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  • 1.
    Backéus, Ingvar
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecological Botany.
    Ecotone versus ecocline: vegetation zonation and dynamics around a small reservoir in Tanzania1993In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 20, p. 209-218Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Data from transects on the shores and drawdown area of a small reservoir in Tanzania with a strongly fluctuating water level were used to illuminate a spatial and shortterm temporalvariation in the vegetation of a borderzone. Vegetation data were related to the position of the sample plots in relation to a water level gauge and to time (seasonal changes and changes between two consecutive years).

    Few perennial species survived the rainy season in the zone exposed to the fluctuating water level. Most plants were annuals that colonized yearly. The vegetation under the full supply level (=FSL) was sparse and related to Eriochloetum nubicae and Ecliption albae. An observed great variation between sites and years of this kind of vegetation seems to be due to the unstable character of the sites with frequent recolonization of bare land.

    The need to distinguish formally between ecotones (in a strict sense) and ecoclines is stressed. The drawdown area has (a) a peak in β diversity just below FSL, (b) no β diversity in a zone below FSL that was not flooded the preceding rainy season and (c) a certain amount of β diversity further down.(a) and(b) are considered typical of an ecotone. (c) is interpreted as a 'shortterm ecocline' of colonizing annuals between two rainy seasons. The system belowFSL as a whole is an ecotone. The shore above FSL is an ecocline with high α and β diversity.

    A downward movement of plant species during the dry season is demonstrated using canonical correspondence analysis. Thus, this ecotone is driven by the environment and no internal (autonomous) control is likely to occur

  • 2. Blake, S.
    et al.
    Wikelski, M.
    Cabrera, F.
    Guezou, A.
    Silva, M.
    Sadeghayobi, Elham
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution.
    Yackulic, C. B.
    Jaramillo, P.
    Seed dispersal by Galápagos tortoises2012In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 39, no 11, p. 1961-1972Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim Large-bodied vertebrates often have a dramatic role in ecosystem function through herbivory, trampling, seed dispersal and nutrient cycling. The iconic Galápagos tortoises (Chelonoidis nigra) are the largest extant terrestrial ectotherms, yet their ecology is poorly known. Large body size should confer a generalist diet, benign digestive processes and long-distance ranging ability, rendering giant tortoises adept seed dispersers. We sought to determine the extent of seed dispersal by Galápagos tortoises and their impact on seed germination for selected species, and to assess potential impacts of tortoise dispersal on the vegetation dynamics of the Galápagos. Location Galápagos, Ecuador. Methods To determine the number of seeds dispersed we identified and counted intact seeds from 120 fresh dung piles in both agricultural and national park land. To estimate the distance over which tortoises move seeds we used estimated digesta retention times from captive tortoises as a proxy for retention times of wild tortoises and tortoise movement data obtained from GPS telemetry. We conducted germination trials for five plant species to determine whether tortoise processing influenced germination success. Results In our dung sample, we found intact seeds from >45 plant species, of which 11 were from introduced species. Tortoises defecated, on average, 464 (SE 95) seeds and 2.8 (SE 0.2) species per dung pile. Seed numbers were dominated by introduced species, particularly in agricultural land. Tortoises frequently moved seeds over long distances; during mean digesta retention times (12days) tortoises moved an average of 394m (SE 34) and a maximum of 4355m over the longest recorded retention time (28days). We did not find evidence that tortoise ingestion or the presence of dung influenced seed germination success. Main conclusions Galápagos tortoises are prodigious seed dispersers, regularly moving large quantities of seeds over long distances. This may confer important advantages to tortoise-dispersed species, including transport of seeds away from the parent plants into sites favourable for germination. More extensive research is needed to quantify germination success, recruitment to adulthood and demography of plants under natural conditions, with and without tortoise dispersal, to determine the seed dispersal effectiveness of Galápagos tortoises.

  • 3.
    Cai, Tianlong
    et al.
    Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Key Lab Zool Systemat & Evolut, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.;Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Coll Life Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China.;Univ Copenhagen, GLOBE Inst, Ctr Macroecol Evolut & Climate, Copenhagen, Denmark..
    Shao, Shimiao
    Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Key Lab Zool Systemat & Evolut, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China..
    Kennedy, Jonathan D.
    Univ Copenhagen, GLOBE Inst, Ctr Macroecol Evolut & Climate, Copenhagen, Denmark.;Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield, S Yorkshire, England..
    Alström, Per
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal ecology. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Key Lab Zool Systemat & Evolut, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China..
    Moyle, Robert G.
    Univ Kansas, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.;Univ Kansas, Biodivers Inst, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA..
    Qu, Yanhua
    Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Key Lab Zool Systemat & Evolut, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China..
    Lei, Fumin
    Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Key Lab Zool Systemat & Evolut, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.;Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Coll Life Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China.;Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Excellence Anim Evolut & Genet, Kunming, Yunnan, Peoples R China..
    Fjelds, Jon
    Univ Copenhagen, GLOBE Inst, Ctr Macroecol Evolut & Climate, Copenhagen, Denmark..
    The role of evolutionary time, diversification rates and dispersal in determining the global diversity of a large radiation of passerine birds2020In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 47, no 7, p. 1612-1625Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: Variation in species diversity among different geographical areas may result from differences in speciation and extinction rates, immigration and time for diversification. An area with high species diversity may be the result of a high net diversification rate, multiple immigration events from adjacent regions, and a long time available for the accumulation of species (known as the 'time-for-speciation effect'). Here, we examine the relative importance of the three aforementioned processes in shaping the geographical diversity patterns of a large radiation of passerine birds. Location: Global. Taxon: Babblers (Aves: Passeriformes). Methods: Using a comprehensive phylogeny of extant species (similar to 90% sampled) and distributions of the world's babblers, we reconstructed their biogeographical history and analysed the diversification dynamics. We examined how species richness correlates with the timing of regional colonization, the number of immigration events and the rate of speciation within all 13 geographical distribution regions. Results: We found that babblers likely originated in the Sino-Himalayan Mountains (SHM) in the early Miocene, suggesting a long time for diversification and species accumulation within the SHM. Regression analyses showed the regional diversity of babblers can be well explained by the timing of the first colonization within of these areas, while differences in rates of speciation or immigration have far weaker effects. Nonetheless, the rapid speciation of Zosterops during the Pleistocene has accounted for the increased diversification and accumulation of species in the oceanic islands. Main Conclusions: Our results suggest that the global diversity patterns of babblers have predominantly been shaped by the time-for-speciation effect. Our findings also support an origin centred in tropical and subtropical parts of the SHM, with a cradle of recent diversification in the oceanic islands of the Indo-Pacific and Indian Ocean regions, which provides new insights into the generation of global biodiversity hotspots.

  • 4.
    de Boer, Hugo J.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Systematic Biology.
    Steffen, Karin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Organismal Biology.
    Wendy, Cooper
    Sunda to Sahul dispersals in Trichosanthes (Cucurbitaceae): a dated phylogeny reveals five independent dispersal events to Australasia2015In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 42, no 3, p. 519-531Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AimThe Cucurbitaceae genus Trichosanthes is widespread in Asia and Australia, and previous studies have shown that the genus originated in Asia, and that three independent lineages dispersed through the Sunda archipelago to Australasia. The timing and routes of these three dispersals, as well as the dispersal of two widespread species found in Australia and New Guinea, were investigated. LocationSunda-Sahul dispersals with a focus on New Guinea and Australia. MethodsA combined dataset of nuclear ribosomal (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and plastid DNA (matK, ndhF, rpl20-rps12, rps16) was used for maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis to infer the relationships of the studied taxa. A fossil-calibrated molecular dating was used to time the dispersal events, and a biogeographical analysis was used to study the origin and dispersal of the genus. ResultsThe two widespread species, T. pilosa and T. cucumerina, form monophyletic groups in Australia, suggesting single dispersals. Molecular dating analysis dates four of the dispersal events to the Miocene, and two to the Oligo-Miocene boundary and the initial Sahul shelf collision with the Philippine plate. Most known Sahul-Philippine dispersals concern species that migrated from the Sahul shelf, whereas dispersals south are fewer. Southward Miocene dispersals include species that were present on the Sunda shelf before the tectonic formation of the Makassar Straits. All lineages that dispersed to Australasia have undergone extensive diversification following dispersal. Lineages adapted to wet tropical climates have speciated mostly in New Guinea, and lineages adapted to monsoon tropical climates have speciated mostly in northern Australia. Main conclusionsDispersals in Trichosanthes pre-date human colonization of Australasia, suggesting natural long-distance dispersal and establishment of all lineages. Diversification within lineages found in both Australia and New Guinea is limited, corroborating frequent land connections between these areas during the Pleistocene. Sunda-Sahul dispersals are likely to have been more common through time than previously suggested, especially in genera with floating fruit such as Trichosanthes.

  • 5.
    Garcia-Navas, Vicente
    et al.
    Univ Zurich, Dept Evolutionary Biol & Environm Studies, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland..
    Kear, Benjamin P.
    Uppsala University, Music and Museums, Museum of Evolution.
    Westerman, Michael
    La Trobe Univ, Dept Environm Ecol & Evolut, Melbourne, Vic, Australia..
    The geography of speciation in dasyurid marsupials2020In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 47, no 9, p. 2042-2053Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: To determine the effects of competition and divergence time on morphological dissimilarity and geographical range overlap between dasyurid species at both regional and local scales. Our hypothesis is that speciation in this group has been largely allopatric at regional scale, but involved morphological divergence at local scale through sympatric character displacement.

    Location: Australia, New Guinea and surrounding islands.

    Taxon: Dasyurid (Dasyuridae) marsupials, 67 species.

    Methods: Geographical range overlap was quantified using polygons representing the outer limits of species distributions. Local-scale range overlap was quantified as the degree of co-occurrence of two taxa across a set of ecological survey plots representing 83 sampled communities. Phylogenies were generated using a novel DNA dataset, with divergence times estimated via total-evidence dating incorporating fossils. Morphological divergence was determined using body mass and lower molar row length as proxy traits for reconstructing niche exploitation.

    Results: Sister species pairs were found to be sympatric in 52% (11/21) of cases. Range overlap tended to increase with node age, which supports the hypothesis that mammalian speciation is routinely allopatric. We detected no evidence of character displacement with increasing range overlap between sister species pairs. However, a negative relationship was observed between morphological divergence in body mass and range overlap across all sampled taxa, suggesting that selection in sympatry is convergent, while divergent selection occurs in allopatry. Local-scale co-occurrences revealed no trace of species aversion, indicating that competition has not impacted on the spatial distribution of dasyurids.

    Main conclusions: Despite moderate levels of sympatry through time, our results evince low rates of spatial co-occurrence between dasyurid species. Although this may be indicative competitive exclusion, the lack of character displacement suggests that biotic interactions have likely not acted as a dominant driver of phenotypic evolution in this radiation. We alternatively posit that abiotic factors including aridity and geographical connectivity have more feasibly propagated character convergence, and led to both niche conservatism and speciation in this ubiquitous australidelphian clade.

  • 6.
    Hailer, Frank
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Evolution, Genomics and Systematics, Evolutionary Biology.
    Helander, B.
    Folkestad, A. O.
    Ganusevich, S. A.
    Garstad, S.
    Hauff, P.
    Koren, C.
    Masterov, V. B.
    Nygård, T.
    Rudnick, J. A.
    Saiko, S.
    Skarphedinsson, K.
    Volke, V.
    Wille, F.
    Vilà, Carles
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Evolution, Genomics and Systematics, Evolutionary Biology.
    Phylogeography of the white-tailed eagle, a generalist with large dispersal capacity2007In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 34, no 7, p. 1193-1206Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim Late Pleistocene glacial changes had a major impact on many boreal and temperate taxa, and this impact can still be detected in the present-day phylogeographic structure of these taxa. However, only minor effects are expected in species with generalist habitat requirements and high dispersal capability. One such species is the white-tailed eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla, and we therefore tested for the expected weak population structure at a continental level in this species. This also allowed us to describe phylogeographic patterns, and to deduce Ice Age refugia and patterns of postglacial recolonization of Eurasia.

    Location Breeding populations from the easternmost Nearctic (Greenland) and across the Palaearctic (Iceland, continental Europe, central and eastern Asia, and Japan).

    Methods Sequencing of a 500 base-pair fragment of the mitochondrial DNA control region in 237 samples from throughout the distribution range.

    Results Our analysis revealed pronounced phylogeographic structure. Overall, low genetic variability was observed across the entire range. Haplotypes clustered in two distinct haplogroups with a predominantly eastern or western distribution, and extensive overlap in Europe. These two major lineages diverged during the late Pleistocene. The eastern haplogroup showed a pattern of rapid population expansion and colonization of Eurasia around the end of the Pleistocene. The western haplogroup had lower diversity and was absent from the populations in eastern Asia. These results suggest survival during the last glaciation in two refugia, probably located in central and western Eurasia, followed by postglacial population expansion and admixture. Relatively high genetic diversity was observed in northern regions that were ice-covered during the last glacial maximum. This, and phylogenetic relationships between haplotypes encountered in the north, indicates substantial population expansion at high latitudes. Areas of glacial meltwater runoff and proglacial lakes could have provided suitable habitats for such population growth.

    Main conclusions This study shows that glacial climate fluctuations had a substantial impact on white-tailed eagles, both in terms of distribution and demography. These results suggest that even species with large dispersal capabilities and relatively broad habitat requirements were strongly affected by the Pleistocene climatic shifts.

  • 7.
    Hantemirova, E. V.
    et al.
    Russian Acad Sci, Inst Plant & Anim Ecol, Ural Branch, 8 Marta Str,202, Ekaterinburg 620144, Russia..
    Heinze, B.
    Austrian Fed Res Ctr Forests, Dept Forest Genet, Seckendorff Gudent Weg 8, A-1130 Vienna, Austria..
    Knyazeva, S. G.
    Russian Acad Sci, Forest Inst, Siberian Branch, Krasnojarsk Akademgorodo 660036, Russia..
    Musaev, A. M.
    Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Mt Bot Garden, 45 M Gadgiev St, Makhachkala 367000, Republic Of Dag, Russia..
    Lascoux, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution.
    Semerikov, V. L.
    Russian Acad Sci, Inst Plant & Anim Ecol, Ural Branch, 8 Marta Str,202, Ekaterinburg 620144, Russia..
    A new Eurasian phylogeographical paradigm?: Limited contribution of southern populations to the recolonization of high latitude populations in Juniperus communis L.(Cupressaceae)2017In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 44, no 2, p. 271-282Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AimThe aims of this population genetics study of the common juniper across Eurasia were to (1) assess the contribution of southern mountain ranges to the post-glacial recolonization of high latitudes and (2) test whether recent expansion or high gene flow could explain the low genetic differentiation in Northern Eurasia. LocationNorthern Eurasia and mountain regions of Central Europe and Asia. MethodsSix hundred and twenty-two individuals were sampled in 42 populations. Two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) fragments were investigated (trnT-trnL and 16S-trnA). Analyses of the distribution of haplotypes across the continent included a suite of phylogeographical and phylogenetic tests. Putative geographical distribution in the past was reconstructed using environmental niche modelling. ResultsEighty-four haplotypes clustered into four main clades (GL1-GL4). The largest clade, GL3, corresponds to populations from the Alps, northern Europe, Western Caucasus and Siberia. These populations were moderately differentiated (28%) compared to the total range (76%) and Fu's F-s statistic was negative, indicating a population expansion. Some haplotypes within GL3 form subclades with a restricted geographical distribution, suggesting a local origin of the mutation and limited dispersal. In line with these findings, modelling of ecological niches found no significant reduction in the expected range during the LGM. Remarkably, populations from the eastern part of North Caucasus, the Himalayas, Tien Shan and south Siberia were distinctly different from populations in the rest of the range. Main conclusionsAs in Siberian larch species, the pattern of genetic diversity at cpDNA across the natural range of J. communis suggests that colonization of northern Europe and Siberia started from a limited area and predated the last glaciation. It is likely that juniper survived the subsequent glacial epoch at high latitudes in cryptic refugia serving as secondary centres of recolonization. Southern mountain refugia contribution to the recolonization of high latitudes was, at best, limited.

  • 8. Johansen, S.
    et al.
    Hytteborn, Håkan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution.
    A contribution to the discussion of biota dispersal with drift ice and driftwood in the North Atlantic2001In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 28, no 1, p. 105-115Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 9. Kalas, J A
    et al.
    Fiske, P
    Hoglund, J
    Food supply and breeding occurrences: The West European population of the lekking great snipe Gallinago media (Latham, 1787) (Aves)1997In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 24, no 2, p. 213-221Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 10.
    Kebe, Khadim
    et al.
    Cheikh Anta Diop Univ, Fac Sci & Tech, Dakar, Senegal.;Univ Lausanne, Fac Biol & Med, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Lausanne, Switzerland..
    Alvarez, Nadir
    Univ Lausanne, Fac Biol & Med, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Lausanne, Switzerland..
    Tuda, Midori
    Kyushu Univ, Inst Biol Control, Fac Agr, Fukuoka, Japan.;Kyushu Univ, Dept Bioresource Sci, Lab Insect Nat Enemies, Fac Agr, Fukuoka, Japan..
    Arnqvist, Göran
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal ecology.
    Fox, Charles W.
    Univ Kentucky, Dept Entomol, S-225 Agr Sci Ctr North, Lexington, KY 40546 USA..
    Sembene, Mbacke
    Cheikh Anta Diop Univ, Fac Sci & Tech, Dakar, Senegal..
    Espindola, Anahi
    Univ Idaho, Dept Biol Sci, Moscow, ID 83843 USA..
    Global phylogeography of the insect pest Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchinae) relates to the history of its main host, Vigna unguiculata2017In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 44, no 11, p. 2515-2526Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: The seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus is an important tropical and subtropical pest of legumes distributed world-wide. Archaeological evidence suggests an African origin with later world-wide invasion facilitated by the last centuries' legume trading and exchange. To date, no studies could identify the routes or timing of dispersal of the species. Here, we investigate the global phylogeography of this pest to shed light on the main inter-continental dispersal routes that led to it becoming a cosmopolitan pest. Location: World-wide.

    Methods: We sampled seed beetles over a large fraction of the species' range and sequenced one nuclear and three mitochondrial loci. Using this data, we estimated spatio-temporal phylogeographical reconstructions, and the demographic history of the species. We also used our dataset to evaluate the effect of panmixia on Bayesian demographic estimations.

    Results: Callosobruchus maculatus exhibited regional and continental genetic structure, with the highest genetic diversity found in Africa. Our discrete Bayesian phylogeographical approach indicated that the species first dispersed to Asia and then colonized the pantropical belt. The three methods used for inferring the demographic history of C. maculatus indicated a recent demographic expansion in the world-wide dataset, as well as in the subset restricted to African samples. Such a signal was, however, not observed in the subset composed of Asian specimens. This demographic expansion occurred in the Holocene and is likely explained by the spread of cowpea and other host legumes across and out of Africa.

    Main conclusions: The inferred dispersal routes support the idea that the evolutionary history of C. maculatus relates to the trade of its main host plant, Vigna unguiculata. Human-mediated processes appear to have shaped the global genetic structure of this pest. As a methodological implication, we demonstrate that coalescent-based demographic reconstructions can be erroneous if the dataset violates the assumption of panmixia.

  • 11.
    Korall, Petra
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Systematic Biology.
    Pryer, Kathleen
    Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
    Global biogeography of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae): evidence for Gondwanan vicariance and limited transoceanic dispersal2014In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 41, no 2, p. 402-413Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim

    Scaly tree ferns, Cyatheaceae, are a well-supported group of mostly tree-forming ferns found throughout the tropics, the subtropics and the south-temperate zone. Fossil evidence shows that the lineage originated in the Late Jurassic period. We reconstructed large-scale historical biogeographical patterns of Cyatheaceae and tested the hypothesis that some of the observed distribution patterns are in fact compatible, in time and space, with a vicariance scenario related to the break-up of Gondwana.

    Location

    Tropics, subtropics and south-temperate areas of the world.

    Methods

    The historical biogeography of Cyatheaceae was analysed in a maximum likelihood framework using Lagrange. The 78 ingroup taxa are representative of the geographical distribution of the entire family. The phylogenies that served as a basis for the analyses were obtained by Bayesian inference analyses of mainly previously published DNA sequence data using MrBayes. Lineage divergence dates were estimated in a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo framework using beast.

    Results

    Cyatheaceae originated in the Late Jurassic in either South America or Australasia. Following a range expansion, the ancestral distribution of the marginate-scaled clade included both these areas, whereas Sphaeropteris is reconstructed as having its origin only in Australasia. Within the marginate-scaled clade, reconstructions of early divergences are hampered by the unresolved relationships among the Alsophila, Cyathea and Gymnosphaera lineages. Nevertheless, it is clear that the occurrence of the Cyathea and Sphaeropteris lineages in South America may be related to vicariance, whereas transoceanic dispersal needs to be inferred for the range shifts seen in Alsophila and Gymnosphaera.

    Main conclusions

    The evolutionary history of Cyatheaceae involves both Gondwanan vicariance scenarios as well as long-distance dispersal events. The number of transoceanic dispersals reconstructed for the family is rather few when compared with other fern lineages. We suggest that a causal relationship between reproductive mode (outcrossing) and dispersal limitations is the most plausible explanation for the pattern observed.

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  • 12.
    Leonard, Jennifer A.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology.
    den Tex, Robert-Jan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology.
    Hawkins, Melissa T. R.
    Munoz-Fuentes, Violeta
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology.
    Thorington, Richard
    Maldonado, Jesus E.
    Phylogeography of vertebrates on the Sunda Shelf: a multi-species comparison2015In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 42, no 5, p. 871-879Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim Pleistocene environmental fluctuations had well-characterized impacts on the patterns of within-species divergences and diversity in temperate habitats. Here we examine the impact the Pleistocene had on widely distributed forest vertebrates in a tropical system where the distribution of the habitat was affected by those fluctuations. LocationSundaland, tropical Southeast Asia. Methods We conducted a comparative phylogeographical analysis of 28 non-migratory, forest-dependent vertebrates, for which we constructed rooted, intraspecifc phylogenies based on mitochondrial DNA sequences of individuals from at least the three major landmasses in the area (Borneo, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula) and compared them to hypothetical phylogenies based on independent geological data and climate models regarding connections and relationships between the major landmasses of Sundaland. Java was included where possible. We dated the phylogenies to determine whether patterns of differentiation were concordant across species. Results In most species, populations on the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra were most closely related, and sister to those from Borneo. The dates of these divergences, however, varied extensively between species. Borneo harbours multiple deeply divergent lineages of many species compared to the diversity within those species. Javan populations of several birds were most divergent relative to those from the rest of the Sunda Shelf. Main conclusions These results suggest a dynamic history, including recurrent population extinctions and replacements and a strong priority effect for local populations. The close relationship between populations in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula supports the existence of forest on the exposed shelf during the Pleistocene at many different times, and suggests that proximity was more important than the presence of palaeorivers for dispersal of forest taxa between landmasses.

  • 13. Li, Zhonghu
    et al.
    Zhang, Qian
    Liu, Jianquan
    Källman, Thomas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution.
    Lascoux, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution.
    The Pleistocene demography of an alpine juniper of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: tabula rasa, cryptic refugia or something else?2011In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 38, no 1, p. 31-43Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim Numerous palaeoecological and genetic studies have shown that different tree species responded in very different ways to Pleistocene climatic oscillations. Some were forced into small refugia far from their current range, while others were able to survive in small refugia close to, or even within, their current natural range. In this study we examine the Pleistocene demography of a juniper species (Juniperus przewalskii, Cupressaceae) from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Location The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Methods Eight nuclear loci were sequenced in 141 individuals from 20 natural populations distributed across the entire natural range of J. przewalskii, and coalescent analysis was used to test demographic hypotheses. Results The overall nucleotide diversity in the sample was low (pi(sil) = 0.0029), with few rare alleles and pronounced population genetic structure (F-ST = 0.181). We detected a division previously found using chloroplast DNA markers: all segregating sites in populations from the central part of the QTP appear to be a subset of those found around the edge of the plateau, confirming the relatively young age of the former. In contrast to the middle Pleistocene bottlenecks detected in boreal tree species, the coalescent-based analyses failed to reject the standard neutral model for the juniper species considered here. Main conclusions Juniperus przewalskii did not undergo marked changes in population sizes during the Pleistocene, although this species seems to have experienced recent, post-glacial expansion. This finding is largely consistent with the limited number of previous studies on conifer species of the QTP, but contradicts findings of studies on boreal species. These findings have wide implications for understanding plant species' responses to past climatic oscillations on the high-elevation QTP.

  • 14.
    Maliouchenko, O.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Evolution, Genomics and Systematics, Evolutionary Functional Genomics.
    Palmé, Anna E.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Evolution, Genomics and Systematics, Evolutionary Functional Genomics.
    buonamici, A.
    vendramin, G.G.
    Lascoux, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Evolution, Genomics and Systematics, Evolutionary Functional Genomics.
    Comparative phylogeography and population structure of European Betula species, with particular focus on B. pendula and B. pubescens2007In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 34, no 9, p. 1601-1610Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim  To compare the population genetic structures of the haplotype-sharing species Betula pendula and B. pubescens and to draw phylogeographic inferences using chloroplast DNA markers. In particular, we tested whether B. pendula and B. pubescens exhibited the same or different phylogeographic structures. Location  Western Europe and Russia. Methods  In this study we used both chloroplast DNA polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and microsatellites to genotype B. pendula, B. pubescens and, to a limited extent, B. nana, in 53 populations across Eurasia. A spatialamova(samova) was used to identify major clusters within each species. Results  The low level of phylogeographic structure previously observed in B. pendula was confirmed, and thesamovaanalysis retrieved only two major clusters. In contrast, seven clusters were observed in B. pubescens, although the overall level of population differentiation was similar to that of B. pendula. Main conclusions  We detected a difference in the population genetic structure between the two species, despite extensive haplotype sharing. It is difficult to ascribe this finding to a single factor, but divergence in ecology between the two species may provide part of the explanation. For both species, the contribution of southern western populations to the recolonization after the Last Glacial Maximum seems to have been limited, and eastern and western European populations apparently had different histories.

  • 15.
    Millett, Jonathan
    et al.
    Loughborough Univ Technol, Ctr Hydrol & Ecosyst Sci, Dept Geog, Loughborough, Leics, England..
    Foot, George W.
    Loughborough Univ Technol, Ctr Hydrol & Ecosyst Sci, Dept Geog, Loughborough, Leics, England.;Univ Cambridge, Dept Plant Sci, Cambridge, England..
    Thompson, Julia C.
    Loughborough Univ Technol, Ctr Hydrol & Ecosyst Sci, Dept Geog, Loughborough, Leics, England..
    Svensson, Brita
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution.
    Geographic variation in Sundew (Drosera) leaf colour: plant-plant interactions counteract expected effects of abiotic factors2018In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 45, no 3, p. 582-592Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: To identify geographic patterns in leaf colour of roundleaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia) growing on ombrotrophic (rain fed) bogs across Europe and establish the controls over these patterns. Location: North-west Europe. Taxon: Angiosperms, Drosera rotundifolia. Methods: We measured leaf colour of D. rotundifolia plants growing on 24 ombrotrophic bogs across north-west Europe covering 26.4 degrees of longitude and 21.1 degrees of latitude. We measured the height and cover of co-occurring vascular plant vegetation and the amount of incident light intercepted by the vegetation canopy. We determined the role of abiotic variables in controlling the patterns found. In a separate experimental study, we manipulated plant-plant interactions with D. rotundifolia by removing aboveground vascular plant vegetation and monitoring leaf colour over a single summer. Results: Drosera rotundifolia leaf colour varied between bogs. Leaves were redder in northern latitudes and eastern longitudes, and in sites/plots with lower canopy influence, lower nutrient deposition, and a more continental climate. Canopy influence was greater on sites in southern latitudes, eastern longitudes, and with higher nutrient deposition, longer growing seasons and a more maritime climate. Nutrient deposition was higher at more southerly latitudes, eastern sites had a more continental climate, and southern and western sites had warmer and longer growing seasons. In the insitu experiment, leaves became more red when canopy light transmission was increased by removing vegetation, but not when shade net was subsequently added to reduce light transmission. Main Conclusion: Geographic variation in Drosera rotundifolia leaf colour is strongly affected by its light environment, mediated by plant-plant interactions, but leaf colour is also affected by other abiotic factors. The relative importance of biotic and abiotic factors in determining geographic patterns in traits, and also species responses to environmental change, might depend on the growth form and competitive ability of a species.

  • 16.
    Morales, Hernan E.
    et al.
    Monash Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Vic 3800, Australia..
    Pavlova, Alexandra
    Monash Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Vic 3800, Australia..
    Sunnucks, Paul
    Monash Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Vic 3800, Australia..
    Major, Richard
    Australian Museum, Res Inst, 1 William St, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia..
    Amos, Nevil
    Dept Environm Land Water & Planning, 123 Brown St, Heidelberg, Vic, Australia..
    Joseph, Leo
    CSIRO Natl Res Collect Australia, Australian Natl Wildlife Collect, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia..
    Wang, Biao
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics.
    Lemmon, Alan R.
    Florida State Univ, Dept Biol, 319 Stadium Dr, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA..
    Endler, John A.
    Deakin Univ, Sch Life & Environm Sci, Ctr Integrat Ecol, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds, Vic 3216, Australia..
    Delhey, Kaspar
    Monash Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Vic 3800, Australia.;Max Planck Inst Ornithol, D-78315 Radolfzell am Bodensee, Germany..
    Neutral and selective drivers of colour evolution in a widespread Australian passerine2017In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 44, no 3, p. 522-536Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AimRump plumage coloration of the Eastern Yellow Robin (Eopsaltria australis), a widespread Australian songbird, varies from bright yellow in the tropical north to olive-green in the temperate south. Here, we test whether colour variation: (1) correlates most strongly with neutral genetic variation and so is best explained by historical processes, (2) reflects selection associated with different visual environments (dense versus open habitats) and/or (3) reflects selection associated with climatic variation. LocationEastern Australia. MethodsWe quantified colour variation using reflectance spectrometry and visual models. We performed geographical cline analysis of colour and neutral genetic variation (genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms). We tested for correlations of colour variation with climate, vegetation density, geographical location and genetic variation. We accounted for covariation and spatial autocorrelation, and conducted analyses at continental and regional spatial scales. ResultsClinal variation of colour traits and neutral genetic markers were largely concordant. At the continental scale, colour variation was strongly associated with neutral genetic structure and geography, and to a lesser extent with environment. At the regional scale, environmental variation was a better predictor of colour variation than it was at the larger scale. Main conclusionAt the continental scale, colour variation is strongly associated with large-scale population history. In contrast, at the regional scale, where the influence of history and geography is weaker, environmental variation has a role in facilitating the maintenance of colour variation. Our results highlight the need to assess selective and neutral alternatives at multiple spatial scales when studying geographical variation.

  • 17.
    Munoz-Fuentes, Violeta
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology.
    Darimont, T
    Wayne, K
    Paquet, C
    Leonard, Jennifer A.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology.
    Ecological factors drive differentiation in wolves from British Columbia2009In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 36, no 8, p. 1516-1531Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim Limited population structure is predicted for vagile, generalist species, such as the grey wolf (Canis lupus L.). Our aims were to study how genetic variability of grey wolves was distributed in an area comprising different habitats that lay within the potential dispersal range of an individual and to make inferences about the impact of ecology on population structure. Location British Columbia, Canada - which is characterized by a continuum of biogeoclimatic zones across which grey wolves are distributed - and adjacent areas in both Canada and Alaska, United States. Methods We obtained mitochondrial DNA control region sequences from grey wolves from across the province and integrated our genetic results with data on phenotype, behaviour and ecology (distance, habitat and prey composition). We also compared the genetic diversity and differentiation of British Columbia grey wolves with those of other North American wolf populations. Results We found strong genetic differentiation between adjacent populations of grey wolves from coastal and inland British Columbia. We show that the most likely factor explaining this differentiation is habitat discontinuity between the coastal and interior regions of British Columbia, as opposed to geographic distance or physical barriers to dispersal. We hypothesize that dispersing grey wolves select habitats similar to the one in which they were reared, and that this differentiation is maintained largely through behavioural mechanisms. Main conclusions The identification of strong genetic structure on a scale within the dispersing capabilities of an individual suggests that ecological factors are driving wolf differentiation in British Columbia. Coastal wolves are highly distinct and representative of a unique ecosystem, whereas inland British Columbia grey wolves are more similar to adjacent populations of wolves located in Alaska, Alberta and Northwest Territories. Given their unique ecological, morphological, behavioural and genetic characteristics, grey wolves of coastal British Columbia should be considered an Evolutionary Significant Unit (ESU) and, consequently, warrant special conservation status. If ecology can drive differentiation in a highly mobile generalist such as the grey wolf, ecology probably drives differentiation in many other species as well.

  • 18. Murphy, Nicholas P.
    et al.
    Breed, Martin
    Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, and School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide.
    Guzik, Michelle T.
    Cooper, Steven J. B.
    Austin, Andrew D.
    Trapped in desert springs: phylogeography of Australian desert spring snails2012In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 39, no 9, p. 1573-1582Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim

    We investigate the phylogeographical history and determine the time-scaleof population divergence of hydrobiid freshwater snails (genus Trochidrobia)inhabiting groundwater springs in the Australian desert. We test the hypothesisthat divergence between geographically distinct snail populations occurredsimultaneously due to their isolation in hydrologically discrete spring systems, i.e.‘trapped in desert springs’.

    Location

    Groundwater springs of the Great Artesian Basin (GAB) in centralAustralia.

    Methods

    DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidasesubunit I gene and the nuclear 28S and internal transcribed spacer rRNA geneswere used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within and among threespecies of Trochidrobia (Hydrobiidae): T. punicea (13 spring groups, n = 90),T. smithi (12 spring groups, n = 62) and T. minuta (2 spring groups, n = 4). Bayesian relaxed molecular clock analyses and approximate Bayesian computation were used to date lineage divergence and distinguish betweenalternative biogeographical scenarios.

    Results

    The diversification of the three Trochidrobia species probably occurredbetween 2.54 and 9.3 Ma, prior to the formation of the springs c. 1 Ma.Intraspecific divergences within the two widespread species occurred after theformation and colonization of the springs. Coalescent modelling and molecularclock analyses supported a simultaneous radiation of five allopatric intraspecificsnail lineages within T. punicea (two lineages) and T. smithi (three lineages)across the GAB springs examined.

    Main conclusions

    The analyses support the ‘trapped in desert springs’hypothesis for the diversification of intraspecific lineages within the species T.punicea and T. smithi. This hypothesis suggests that the formation of desertsaround Lake Eyre in the early Pleistocene led to the hydrological isolation ofspring complexes in the GAB, resulting in significant molecular divergence, butno morphological divergence, of Trochidrobia snail populations.

  • 19.
    Nagler, Magdalena
    et al.
    Univ Innsbruck, Dept Microbiol, Innsbruck, Austria..
    Praeg, Nadine
    Univ Innsbruck, Dept Microbiol, Innsbruck, Austria..
    Niedrist, Georg H.
    Univ Innsbruck, Dept Ecol, Innsbruck, Austria..
    Attermeyer, Katrin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Limnology. WasserCluster Lunz, Lunz Am See, Austria..
    Catalan, Nuria
    Catalan Inst Water Res ICRA, Girona, Spain.;Univ Girona UdG, Girona, Spain..
    Pilotto, Francesca
    Senckenberg Res Inst, Gelnhausen, Germany.;Nat Hist Museum Frankfurt, Gelnhausen, Germany.;Umeå Univ, Hist Philosoph & Religious Studies, Umeå, Sweden..
    Gutmann Roberts, Catherine
    Bournemouth Univ, Bournemouth, Dorset, England..
    Bors, Christoph
    Univ Koblenz Landau, Landau, Germany..
    Fenoglio, Stefano
    Univ Turin, DBIOS, Via Accademia Albertina 13, I-10123 Turin, Italy.;ALPSTREAM, Turin, Italy..
    Colls, Miriam
    Catalan Inst Water Res ICRA, Girona, Spain.;Univ Girona UdG, Girona, Spain..
    Cauvy-Fraunie, Sophie
    Irstea Ctr Lyon Villeurbanne, Riverly Lab, St Martin Dheres, France..
    Doyle, Brian
    Ctr Freshwater & Environm Studies CFES, Dundalk Inst Technol, Dundalk, Ireland..
    Romero, Ferran
    Catalan Inst Water Res ICRA, Girona, Spain.;Univ Girona UdG, Girona, Spain..
    Machalett, Björn
    Humboldt Univ, Inst Geog, Climatol Grp, Berlin, Germany.;Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA..
    Fuss, Thomas
    Leibniz Inst Freshwater Ecol & Inland Fisheries I, Berlin, Germany..
    Bednarik, Adam
    Palacky Univ, Dept Ecol & Environm Sci, Olomouc, Czech Republic..
    Klaus, Marcus
    Umeå Univ, Dept Ecol & Environm Sci, Umeå, Sweden..
    Gilbert, Peter
    Univ Highlands & Isl, Thurso, Scotland..
    Lamonica, Dominique
    Irstea Ctr Lyon Villeurbanne, Riverly Lab, St Martin Dheres, France..
    Nydahl, Anna
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Limnology.
    Romero Gonzalez-Quijano, Clara
    Leibniz Inst Freshwater Ecol & Inland Fisheries I, Berlin, Germany..
    Thuile Bistarelli, Lukas
    Leibniz Inst Freshwater Ecol & Inland Fisheries I, Berlin, Germany..
    Kenderov, Lyubomir
    Sofia Univ St Kliment Ohridski, Fac Biol, Sofia, Bulgaria..
    Piano, Elena
    Univ Turin, DBIOS, Via Accademia Albertina 13, I-10123 Turin, Italy..
    Mor, Jordi-Rene
    Catalan Inst Water Res ICRA, Girona, Spain.;Univ Girona UdG, Girona, Spain..
    Evtimova, Vesela
    Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Biodivers & Ecosyst Res, Sofia, Bulgaria..
    DeEyto, Elvira
    Marine Inst, Newport, Ireland..
    Freixa, Anna
    Catalan Inst Water Res ICRA, Girona, Spain.;Univ Girona UdG, Girona, Spain..
    Rulik, Martin
    Palacky Univ, Dept Ecol & Environm Sci, Olomouc, Czech Republic..
    Pegg, Josephine
    Bournemouth Univ, Bournemouth, Dorset, England.;South African Inst Aquat Biodivers, Makhanda, South Africa..
    Herrero Ortega, Sonia
    Leibniz Inst Freshwater Ecol & Inland Fisheries I, Berlin, Germany..
    Steinle, Lea
    Univ Basel, Basel, Switzerland..
    Bodmer, Pascal
    Univ Koblenz Landau, Landau, Germany.;Univ Quebec, Dept Sci Biol, Grp Rech Interuniv Limnol, Montreal, PQ, Canada..
    Abundance and biogeography of methanogenic and methanotrophic microorganisms across European streams2021In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 48, no 4, p. 947-960Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: Although running waters are getting recognized as important methane sources, large-scale geographical patterns of microorganisms controlling the net methane balance of streams are still unknown. Here we aim at describing community compositions of methanogenic and methanotrophic microorganisms at large spatial scales and at linking their abundances to potential sediment methane production (PMP) and oxidation rates (PMO).

    Location: The study spans across 16 European streams from northern Spain to northern Sweden and from western Ireland to western Bulgaria.

    Taxon: Methanogenic archaea and methane-oxidizing microorganisms.

    Methods: To provide a geographical overview of both groups in a single approach, microbial communities and abundances were investigated via 16S rRNA gene sequencing, extracting relevant OTUs based on literature; both groups were quantified via quantitative PCR targeting mcrA and pmoA genes and studied in relation to environmental parameters, sediment PMP and PMO, and land use.

    Results: Diversity of methanogenic archaea was higher in warmer streams and of methanotrophic communities in southern sampling sites and in larger streams. Anthropogenically altered, warm and oxygen-poor streams were dominated by the highly efficient methanogenic families Methanospirillaceae, Methanosarcinaceae and Methanobacteriaceae, but did not harbour any specific methanotrophic organisms. Contrastingly, sediment communities in colder, oxygen-rich waters with little anthropogenic impact were characterized by methanogenic Methanosaetaceae, Methanocellaceae and Methanoflorentaceae and methanotrophic Methylococcaceae and Cd. Methanoperedens. Representatives of the methanotrophic Crenotrichaceae and Methylococcaceae as well as the methanogenic Methanoregulaceae were characteristic for environments with larger catchment area and higher discharge. PMP increased with increasing abundance of methanogenic archaea, while PMO rates did not show correlations with abundances of methane-oxidizing bacteria.

    Main conclusions: Methanogenic and methanotrophic communities grouping into three habitat types suggest that future climate- and land use changes may influence the prevailing microbes involved in the large-scale stream-related methane cycle, favouring the growth of highly efficient hydrogenotrophic methane producers. Based on these results, we expect global change effect on PMP rates to especially impact rivers adjacent to anthropogenically disturbed land uses.

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  • 20.
    Perrigo, Allison L.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Systematic Biology.
    Romeralo, Maria
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Systematic Biology.
    Baldauf, Sandra L.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Systematic Biology.
    What's on your boots: an investigation into the role we play in protist dispersal2012In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 39, no 5, p. 998-1003Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    D. M. Wilkinson (2010, Journal of Biogeography, 37, 393–397) suggested that anthropogenic dispersal is an understudied and potentially important factor in terrestrial protist biogeography. We investigated human footwear as a potential vector of dictyostelids, a diverse group of amoebae that includes both geographically restricted and cosmopolitan species. Eighteen pairs of boots were examined and dictyostelids were isolated from nearly all samples larger than 5.0 g. In total, six dictyostelid isolates were recovered, corresponding to four species –Dictyostelium minutum, D. sphaerocephalum, D. leptosomopsis and a new species, Polysphondylium sp. 1. Myxogastrid amoebae and acrasid-like aggregations were also observed. Thus anthropogenic dispersal of naked amoebae appears to occur. The possible role of variations in dictyostelid fruiting body morphologies in dispersal potential is also discussed. These results support Wilkinson’s proposal and suggest that dictyostelids may be a useful group with which to study anthropogenic dispersal of terrestrial protists.

  • 21.
    Sanmartín, Isabel
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Evolution, Genomics and Systematics, Systematic Zoology.
    Wanntorp, Livia
    Winkworth, Richard
    West Wind Drift revisited: Testing for directional dispersal in the Southern Hemisphere using event-based tree fitting2007In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 34, no 3, p. 398-416Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim Recent studies suggest that if constrained by prevailing wind or ocean currents dispersal may produce predictable, repeated distribution patterns. Dispersal mediated by the West Wind Drift (WWD) and Antarctic Circumpolar Current (AAC) has often been invoked to explain the floristic similarities of Australia, South America, and New Zealand. If these systems have been important dispersal vectors then eastward dispersal – from Australia to New Zealand and the western Pacific to South America – is expected to predominate. We investigate whether phylogenies for Southern Hemisphere plant groups provide evidence of historical dispersal asymmetry and more specifically whether inferred asymmetries are consistent with the direction of the WWD/AAC.

    Location Southern Hemisphere.

    Methods We assembled a data set of 23 published phylogenies for plant groups that occur in New Zealand, Australia, and/or South America. We used parsimony-based tree fitting to infer the number and direction of dispersals within each group. Observed dispersal asymmetries were tested for significance against a distribution of expected values.

    Results Our analyses suggest that dispersal has played a major role in establishing contemporary distributions and that there are significant patterns of asymmetry in Southern Hemisphere dispersal. Consistent with the eastward direction of the WWD/ACC dispersal from Australia to New Zealand was inferred significantly more often than in the reverse direction. No significant patterns of dispersal asymmetry were found between the western Pacific landmasses and South America. However, eastward dispersal was more frequently inferred between Australia and South America, while for New Zealand-South American events westward dispersal was more common.

    Main conclusions Our results suggest that eastward circumpolar currents have constrained dispersal of plants between Australia and New Zealand. However, the WWD/ACC appear to have had less of an influence on dispersal between the western Pacific landmasses and South America. This observation may suggest that differences in dispersal mechanism are important – direct wind or water dispersal versus stepping-stone dispersal along the Antarctic coast. While our analyses provide useful preliminary insights into dispersal asymmetry in the Southern Hemisphere we will need larger data sets and additional methodological advances in order to fully test these dispersal patterns and infer processes from phylogenetic data.

  • 22. Semerikova, Svetlana A.
    et al.
    Semerikov, Vladimir L.
    Lascoux, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Functional Genomics.
    Post-glacial history and introgression in Abies (Pinaceae) species of the Russian Far East inferred from both nuclear and cytoplasmic markers2011In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 38, no 2, p. 326-340Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim The main aim of the present study is to infer the post-glacial history of Abies species from north-east Asia and to test the hypotheses that coastal Abies populations suffered less from climatic fluctuations during Pleistocene glacial periods than their more continental counterparts, and that Sakhalin was a major area of introgression. Location Natural ranges of the fir species Abies nephrolepis, Abies sachalinensis and Abies holophylla in the Russian Far East, and of Abies gracilis, which is endemic to the Kamchatka Peninsula. Methods Nineteen populations were sampled for allozyme analysis. Seventeen of these populations were also screened for variation at two paternally inherited chloroplast DNA microsatellite loci (cpSSR) and variation at one maternally inherited mitochondrial marker (nad4-3/4). Finally a subset of 11 populations was analysed with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Comparisons were made with already available Abies sibirica data. For all sets of markers, we estimated genetic diversity and differentiation using an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Population clustering was assessed with a Bayesian approach implemented in structure v.2.3. Results Among the three major species, A. sibirica, A. nephrolepis and A. sachalinensis, A. sachalinensis demonstrated the highest cytoplasmic and nuclear diversity and the most continental species, A. sibirica, the lowest. Both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers revealed the presence of a transitional zone on Sakhalin Island between A. nephrolepis and A. sachalinensis of south Sakhalin. The structure analysis delivered very clear results confirming the admixed origin of A. sachalinensis, with a genetic contribution from A. nephrolepis. No variation in cytoplasmic markers was found in A. gracilis, suggesting the occurrence of a recent bottleneck. Main conclusions There is a clear reduction of genetic diversity in Abies species from the Pacific coast into the continent. The higher diversity in A. sachalinensis could have two causes: a larger effective population size in the islands due to relatively stable climatic conditions and consequently less pronounced demographic fluctuations in population size and/or hybridization with continental and Japanese populations. Sakhalin Island is a major transitional zone for conifer species. Finally, the fir from Kamchatka, A. gracilis, should be regarded as a separate species closely related to the A. nephrolepis-A. sachalinensis complex.

  • 23. Sklenář, Petr
    et al.
    Hedberg, Inga
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Systematic Biology.
    Cleef, Antoine M.
    Island biogeography of tropical alpine floras2014In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 41, no 2, p. 287-297Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 24.
    Song, Gang
    et al.
    Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Key Lab Zool Systemat & Evolut, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Zhang, Ruiying
    Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Key Lab Zool Systemat & Evolut, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Machado-Stredel, Fernando
    Univ Kansas, Biodivers Inst, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.;Univ Kansas, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Lawrence, KS USA..
    Alström, Per
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal ecology. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Key Lab Zool Systemat & Evolut, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Johansson, Ulf S.
    Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Dept Zool, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Irestedt, Martin
    Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Dept Bioinformat & Genet, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Mays, Herman L., Jr.
    Marshall Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Huntington, WV USA..
    McKay, Bailey D.
    Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Ornithol, New York, NY 10024 USA..
    Nishiumi, Isao
    Natl Museum Nat & Sci, Dept Zool, Ibaraki, Japan..
    Cheng, Yalin
    Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Key Lab Zool Systemat & Evolut, Beijing, Peoples R China.;Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Coll Life Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Qu, Yanhua
    Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Key Lab Zool Systemat & Evolut, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Ericson, Per G. P.
    Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Dept Bioinformat & Genet, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Fjeldsa, Jon
    Univ Copenhagen, Nat Hist Museum Denmark, Ctr Macroecol Evolut & Climate, Copenhagen, Denmark..
    Peterson, Andrew Townsend
    Univ Kansas, Biodivers Inst, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.;Univ Kansas, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Lawrence, KS USA..
    Lei, Fumin
    Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Key Lab Zool Systemat & Evolut, Beijing, Peoples R China.;Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Coll Life Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China.;Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Excellence Anim Evolut & Genet, Kunming, Yunnan, Peoples R China..
    Great journey of Great Tits (Parus major group): Origin, diversification and historical demographics of a broadly distributed bird lineage2020In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 47, no 7, p. 1585-1598Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim The Pleistocene glacial cycles play a prominent role in shaping phylogeographical patterns of organisms, while few studies have focused on the regional difference of glacial effects. By acquiring comprehensive knowledge of the origin, diversification and historical demography of an intensively studied passerine species complex, Great Tit, we aim to test the regional variation of the Late Pleistocene glaciation impacts on this widely distributed bird lineage. Location Eurasia and associated peninsulas and archipelagos. Taxa Parus major species complex. Methods Phylogeny, divergence times and demographic dynamics were estimated with Bayesian methods. Population structure, genetic diversity and correlation between genetic and physical distances were estimated based on mtDNA variation. Glacial-to-present distributional changes were assessed via ecological niche modelling (ENM). Results Five major clades (Central Asia, Eastern Asia, Eastern Himalaya, Northern and Western Eurasia and Southern Asia) were detected, with divergence times ranging 1.57-0.50 million years ago. Genetic diversity values and Bayesian skyline plots suggest that the three eastern clades had a deeper population history. A more complex geographic structure was observed in East Asia. Demographic expansion during the last glacial cycle was indicated for all five clades. ENM results showed broad conservatism of traits related to climate tolerances, and generally broader and more continuous distributional patterns under glacial conditions. Main Conclusions The Great Tit complex probably originated in Southeast Asia. Geographic barriers, such as the deserts of Central Asia and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau appear to be related to the lineage divergence. Late Pleistocene climate cycles influenced both demographic dynamics and divergence, especially in terms of east-west differences in relation to geographic complexity.

  • 25.
    Song, Gang
    et al.
    Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Key Lab Zool Systemat & Evolut, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.;Griffith Univ, Environm Futures Res Inst, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia..
    Zhang, Ruiying
    Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Key Lab Zool Systemat & Evolut, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.;Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Genet & Dev Biol, Ctr Dev Biol, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China..
    Qu, Yanhua
    Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Key Lab Zool Systemat & Evolut, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China..
    Wang, Zhiheng
    Peking Univ, Dept Ecol, Coll Urban & Environm Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.;Peking Univ, Key Lab Earth Surface Proc, Coll Urban & Environm Sci, Minist Educ, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.;Univ Copenhagen, Ctr Macroecol Evolut & Climate, Nat Hist Museum Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark..
    Dong, Lu
    Beijing Normal Univ, Coll Life Sci, Minist Educ, Key Lab Biodivers & Ecol Engn, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China..
    Kristin, Anton
    Inst Forest Ecol SAS, Zvolen 96053, Slovakia..
    Alström, Per
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal ecology. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Key Lab Zool Systemat & Evolut, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.;Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Swedish Species Informat Ctr, POB 7007, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden..
    Ericson, Per G. P.
    Swedish Museum Nat Hist, POB 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden..
    Lambert, David M.
    Griffith Univ, Environm Futures Res Inst, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia..
    Fjeldsa, Jon
    Univ Copenhagen, Ctr Macroecol Evolut & Climate, Nat Hist Museum Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark..
    Lei, Fumin
    Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Key Lab Zool Systemat & Evolut, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China..
    A zoogeographical boundary between the Palaearctic and Sino-Japanese realms documented by consistent north/south phylogeographical divergences in three woodland birds in eastern China2016In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 43, no 11, p. 2099-2112Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim

    The location of zoogeographical boundaries in eastern China has long been the subject of debate. To identify any north/south genetic divergence between the Palaearctic and Sino-Japanese realms proposed by previous studies, we conducted a comparative phylogeographical study involving three passerine species with wide latitudinal distributions in eastern China.

    Location

    Eastern China.

    Methods

    Two mitochondrial genes and three nuclear introns were amplified and sequenced. Population structures were analysed using intra-specific phylogeny, tcs networks, AMOVA and structure inferences. We tested for evidence of genetic barriers based on pairwise differences. Lineage divergences, demographic dynamics and gene flow between lineages were estimated using Bayesian methods.

    Results

    A congruent north/south phylogeographical divergence was identified for three species. A geographical barrier was inferred at c. 40° N in eastern China. The population sizes of the northern and southern lineages have both been stable through the late Pleistocene, while multiple divergences were inferred during the early and middle Pleistocene.

    Main conclusions

    Our results suggest a general phylogeographical break in north-eastern China, coinciding with the Palaearctic/Sino-Japanese boundary. Physical blocking of the Yan Mountains and fragmentation of suitable habitat during glacial stages between the north and south probably acted together to provide long-lasting barrier effects. Our comparative phylogeographical approach demonstrates that the Palaearctic/Sino-Japanese boundary may represent a gene-flow barrier even within widespread species.

  • 26.
    Sundberg, S.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution.
    Hansson, J.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution.
    Rydin, Håkan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution.
    Colonization of Sphagnum on land uplift islands in the Baltic Sea: time, area, distance and life history2006In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 33, no 8, p. 1479-1491Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: To test whether species richness of Sphagnum mosses on islands in a land uplift archipelago is related to island age, area or connectivity, and whether the frequency of different species can be predicted by their life history and autecology. Location: The northern Stockholm archipelago in the Baltic Sea, east-central Sweden, with a current land uplift rate of 4.4 mm year(-1). Methods: We sampled 17 islands differing in area (0.55-55 ha), height (3.6-18 m, representing c. 800-4000 years of age) and distance from mainland (1.6-41 km). For each Sphagnum patch we measured area, height above sea level, horizontal distance from the shore and shading from vascular plants. Factors affecting island species richness, species frequency and habitats on the islands were tested by stepwise regressions. Species frequency was tested on nine life history and autecological variables, including estimated abundance and spore output on the mainland, habitat preference and distribution. Results: We recorded 500 patches of 19 Sphagnum species, distributed in 83 rock pools on 14 islands. Island species richness correlated positively with island area and with degree of shelter by surrounding islands, while distance from the mainland, connectivity, height or age did not add to the model. Species frequency (number of colonized islands and rock pools) was mainly predicted by spore output on the mainland and by habitat preference (swamp forest species were more frequent than others), while spore size, for example, did not add to the model. Species differed in mean height above and horizontal distance from the shore, area of occupied rock pools and in the degree of shading of patches. The mean horizontal distance from the shore and the area of occupied rock pools correlated positively with the normal growth position above the water table among species. Spore capsules were found in only 2% of patches, mostly in the bisexual Sphagnum fimbriatum. Main conclusions: The presence of Sphagnum in the Stockholm archipelago seems to be governed by regional spore production and habitat demands. Sphagnum does not appear to be dispersal limited at distances up to 40 km and time spans of centuries. Species with a high regional spore output have had a higher colonization rate, which, together with the rarity of spore capsules on the islands, indicate the mainland as a source for colonization rather than dispersal among islands. Swamp forest species seem more tolerant to the island conditions (summer droughts and some salt spray) than open mire species. The different distances from the sea occupied by the species indicate a slow, continuous succession and species replacement towards the island interior as islands are being uplifted and thus expand in area. This partly explains why larger islands harbour more species. Our results thus support some of the island biogeographical theories related to the species-area relationship.

  • 27.
    Tavares, Valeria da C.
    et al.
    Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Inst Ciencias Biol, Dept Zool, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.;UEMG, Dept Ciencias Biol, Ibirite, MG, Brazil..
    Warsi, Omar M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA..
    Balseiro, Fernando
    Minist Ciencia Tecnol & Medio Ambiente, Inst Ecol & Sistemat, Div Colecc Zool, Havana, Cuba..
    Mancina, Carlos A.
    CITMA, Inst Ecol & Sistemat, Div Zool, Havana, Cuba..
    Davalos, Liliana M.
    SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.;SUNY Stony Brook, Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Consortium Interdisciplinary Environm Res, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA..
    Out of the Antilles: Fossil phylogenies support reverse colonization of bats to South America2018In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 45, no 4, p. 859-873Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: Previous phylogenies of extant short-faced bats (Chiroptera: Stenodermatina) supported either two colonization events from the mainland to the Antilles, or reverse colonization, but lacked both fossil data and statistical modelling of biogeography. Recent multi-locus phylogenies of noctilionoid bats and likelihood modelling of ancestral ranges support a continental origin for the clade. We include all known extinct and extant stenodermatina species and apply statistical modelling to test competing biogeographical hypotheses. Location: The Neotropics, including the Antilles. Methods: We combined mitochondrial and nuclear sequences with 302 new morphological characters to infer phylogenies. Bayesian tip-dating analyses applied codon models to protein-coding genes, with relaxed molecular clocks fitting a compound Poisson process. The combined maximum clade credibility tree was used in comparisons of alternative biogeographical models. Results: The new phylogenies support the fossil Cubanycteris silvai as sister to all extant species of short-faced bats. Among Artibeus (the sister group to short-faced bats), the Antillean fossil A. anthonyi has distinctive characters and is nested within the subgenus Artibeus. The common ancestor of all short-faced bats is inferred to be Antillean, as a mainland origin is unlikely. Founder-event speciation is the most probable process explaining the distribution of these highly divergent fossil lineages. Main conclusions: Dated, character-based phylogenies of fossil species are indispensable for biogeographical inference: without fossils, biogeographical analyses find a mainland origin for short-faced bats. The rate of founder speciation in this clade is twice as high as the estimate from noctilionoids in general, highlighting the role of founder events in the diversification of island taxa. Although rare, reverse colonization contributes key species to continental communities. Short-faced bats, including Cubanycteris, share biomechanical adaptations for a strong bite conferring access to harder figs. We hypothesize these adaptations and characters related to roosting ecology enabled ancestral lineages to successfully establish and diversify on the mainland.

  • 28. Thorsson, A. E. Th.
    et al.
    Palsson, S.
    Lascoux, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Functional Genomics.
    Anamthawat-Jonsson, K.
    Introgression and phylogeography of Betula nana (diploid), B-pubescens (tetraploid) and their triploid hybrids in Iceland inferred from cpDNA haplotype variation2010In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 37, no 11, p. 2098-2110Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim The objective was to find direct genetic evidence supporting introgressive hybridization between tetraploid tree birch (Betula pubescens) and diploid dwarf birch (B. nana), via triploid hybrids, and to investigate an association between the introgression and phylogeographical distribution of Icelandic birch. Location Samples were collected from 463 trees in 12 woodlands in Iceland and eight locations in Norway, Sweden, Scotland and Greenland. Methods Ploidy status of individual trees was determined by chromosome counting. Variation in the chloroplast genome was assessed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The geographical distribution of the haplotypes was mapped. The haplotype variation and introgression ratios (IG) were analysed statistically. Results Thirteen haplotypes were identified among Icelandic samples. The most common haplotype (T, 49% occurrence) was present in all ploidy groups and in all woodlands. All common haplotypes were shared between the triploid group and the parental species, indicating introgressive hybridization. This was supported by the statistical analysis of IG indices and the variation components. Considerable differences existed among samples, shaped by isolation by distance and local introgression. An east-west phylogeographical distribution in Iceland was observed. Main conclusions Despite extensive introgression across species and ploidy levels, a biogeographical pattern has been observed, and this may indicate different population histories or multiple origins of Icelandic birch. The chloroplast haplotype diversity found in Iceland resembles that found in birch populations from northern Scandinavia.

  • 29. Van Bogaert, Rik
    et al.
    Haneca, Kristof
    Hoogesteger, Jan
    Jonasson, Christer
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    De Dapper, Morgan
    Callaghan, Terry V.
    A century of tree line changes in sub-Arctic Sweden shows local and regional variability and only a minor influence of 20th century climate warming2011In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 38, no 5, p. 907-921Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim Models project that climate warming will cause the tree line to move to higher elevations in alpine areas and more northerly latitudes in Arctic environments. We aimed to document changes or stability of the tree line in a sub-Arctic model area at different temporal and spatial scales, and particularly to clarify the ambiguity that currently exists about tree line dynamics and their causes. Location The study was conducted in the Tornetrask area in northern Sweden where climate warmed by 2.5 degrees C between 1913 and 2006. Mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) sets the alpine tree line. Methods We used repeat photography, dendrochronological analysis, field observations along elevational transects and historical documents to study tree line dynamics. Results Since 1912, only four out of eight tree line sites had advanced: on average the tree line had shifted 24 m upslope (+0.2 m year-1 assuming linear shifts). Maximum tree line advance was +145 m (+1.5 m year-1 in elevation and +2.7 m year-1 in actual distance), whereas maximum retreat was 120 m downslope. Counter-intuitively, tree line advance was most pronounced during the cooler late 1960s and 1970s. Tree establishment and tree line advance were significantly correlated with periods of low reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) population numbers. A decreased anthropozoogenic impact since the early 20th century was found to be the main factor shaping the current tree line ecotone and its dynamics. In addition, episodic disturbances by moth outbreaks and geomorphological processes resulted in descent and long-term stability of the tree line position, respectively. Main conclusions In contrast to what is generally stated in the literature, this study shows that in a period of climate warming, disturbance may not only determine when tree line advance will occur but if tree line advance will occur at all. In the case of non-climatic climax tree lines, such as those in our study area, both climate-driven model projections of future tree line positions and the use of the tree line position for bioclimatic monitoring should be used with caution.

  • 30. Wang, Zhaofeng
    et al.
    Shen, Xin
    Liu, Bin
    Su, Jianping
    Yonezawa, Takahiro
    Yu, Yun
    Guo, Songchang
    Ho, Simon Y. W.
    Vilà, Carles
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology.
    Hasegawa, Masami
    Liu, Jianquan
    Phylogeographical analyses of domestic and wild yaks based on mitochondrial DNA: new data and reappraisal2010In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699, Vol. 37, no 12, p. 2332-2344Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim We aimed to examine the phylogeographical structure and demographic history of domestic and wild yaks (Bos grunniens) based on a wide range of samples and complete mitochondrial genomic sequences. Location The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) of western China. Methods All available D-loop sequences for 405 domesticated yaks and 47 wild yaks were examined, including new sequences from 96 domestic and 34 wild yaks. We further sequenced the complete mitochondrial genomes of 48 domesticated and 21 wild yaks. Phylogeographical analyses were performed using the mitochondrial D-loop and the total genome datasets. Results We recovered a total of 123 haplotypes based on the D-loop sequences in wild and domestic yaks. Phylogenetic analyses of this dataset and the mitochondrial genome data suggested three well-supported and divergent lineages. Two lineages with six D-loop haplogroups were recovered for all morphological breeds of domestic yaks across their distributions in the QTP, while one more lineage and more endemic haplogroups or haplotypes were found for wild yaks. Based on the mitochondrial genome data, the divergences of the three lineages were estimated to have occurred around 420,000 and 580,000 years ago, consistent with the geological records of two large glaciation events experienced in the QTP. Main conclusions There are distinct phylogeographical differences between wild and domestic yaks. However, there is no apparent geographical correlation between identified haplogroups and distributions of domestic yaks. Three differentiated lineages of yaks probably evolved allopatrically in different regions during the Pleistocene glaciation events, then reunited into a single gene pool during post-glacial population expansion and migrations before the start of the domestication of yaks in the Holocene.

  • 31.
    Yim, Christina
    et al.
    Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA.
    Bellis, Emily S.
    Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA;Department of Computer Science Arkansas State University Jonesboro Arkansas USA.
    DeLeo, Victoria L.
    Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA.
    Gamba, Diana
    Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA.
    Muscarella, Robert
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution.
    Lasky, Jesse R.
    Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA.
    Climate biogeography of Arabidopsis thaliana: Linking distribution models and individual variation2023In: Journal of Biogeography, ISSN 0305-0270, E-ISSN 1365-2699Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim Patterns of individual variation are key to testing hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying biogeographic patterns. If species distributions are determined by environmental constraints, then populations near range margins may have reduced performance and be adapted to harsher environments. Model organisms are potentially important systems for biogeographical studies, given the available range-wide natural history collections, and the importance of providing biogeographical context to their genetic and phenotypic diversity.

    Location Global.

    Taxon Arabidopsis thaliana (‘Arabidopsis’).

    Methods We fit occurrence records to climate data, and then projected the distribution of Arabidopsis under last glacial maximum, current and future climates. We confronted model predictions with individual performance measured on 2194 herbarium specimens, and we asked whether predicted suitability was associated with life history and genomic variation measured on ~900 natural accessions.

    Results The most important climate variables constraining the Arabidopsis distribution were winter cold in northern and high elevation regions and summer heat in southern regions. Herbarium specimens from regions with lower habitat suitability in both northern and southern regions were smaller, supporting the hypothesis that the distribution of Arabidopsis is constrained by climate-associated factors. Climate anomalies partly explained interannual variation in herbarium specimen size, but these did not closely correspond to local limiting factors identified in the distribution model. Late-flowering genotypes were absent from the lowest suitability regions, suggesting slower life histories are only viable closer to the centre of the realized niche. We identified glacial refugia farther north than previously recognized, as well as refugia concordant with previous population genetic findings. Lower latitude populations, known to be genetically distinct, are most threatened by future climate change. The recently colonized range of Arabidopsis was well-predicted by our native-range model applied to certain regions but not others, suggesting it has colonized novel climates.

    Main Conclusions Integration of distribution models with performance data from vast natural history collections is a route forward for testing biogeographical hypotheses about species distributions and their relationship with evolutionary fitness across large scales.

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