 m receiver and shot spacing) and two profiles. Indications of crystalline basement are lacking in the tomography sections, implying that the (fractured) Rapakivi granite area extends further southeast than expected. The sandstone contact position was also ca. 500 m further to the east than expected. The sandstone depression and infilling esker sediments and the bedrock level were shown with good accuracy in both tomographic model and the reflection section. The hydraulically conductive esker core does not follow the sandstone contact and is underlain by older sediments. This case study illustrates the capability of high-resolution seismic surveys with the parameters used in this study for hydrogeological investigations and in particular in thick glacial sediments.

  • 36.
    Ahokangas, Elina Marita
    et al.
    Univ Turku, Dept Geog & Geol, FI-20014 Turun, Finland.
    Maries, Georgiana Anca
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Mäkinen, Joni Kalevi
    Univ Turku, Dept Geog & Geol, FI-20014 Turun, Finland.
    Pasanen, Antti Heikki
    Geol Survey Finland, POB 1237, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
    Malehmir, Alireza
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Heinonen, Suvi Elina
    Geol Survey Finland, POB 96, FI-02151 Espoo, Finland.
    Pajunen, Matti Ensio
    Kasalantie 314, FI-64490 Siipyy, Finland.
    Geophysical characterization of late-Quaternary glaciofluvial complex and glacial stratigraphy in the Satakunta sandstone area, Köyliö, southwest Finland2021In: Quaternary Research, ISSN 0033-5894, E-ISSN 1096-0287, Vol. 100, p. 135-153Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We acquired high-resolution reflection seismic data using a broadband digital-based landstreamer system to characterize a depression related to the Mesoproterozoic (Jothnian) Satakunta sandstone basin in the Köyliö study area, southwest Finland. This ca. 800-m-wide depression is infilled with up to 100-m-thick (late) Quaternary interlobate glaciofluvial complex sediments. The seismic images clearly reveal details of the glaciofluvial complex, sandstone depression topography, and brittle structures related to the formation of the sandstone basin by oblique transtension. Additionally, we identified the setting of a diabase laccolith within the sandstone and the geometry and position of the steep sandstone contact. The esker core does not follow the sandstone-Svecofennian basement rock contact or lean to it. The esker core is at a depth of 50–60 m on the flank of the depression. The seismic data image the esker core and other architectural elements of the esker. We highlight the potential of the digital-based landstreamer in the research of complex Quaternary sediments in major bedrock depressions including the characterization of the underlying bedrock properties. We also discuss the possible tunnel valley origin of the sandstone depression.

  • 37. Alcalde, J.
    et al.
    Marti, D.
    Calahorrano, A.
    Marzan, I.
    Ayarza, P.
    Carbonell, R.
    Juhlin, Christopher
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Pérez-Estaún, A.
    Active seismic characterization experiments of the Hontomin research facility for geological storage of CO2, Spain2013In: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, ISSN 1750-5836, E-ISSN 1878-0148, Vol. 19, no 0, p. 785-795Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An active source seismic experiment was carried out as part of the subsurface characterization study of the first Spanish Underground Research Facility for Geological Storage of CO2 in Hontomín (Burgos, Spain). The characterization experiment included a 36 km2 3D seismic reflection survey and two three-component seismic profiles. The target reservoir is a saline aquifer located at 1450 m depth within Lower Jurassic carbonates (Lias). The main seal is formed by interlayered marlstones and marly limestones of Early to Middle Jurassic age (Dogger and Lias). The seismic images obtained allow defining the 3D underground architecture of the reservoir site. The structure consists of an asymmetric dome crosscut by a relatively complex fault system. The detailed characterization of the fracture system is currently under study to unravel the geometric distribution of the faults and their extent within the different formations that form the structure. The constrained model has guided the design of the injection and monitoring boreholes and provided the data for the baseline study. The resultant high resolution seismic model will be used as a reference in future monitoring stages.

  • 38. Alcalde, J.
    et al.
    Martí, D.
    Juhlin, Christopher
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Malehmir, Alireza
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Sopher, Daniel
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Saura, E.
    Marzán, I.
    Ayarza, P.
    Calahorrano, A.
    Pérez-Estaún, A.
    Carbonell, R.
    3-D reflection seismic imaging of the Hontomin structure in the Basque-Cantabrian Basin (Spain)2013In: Solid Earth, ISSN 1869-9510, E-ISSN 1869-9529, Vol. 4, no 2, p. 481-496Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Basque-Cantabrian Basin of the northern Iberia Peninsula constitutes a unique example of a major deformation system, featuring a dome structure developed by extensional tectonics followed by compressional reactivation. The occurrence of natural resources in the area and the possibility of establishing a geological storage site for carbon dioxide motivated the acquisition of a 3-D seismic reflection survey in 2010, centered on the Jurassic Hontomin dome. The objectives of this survey were to obtain a geological model of the overall structure and to establish a baseline model for a possible geological CO2 storage site. The 36 km(2) survey included approximately 5000 mixed (Vibroseis and explosives) source points recorded with a 25 m inline source and receiver spacing. The target reservoir is a saline aquifer, at approximately 1450 m depth, encased and sealed by carbonate formations. Acquisition and processing parameters were influenced by the rough topography and relatively complex geology. A strong near-surface velocity inversion is evident in the data, affecting the quality of the data. The resulting 3-D image provides constraints on the key features of the geologic model. The Hontom n structure is interpreted to consist of an approximately 10(7) m(2) large elongated dome with two major (W-E and NW-SE) striking faults bounding it. Preliminary capacity estimates indicate that about 1.2 Gt of CO2 can be stored in the target reservoir.

  • 39.
    Alcalde, Juan
    et al.
    Geosci Barcelona Geo3Bcn CSIC, Barcelona, Spain..
    Carbonell, Ramon
    Geosci Barcelona Geo3Bcn CSIC, Barcelona, Spain..
    Pospiech, Solveig
    Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Inst Resource Ecol, Dresden, Germany..
    Gil de la Iglesia, Alba
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics. Fraunhofer Inst Wind Energy Syst IWES, Bremen, Germany..
    Bullock, Liam A.
    Geosci Barcelona Geo3Bcn CSIC, Barcelona, Spain..
    Tornos, Fernando
    CSIC UCM, Inst Geociencias IGEO, Madrid, Spain..
    Preface: State of the art in mineral exploration2022In: Solid Earth, ISSN 1869-9510, E-ISSN 1869-9529, Vol. 13, no 7, p. 1161-1168Article in journal (Other academic)
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    FULLTEXT01
  • 40. Alcalde, Juan
    et al.
    Marzan, Ignacio
    Saura, Eduard
    Marti, David
    Ayarza, Puy
    Juhlin, Christopher
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Perez-Estaun, Andres
    Carbonell, Ramon
    3D geological characterization of the Hontomin CO2 storage site, Spain: Multidisciplinary approach from seismic, well-log and regional data2014In: Tectonophysics, ISSN 0040-1951, E-ISSN 1879-3266, Vol. 627, p. 6-25Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The first Spanish Technological Development plant for CO2 storage is currently under development in Hontomin (Spain), in a fractured carbonate reservoir. The subsurface 3D geological structures of the Hontomin site were interpreted using well-log and 3D seismic reflection data. A shallow low velocity zone affects the wave propagation and decreases the coherency of the underlying seismic reflections, deteriorating the quality of the seismic data, and thus preventing a straightforward seismic interpretation. In order to provide a fully constrained model, a geologically supervised interpretation was carried out. In particular, a conceptual geological model was derived from an exhaustive well-logging analysis. This conceptual model was then improved throughout a detailed seismic facies analysis on selected seismic sections crossing the seismic wells and in consistency with the regional geology, leading to the interpretation of the entire 3D seismic volume. This procedure allowed characterizing nine main geological levels and four main fault sets. Thus, the stratigraphic sequence of the area and the geometries of the subsurface structures were defined. The resulting depth-converted 3D geological model allowed us to estimate a maximum CO2 storage capacity of 5.85 Mt. This work provides a 3D geological model of the Hontomin subsurface, which is a challenging case study of CO2 storage in a complex fractured carbonate reservoir. 

  • 41.
    Aleklett, Kjell
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Physics, Department of Nuclear and Particle Physics. Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Physics, Department of Nuclear and Particle Physics. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Nuclear Physics. Kärnfysik.
    Campbell, Colin
    Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Physics, Department of Nuclear and Particle Physics. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Nuclear Physics. Kärnfysik.
    The Peak and Decline of World Oil and Gas Production2003In: Minerals & Energy, ISSN 1404-1049, Vol. 18, p. 5-20Article in journal (Other (popular scientific, debate etc.))
  • 42.
    Alho, M.
    et al.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Battarbee, M.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Pfau-Kempf, Y.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Nakamura, R.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Linz, Austria..
    Cozzani, G.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Ganse, U.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Turc, L.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Johlander, A.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Horaites, K.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Tarvus, V
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Zhou, H.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Grandin, M.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Dubart, M.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Papadakis, K.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Suni, J.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    George, H.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Bussov, M.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Palmroth, M.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland.;Finnish Meteorol Inst, Helsinki, Finland..
    Electron Signatures of Reconnection in a Global eVlasiator Simulation2022In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 49, no 14, article id e2022GL098329Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Geospace plasma simulations have progressed toward more realistic descriptions of the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction from magnetohydrodynamic to hybrid ion-kinetic, such as the state-of-the-art Vlasiator model. Despite computational advances, electron scales have been out of reach in a global setting. eVlasiator, a novel Vlasiator submodule, shows for the first time how electromagnetic fields driven by global hybrid-ion kinetics influence electrons, resulting in kinetic signatures. We analyze simulated electron distributions associated with reconnection sites and compare them with Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft observations. Comparison with MMS shows that key electron features, such as reconnection inflows, heated outflows, flat-top distributions, and bidirectional streaming, are in remarkable agreement. Thus, we show that many reconnection-related features can be reproduced despite strongly truncated electron physics and an ion-scale spatial resolution. Ion-scale dynamics and ion-driven magnetic fields are shown to be significantly responsible for the environment that produces electron dynamics observed by spacecraft in near-Earth plasmas.

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  • 43.
    Allington, Megan L.
    et al.
    Lund Univ, Dept Geol, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
    Nilsson, Andreas
    Lund Univ, Dept Geol, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
    Hill, Mimi J.
    Univ Liverpool, Dept Earth Ocean & Ecol Sci, Liverpool L69 3GP, England.
    Suttie, Neil
    Lund Univ, Dept Geol, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
    Daniil, Dimitra
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.
    Hjorth, Ingeborg
    Lund Univ, Dept Geol, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
    Aulin, Linda
    Lund Univ, Dept Geol, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
    Augustinus, Paul C.
    Univ Auckland, Sch Environm, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
    Shane, Phil
    Univ Auckland, Sch Environm, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
    Constraining the eruption history of Rangitoto volcano, New Zealand, using palaeomagnetic data2023In: Quaternary Geochronology, ISSN 1871-1014, E-ISSN 1878-0350, Vol. 78, article id 101459Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    New Zealand's largest city, Auckland, is situated within the basaltic Auckland Volcanic Field (AVF). Therefore, understanding the eruption history of the local volcanoes in the field is of great importance in order to assess future hazards that they may pose. Rangitoto is the youngest and largest volcano in the AVF, although the timing of the first eruption and the duration of the volcanic activity are still uncertain. Here, we use palaeomagnetic methods to provide additional constraints to the duration of the main shield-building phase of Rangitoto, previously estimated to have lasted either less than 100 years or approximately 1000 years. Lava flow samples from an -140 m length vertically oriented drill core produced 203 palaeoinclinations and 74 palaeointensity estimates. Our results show significant variation in both inclination (up to 30 degrees) and intensities (which fall between 25 and 60 & mu;T; present day field values for Auckland are -55 & mu;T). Potential non-geomagnetic explanations for these variations, including thermochemical processes and rheological deformation are discussed. A statistical model was created to determine the minimum duration for the construction of Rangitoto that is compatible with the variations in the palaeomagnetic data, using prior information about the rate of change of the geomagnetic field. We conclude that the palaeomagnetic data are incompatible with the previously suggested short duration (under 100 years) of the shield-building phase and suggest instead a range of 150-450 years, when also accounting for the available radiocarbon ages. Given these results, this has implications for the timing, and thus impact of possible future eruptions in the AVF.

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  • 44.
    Alm, Love
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA;Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Campus Box 392, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, IGPP EPSS, Los Angeles, CA USA.
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Mauk, B. H.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA.
    Magnetotail Hall Physics in the Presence of Cold Ions2018In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 45, no 20, p. 10941-10950Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present the first in situ observation of cold ionospheric ions modifying the Hall physics of magnetotail reconnection. While in the tail lobe, Magnetospheric Multiscale mission observed cold (tens of eV) E x B drifting ions. As Magnetospheric Multiscale mission crossed the separatrix of a reconnection exhaust, both cold lobe ions and hot (keV) ions were observed. During the closest approach of the neutral sheet, the cold ions accounted for similar to 30% of the total ion density. Approximately 65% of the initial cold ions remained cold enough to stay magnetized. The Hall electric field was mainly supported by the j x B term of the generalized Ohm's law, with significant contributions from the del center dot P-e and v(c) x B terms. The results show that cold ions can play an important role in modifying the Hall physics of magnetic reconnection even well inside the plasma sheet. This indicates that modeling magnetic reconnection may benefit from including multiscale Hall physics. Plain Language Summary Cold ions have the potential of changing the fundamental physics behind magnetic reconnection. Here we present the first direct observation of this process in action in the magnetotail. Cold ions from the tail lobes were able to remain cold even deep inside the much hotter plasma sheet. Even though the cold ions only accounted for similar to 30% of the total ions, they had a significant impact on the electric fields near the reconnection region.

  • 45.
    Almqvist, Bjarne
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Bender, Hagen
    Stockholm University.
    Bergman, Amanda
    Ring, Uwe
    Magnetic properties of pseudotachylytes from western Jämtland, central Swedish Caledonides2020In: Solid Earth, ISSN 1869-9510, E-ISSN 1869-9529, Vol. 11, p. 807-828Article in journal (Refereed)
    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 46.
    Almqvist, Bjarne
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Biedermann, Andrea
    Klonowska, Iwona
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Misra, Santanu
    Petrofabric development during experimental partial melting and recrystallization of a mica-schist analogue2015In: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, E-ISSN 1525-2027, Vol. 16, no 10, p. 3472-3483Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 47.
    Almqvist, Bjarne
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Björk, Andreas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences. CSIRO, Mineral Resources, Bradfield Road, West Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia.
    Mattsson, Hannes B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Hedlund, Daniel
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Solid State Physics.
    Gunnarsson, Klas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Solid State Physics.
    Malehmir, Alireza
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Högdahl, Karin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Bäckström, Emma
    Nordic Iron Ore, Ludvika, Sweden.
    Marsden, Paul
    Nordic Iron Ore, Ludvika, Sweden.
    Magnetic characterisation of magnetite and hematite from the Blötberget apatite-iron-oxide deposits (Bergslagen), south-central Sweden2019In: Canadian journal of earth sciences (Print), ISSN 0008-4077, E-ISSN 1480-3313, Vol. 56, no 9, p. 948-957Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Rock magnetic measurements were carried out on drill core material and hand specimens from the Blötberget apatite-iron oxide deposit in the Bergslagen ore province, south-central Sweden, to characterise their magnetic properties. Measurements included several kinds of magnetic susceptibility and hysteresis parameters. Petrographic and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to independently identify and quantify the amount and type of magnetite and hematite. Two hematite-rich samples were studied with laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to quantify the trace element chemistry in hematite and investigate the potential influence of trace elements on magnetic properties. Three aspects of this study are noteworthy. 1) Hematite-rich samples display strong anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, which is likely to affect the appearance and modelling of magnetic anomalies. 2) The magnitude-drop in susceptibility across Curie and Néel temperature transitions show significant correlation with the respective weight percent (wt%) of magnetite and hematite. Temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements can therefore be used to infer the amounts of both magnetite and hematite. 3) observations of a strongly depressed Morin transition at ca -60 to -70 C (200 to 210 K) are made during low-temperature susceptibility measurements. This anomalous Morin transition is most likely related to trace amounts of V and Ti that substitute for Fe in the hematite. When taken together, these magnetic observations improve the understanding of the magnetic anomaly signature of the Blötberget apatite-iron oxide deposits and may potentially be utilised in a broader context when assessing similar (Paleoproterozoic) apatite-iron oxide systems.

  • 48.
    Almqvist, Bjarne
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Henry, Bernard
    Jackson, Mike
    Werner, Tomasz
    Lagroix, France
    Methods and applications of magnetic anisotropy: A special issue in recognition of the career of Graham J. Borradaile2014In: Tectonophysics, ISSN 0040-1951, E-ISSN 1879-3266, Vol. 629, p. 1-5Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 49.
    Almqvist, Bjarne
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Hirt, Ann
    Herwegh, Marco
    Ebert, Andreas
    Walter, Jens
    Leiss, Bernd
    Burlini, Luigi
    Seismic anisotropy in the Morcles nappe shear zone: Implications for seismic imaging of crustal scale shear zones2013In: Tectonophysics, ISSN 0040-1951, E-ISSN 1879-3266, Vol. 603, p. 162-178Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Microstructures and textures of calcite mylonites from the Morcles nappe large-scale shearzone in southwestern Switzerland develop principally as a function of 1) extrinsic physical parameters including temperature, stress, strain, strain rate and 2) intrinsic parameters, such as mineral composition. We collected rock samples at a single location from this shear zone, on which laboratory ultrasonic velocities, texture and microstructures were investigated and quantified. The samples had different concentration of secondary mineral phases (<5 up to 40 vol.%). Measured seismic P waveanisotropy ranges from 6.5% for polyphase mylonites (similar to 40 vol.%) to 18.4% in mylonites with <5 vol.% secondary phases. Texture strength of calcite is the main factor governing the seismic P wave anisotropy. Measured S wave splitting is generally highest in the foliation plane, but its origin is more difficult to explain solely by calcite texture. Additional texture measurements were made on calcite mylonites with low concentration of secondary phases (<= 10 vol.%) along the metamorphic gradient of the shear zone (15 km distance). A systematic increase in texture strength is observed moving from the frontal part of the shear zone (anchimetamorphism: 280 degrees C) to the higher temperature, basal part (greenschist facies: 350-400 degrees C). Calculated P wave velocities become increasingly anisotropic towards the high-strain part of the nappe, from an average of 5.8%in the frontal part to 13.2% in the root of the basal part. Secondary phases raise an additional complexity, and may act either to increase or decrease seismic anisotropy of shear zone mylonites. Inlight of our findings we reinterpret the origin of some seismically reflective layers in the Grone-Zweisimmen line in southwestern Switzerland (PNR20 Swiss National Research Program). We hypothesize that reflections originate in part from the lateral variation in textural and microstructural arrangement of calcite mylonites in shear zones. 

  • 50.
    Almqvist, Bjarne
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Koyi, Hemin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Bulk strain in orogenic wedges based on insights from magnetic fabrics in sandbox models2018In: Geology, ISSN 0091-7613, E-ISSN 1943-2682, Vol. 46, no 6, p. 483-486Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) analysis is used as a petrofabric indicator for a set of four identical-setup sandbox models that were shortened by different amounts and simulate contraction in a fold-and-thrust belt. During model shortening, a progressive reorientation of the initial magnetic fabric occurs due to horizontal compaction of the sand layers. At the early stages of shortening, magnetic lineation (k(1) axis) rotates parallel to the model backstop with subhorizontal orientation, whereas the minimum susceptibility (k(3) axis) is subvertical, which indicates a partial tectonic overprint of the initial fabric. With further shortening, the k(3) axis rotates to subhorizontal orientation, parallel to shortening direction, marking the development of a dominant tectonic magnetic fabric. A near-linear transition in magnetic fabric is observed from the initial bedding to tectonic fabric in all four models, which reflects a progressive transition in deformation from foreland toward hinterland. Model results confirm a long-held hypothesis where the AMS pattern and degree of anisotropy have been suggested to reflect the amount of layer-parallel shortening, based on field observations in many mountain belts. Results furthermore indicate that grain rotation may play a significant role in low-grade compressive tectonic regimes. The combination of analogue models with AMS enables the possibility to predict magnetic fabrics in different tectonic settings and to develop quantitative links between AMS and strain.

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