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  • 1. Agapitov, Oleksiy
    et al.
    Krasnoselskikh, Vladimir
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Rolland, Guy
    A statistical study of the propagation characteristics of whistler waves observed by Cluster2011In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 38, p. L20103-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    VLF waves play a crucial role in the dynamics of radiation belts, and are responsible for the loss and the acceleration of energetic electrons. Modeling wave-particle interactions requires the best possible knowledge for how wave energy and wave-normal directions are distributed in L-shells and for the magnetic latitudes of different magnetic activity conditions. In this work, we performed a statistical study for VLF emissions using a whistler frequency range for nine years (2001-2009) of Cluster measurements. We utilized data from the STAFF-SA experiment, which spans the frequency range from 8.8 Hz to 3.56 kHz. We show that the wave energy distribution has two maxima around L similar to 4.5 = 6 and L similar to 2, and that wave-normals are directed approximately along the magnetic field in the vicinity of the geomagnetic equator. The distribution changes with magnetic latitude, and so that at latitudes of similar to 30 degrees, wave-normals become nearly perpendicular to the magnetic field. The observed angular distribution is significantly different from Gaussian and the width of the distribution increases with latitude. Since the resonance condition for wave-particle interactions depends on the wave normal orientation, our results indicate that, due to the observed change in the wave-normal direction with latitude, the most efficient particle diffusion due to wave-particle interaction should occur in a limited region surrounding the geomagnetic equator.

  • 2.
    Akbari, H.
    et al.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Andersson, L.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Andrews, David J.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Malaspina, D.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Benna, M.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Ergun, R.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    In Situ Electron Density From Active Sounding: The Influence of the Spacecraft Wake2019In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 46, no 17-18, p. 10250-10256Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Results obtained in the Martian ionosphere by the Langmuir Probe and Waves instrument aboard the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN Mission spacecraft are presented. The results include ionospheric electron densities determined from the frequency of Langmuir waves. Since the amplitude of thermal Langmuir waves is often below the instrument's detection level, Langmuir Probe and Waves excites these waves by injecting into the plasma a 3.3-V white noise signal. Electric field spectral measurements obtained shortly after the excitation show a resonance line at frequencies slightly below the local plasma frequency. The observed resonance line is interpreted to originate from plasma waves excited in the wake behind the spacecraft. These results reveal an important phenomenon in electron density estimation from stimulated Langmuir waves. The observed phenomenon, not previously reported by earlier missions, may be a common process in active sounding that can affect in situ electron density measurements.

  • 3.
    Aldahan, Ala
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, LUVAL.
    Hedfors, Jim
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, LUVAL.
    Possnert, Göran
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, För teknisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten gemensamma enheter, Tandem Laboratory. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Ion Physics.
    Kulan, Abdulhadi
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, LUVAL.
    Berggren, Ann-Marie
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, LUVAL.
    Söderström, C.
    FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Atmospheric impact on beryllium isotopes as solar activity proxy2008In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 35, no L21812Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Reconstructing solar activity variability beyond the time scale of actual measurements provides invaluable data for modeling of past and future climate change. The 10 Be isotope has been a primary proxy archive of past solar activity and cosmic ray intensity, particularly for the last millennium. There is, however, a lack of direct high-resolution atmospheric time series on 10 Be that enable estimating atmospheric modulation on the production signal. Here we report quasi-weekly data on 10 Be and 7 Be isotopes covering the periods 1983-2000 and 1975-2006 respectively, that show, for the first time, coherent variations reflecting both atmospheric and production effects. Our data indicate intrusion of stratosphere/upper troposphere air masses that can modulate the isotopes production signal, and may induce relative peaks in the natural 10 Be archives (i.e., ice and sediment). The atmospheric impact on the Be-isotopes can disturb the production signals and consequently the estimate of past solar activity magnitude. Citation: Aldahan, A., J. Hedfors, G. Possnert, A. Kulan, A.-M. Berggren, and C. Soderstrom (2008), Atmospheric impact on beryllium isotopes as solar activity proxy, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L21812, doi: 10.1029/2008GL035189.

  • 4.
    Aldahan, Ala
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.
    Persson, S
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, För teknisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten gemensamma enheter, Tandem Laboratory.
    Possnert, Göran
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Ion Physics.
    Hou, Xiaolin
    Distribution of I-127 and I-129 in preciptitation at high European latitudes2009In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 36, p. L11805-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

     We here present the most extensive data set on the distribution of   I-127 and I-129 in precipitation (rain and snow) covering the period   2000-2006 and European latitudes 55 degrees N-68 degrees N. Our results   indicate a wide variation in the concentrations and fluxes of the two   isotopes associated with generally higher values at near coastal sites   compared to the inland ones. Total wet-related annual deposition of   I-127 and I-129 on Sweden and Denmark is estimated at about 1.2 x 10(9)   g and 60 g respectively. The average annual I-129 wet deposition   accounts for <1% and <0.05% of the total annual gaseous and liquid,   respectively, discharges from the Sellafiled and La Hague Facilities.   The I-127 annual wet deposition represents < 1% of the estimated global   oceanic iodine flux. Air mass trajectories suggest that events of   enhanced I-129 in precipitation are closely related to southwesterly weather fronts from regions of elevated concentrations.

  • 5.
    Aleinov, I
    et al.
    Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10027 USA;NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA.
    Way, Michael J.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA; GSFC Sellers Exoplanet Environm Collaborat, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Harman, C.
    NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA;Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY USA.
    Tsigaridis, K.
    Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10027 USA;NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA.
    Wolf, E. T.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Gronoff, G.
    NASA, Sci Directorate, Chem & Dynam Branch, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA USA;SSAI, Hampton, VA USA.
    Modeling a Transient Secondary Paleolunar Atmosphere: 3-D Simulations and Analysis2019In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 46, no 10, p. 5107-5116Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The lunar history of water deposition, loss, and transport postaccretion has become an important consideration in relation to the possibility of a human outpost on the Moon. Very recent work has shown that a secondary primordial atmosphere of up to 10 mbar could have been emplaced similar to 3.5 x 10(9) years ago due to volcanic outgassing from the maria. Using a zero-dimensional chemistry model, we demonstrate the temperature dependence of the resulting major atmospheric components (CO or CO2). We use a three-dimensional general circulation model to test the viability of such an atmosphere and derive its climatological characteristics. Based on these results, we then conjecture on its capability to transport volatiles outgassed from the maria to the permanently shadowed regions at the poles. Our preliminary results demonstrate that atmospheres as low as 1 mbar are viable and that permanent cold trapping of volatiles is only possible at the poles.

  • 6.
    Alho, M.
    et al.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Battarbee, M.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Pfau-Kempf, Y.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Nakamura, R.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Linz, Austria..
    Cozzani, G.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Ganse, U.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Turc, L.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Johlander, A.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Horaites, K.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Tarvus, V
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Zhou, H.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Grandin, M.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Dubart, M.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Papadakis, K.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Suni, J.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    George, H.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Bussov, M.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Palmroth, M.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland.;Finnish Meteorol Inst, Helsinki, Finland..
    Electron Signatures of Reconnection in a Global eVlasiator Simulation2022In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 49, no 14, article id e2022GL098329Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Geospace plasma simulations have progressed toward more realistic descriptions of the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction from magnetohydrodynamic to hybrid ion-kinetic, such as the state-of-the-art Vlasiator model. Despite computational advances, electron scales have been out of reach in a global setting. eVlasiator, a novel Vlasiator submodule, shows for the first time how electromagnetic fields driven by global hybrid-ion kinetics influence electrons, resulting in kinetic signatures. We analyze simulated electron distributions associated with reconnection sites and compare them with Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft observations. Comparison with MMS shows that key electron features, such as reconnection inflows, heated outflows, flat-top distributions, and bidirectional streaming, are in remarkable agreement. Thus, we show that many reconnection-related features can be reproduced despite strongly truncated electron physics and an ion-scale spatial resolution. Ion-scale dynamics and ion-driven magnetic fields are shown to be significantly responsible for the environment that produces electron dynamics observed by spacecraft in near-Earth plasmas.

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  • 7.
    Alm, Love
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Chappell, Charles R.
    Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Vanderbilt Dyer Observ, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
    Dargent, Jeremy
    Univ Pisa, Phys Dept Enrico Fermi, Pisa, Italy.
    Fuselier, Stephen A.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA;Univ Texas San Antonio, Dept Phys & Astron, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Haaland, Stein
    Max Planck Inst Solar Syst Res, Gottingen, Germany;Univ Bergen, Birkeland Ctr Space Sci, Bergen, Norway.
    Lavraud, Benoit
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, CNRS, UPS,CNES, Toulouse, France.
    Li, Wenya
    Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Tenfjord, Paul
    Univ Bergen, Birkeland Ctr Space Sci, Bergen, Norway.
    Toledo-Redondo, Sergio
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, CNRS, UPS,CNES, Toulouse, France.
    Vines, Sarah K.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA.
    MMS Observations of Multiscale Hall Physics in the Magnetotail2019In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 46, no 17-18, p. 10230-10239Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS) observations of Hall physics in the magnetotail, which compared to dayside Hall physics is a relatively unexplored topic. The plasma consists of electrons, moderately cold ions (T similar to 1.5 keV) and hot ions (T similar to 20 keV). MMS can differentiate between the cold ion demagnetization region and hot ion demagnetization regions, which suggests that MMS was observing multiscale Hall physics. The observed Hall electric field is compared with a generalized Ohm's law, accounting for multiple ion populations. The cold ion population, despite its relatively high initial temperature, has a significant impact on the Hall electric field. These results show that multiscale Hall physics is relevant over a much larger temperature range than previously observed and is relevant for the whole magnetosphere as well as for other astrophysical plasma.

  • 8.
    Alm, Love
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA;Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Campus Box 392, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, IGPP EPSS, Los Angeles, CA USA.
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Mauk, B. H.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA.
    Magnetotail Hall Physics in the Presence of Cold Ions2018In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 45, no 20, p. 10941-10950Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present the first in situ observation of cold ionospheric ions modifying the Hall physics of magnetotail reconnection. While in the tail lobe, Magnetospheric Multiscale mission observed cold (tens of eV) E x B drifting ions. As Magnetospheric Multiscale mission crossed the separatrix of a reconnection exhaust, both cold lobe ions and hot (keV) ions were observed. During the closest approach of the neutral sheet, the cold ions accounted for similar to 30% of the total ion density. Approximately 65% of the initial cold ions remained cold enough to stay magnetized. The Hall electric field was mainly supported by the j x B term of the generalized Ohm's law, with significant contributions from the del center dot P-e and v(c) x B terms. The results show that cold ions can play an important role in modifying the Hall physics of magnetic reconnection even well inside the plasma sheet. This indicates that modeling magnetic reconnection may benefit from including multiscale Hall physics. Plain Language Summary Cold ions have the potential of changing the fundamental physics behind magnetic reconnection. Here we present the first direct observation of this process in action in the magnetotail. Cold ions from the tail lobes were able to remain cold even deep inside the much hotter plasma sheet. Even though the cold ions only accounted for similar to 30% of the total ions, they had a significant impact on the electric fields near the reconnection region.

  • 9.
    Andersson, Andreas
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, LUVAL. Department of Ecotechnology and Sustainable Building Engineering, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.
    Falck, Eva
    Sjöblom, Anna
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, LUVAL. Department of Arctic Geophysics, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway.
    Kljun, Natascha
    Sahlée, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, LUVAL.
    Omar, Abdirahaman
    Rutgersson, Anna
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, LUVAL.
    Air-sea gas transfer in high Arctic fjords2017In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 44, no 5, p. 2519-2526Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In Arctic fjords and high-latitude seas, strong surface cooling dominates during a large part of the year, generating water-side convection (w*w) and enhanced turbulence in the water. These regions are key areas for the global carbon cycle; thus, a correct description of their air-sea gas exchange is crucial. CO2-data were measured via the eddy covariance technique in marine Arctic conditions and reveal that water-side convection has a major impact on the gas transfer velocity. This is observed even at wind speeds as high as 9 m s-1, where convective motions are generally thought to be suppressed by wind-driven turbulence. The enhanced air-sea transfer of CO2 caused by water-side convection nearly doubled the CO2uptake, after scaled to open sea conditions the contribution from  to the CO2 flux remained as high as 34%; this phenomenon is expected to be highly important for the total carbon uptake in marine Arctic areas.

  • 10.
    Andrews, David J.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Andersson, L.
    Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO USA..
    Delory, G. T.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Ergun, R. E.
    Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO USA..
    Eriksson, Anders I.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Fowler, C. M.
    Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO USA..
    McEnulty, T.
    Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO USA..
    Morooka, M. W.
    Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO USA..
    Weber, T.
    Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO USA..
    Jakosky, B. M.
    Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO USA..
    Ionospheric plasma density variations observed at Mars by MAVEN/LPW2015In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 42, no 21, p. 8862-8869Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We report on initial observations made by the Langmuir Probe and Waves relaxation sounding experiment on board the NASA Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission. These measurements yield the ionospheric thermal plasma density, and we use these data here for an initial survey of its variability. Studying orbit-to-orbit variations, we show that the relative variability of the ionospheric plasma density is lowest at low altitudes near the photochemical peak, steadily increases toward higher altitudes and sharply increases as the spacecraft crosses the terminator and moves into the nightside. Finally, despite the small volume of data currently available, we show that a clear signature of the influence of crustal magnetic fields on the thermal plasma density fluctuations is visible. Such results are consistent with previously reported remote measurements made at higher altitudes, but crucially, here we sample a new span of altitudes between similar to 130 and similar to 300 km using in situ techniques.

  • 11.
    Andriopoulou, M.
    et al.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8010 Graz, Austria..
    Nakamura, R.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8010 Graz, Austria..
    Torkar, K.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8010 Graz, Austria..
    Baumjohann, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8010 Graz, Austria..
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Dorelli, J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Burch, J. L.
    SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth Planetary & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Study of the spacecraft potential under active control and plasma density estimates during the MMS commissioning phase2016In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 43, no 10, p. 4858-4864Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Each spacecraft of the recently launched magnetospheric multiscale MMS mission is equipped with Active Spacecraft Potential Control (ASPOC) instruments, which control the spacecraft potential in order to reduce spacecraft charging effects. ASPOC typically reduces the spacecraft potential to a few volts. On several occasions during the commissioning phase of the mission, the ASPOC instruments were operating only on one spacecraft at a time. Taking advantage of such intervals, we derive photoelectron curves and also perform reconstructions of the uncontrolled spacecraft potential for the spacecraft with active control and estimate the electron plasma density during those periods. We also establish the criteria under which our methods can be applied.

  • 12.
    André, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Cully, Christopher M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Low-energy ions: A previously hidden solar system particle population2012In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 39, p. L03101-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ions with energies less than tens of eV originate from the Terrestrial ionosphere and from several planets and moons in the solar system. The low energy indicates the origin of the plasma but also severely complicates detection of the positive ions onboard sunlit spacecraft at higher altitudes, which often become positively charged to several tens of Volts. We discuss some methods to observe low-energy ions, including a recently developed technique based on the detection of the wake behind a charged spacecraft in a supersonic flow. Recent results from this technique show that low-energy ions typically dominate the density in large regions of the Terrestrial magnetosphere on the nightside and in the polar regions. These ions also often dominate in the dayside magnetosphere, and can change the dynamics of processes like magnetic reconnection. The loss of this low-energy plasma to the solar wind is one of the primary pathways for atmospheric escape from planets in our solar system. We combine several observations to estimate how common low-energy ions are in the Terrestrial magnetosphere and briefly compare with Mars, Venus and Titan.

  • 13.
    André, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Li, Wenya
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Toledo-Redondo, S.
    European Space Agcy ESAC, Madrid, Spain..
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Norgren, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Burch, J.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    KTH, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Marklund, G.
    KTH, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Ergun, R.
    Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Torbert, R.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Magnes, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Giles, B.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Moore, T. E.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Chandler, M. O.
    NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL USA..
    Pollock, C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Young, D. T.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Avanov, L. A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Dorelli, J. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Gershman, D. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Paterson, W. R.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, Toulouse, France.;CNRS, UMR 5277, Toulouse, France..
    Saito, Y.
    Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, JAXA, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan..
    Magnetic reconnection and modification of the Hall physics due to cold ions at the magnetopause2016In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 43, no 13, p. 6705-6712Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Observations by the four Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft are used to investigate the Hall physics of a magnetopause magnetic reconnection separatrix layer. Inside this layer of currents and strong normal electric fields, cold (eV) ions of ionospheric origin can remain frozen-in together with the electrons. The cold ions reduce the Hall current. Using a generalized Ohm's law, the electric field is balanced by the sum of the terms corresponding to the Hall current, the vxB drifting cold ions, and the divergence of the electron pressure tensor. A mixture of hot and cold ions is common at the subsolar magnetopause. A mixture of length scales caused by a mixture of ion temperatures has significant effects on the Hall physics of magnetic reconnection.

  • 14.
    André, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yu V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Laitinen, Tiera V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Nilsson, H.
    Stenberg, G.
    Fazakerley, A.
    Trotignon, J. G.
    Magnetic reconnection and cold plasma at the magnetopause2010In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 37, no 22, p. L22108-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We report on detailed observations by the four Cluster spacecraft of magnetic reconnection and a Flux Transfer Event (FTE) at the magnetopause. We detect cold (eV) plasma at the magnetopause with two independent methods. We show that the cold ions can be essential for the electric field normal to the current sheet in the separatrix region at the edge of the FTE and for the associated acceleration of ions from the magnetosphere into the reconnection jet. The cold ions have small enough gyroradii to drift inside the limited separatrix region and the normal electric field can be balanced by this drift, E approximate to -v x B. The separatrix region also includes cold accelerated electrons, as part of the reconnection current circuit.

  • 15.
    Archer, W. E.
    et al.
    Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Phys & Engn Phys, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
    Gallardo-Lacourt, B.
    Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB, Canada.
    Perry, G. W.
    Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB, Canada;New Jersey Inst Technol, Ctr Solar Terr Res, Newark, NJ 07102 USA.
    St-Maurice, J. P.
    Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Phys & Engn Phys, Saskatoon, SK, Canada;Univ Western Ontario, Dept Phys & Astron, London, ON, Canada.
    Buchert, Stephan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Univ Western Ontario, Dept Phys & Astron, London, ON, Canada.
    Donovan, E.
    Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB, Canada.
    Steve: The Optical Signature of Intense Subauroral Ion Drifts2019In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 46, no 12, p. 6279-6286Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Little is currently known about the optical phenomenon known as Steve. The first scientific publication on the subject suggests that Steve is associated with an intense subauroral ion drift (SAID). However, additional inquiry is warranted as this suggested relationship as it is based on a single case study. Here we present eight occurrences of Steve with coincident or near-coincident measurements from the European Space Agency's Swarm satellites and show that Steve is consistently associated with SAID. When satellite observations coincident with Steve are compared to that of typical SAID, we find the SAID associated with Steve to have above average peak ion velocities and electron temperatures, as well as extremely low plasma densities.

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  • 16.
    Backrud, Marie
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Astronomy and Space Physics.
    Tjulin, Anders
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Astronomy and Space Physics.
    Fazakerley, Andrew
    Interferometric Identification of Ion Acoustic Broadband Waves in the Auroral Region: CLUSTER Observations2005In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 32, no 21Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    [1] We determine the phase velocity and k vector for parallel and oblique broadband extremely low frequency, ELF, waves on nightside auroral magnetic field lines at altitudes around 4.6 RE. We use internal burst mode data from the EFW electric field and wave instrument onboard the Cluster spacecraft to retrieve phase differences between the four probes of the instrument. The retrieved characteristic phase velocity is of the order of the ion acoustic speed and larger than the thermal velocity of the protons. The typical wavelength obtained from interferometry is around the proton gyro radius and always larger than the Debye length. We find that in regions with essentially no suprathermal electrons above a few tens of eV the observed broadband waves above the proton gyro frequency are consistent with upgoing ion acoustic and oblique ion acoustic waves.

  • 17.
    Becerra, Marley
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Electricity.
    Cooray, Vernon
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Electricity.
    On the velocity of positive connecting leaders associated with negative downward lightning leaders2008In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 35, p. L02801-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A self-consistent leader propagation model is used to estimate the velocity of upward connecting positive leaders initiated from a tall tower under the influence of downward negative lightning leaders. The propagation of upward connecting leaders has been found to be influenced not only by the average velocity of the downward leader but also by the prospective return stroke current, the lateral position of the downward leader channel as well as by the ambient electric field. This result show that the velocity and propagation time of upward connecting positive leaders change from flash to flash due to the variations in these parameters.

  • 18.
    Behlke, Rico
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Astronomy and Space Physics.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Astronomy and Space Physics, Space and Plasma Physics.
    Bale, Stuart D.
    Pickett, Jolene S.
    Cattell, Cynthia A.
    Lucek, Elizabeth A.
    Balogh, Andre
    Solitary structures associated with short large-amplitude magnetic structures (SLAMS) upstream of the Earth's quasi-parallel bow shock2004In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 31, no 16Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    [1] For the first time, solitary waves (SWs) have been observed within short large-amplitude magnetic structures (SLAMS) upstream of the Earth's quasi-parallel bow shock. The SWs often occur as bipolar pulses in the electric field data and move parallel to the background magnetic field at velocities of v = 400–1200 km/s. They have peak-to-peak amplitudes in the parallel electric field of up to E = 65 mV/m and parallel scale sizes of L ∼ 10 λD. The bipolar solitary waves exhibit negative potential structures of ∣Φ∣ = 0.4–2.2 V, i.e., eΦ/kTe ∼ 0.1. None of the theories commonly used to describe SWs adequately address these negative potential structures moving at velocities above the ion thermal speed in a weakly magnetized plasma.

  • 19. Belcher, Stephen E.
    et al.
    Grant, Alan L. M.
    Hanley, Kirsty E.
    Fox-Kemper, Baylor
    Van Roekel, Luke
    Sullivan, Peter P.
    Large, William G.
    Brown, Andy
    Hines, Adrian
    Calvert, Daley
    Rutgersson, Anna
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, LUVAL.
    Pettersson, Heidi
    Bidlot, Jean-Raymond
    Janssen, Peter A. E. M.
    Polton, Jeff A.
    A global perspective on Langmuir turbulence in the ocean surface boundary layer2012In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 39, p. L18605-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The turbulent mixing in thin ocean surface boundary layers (OSBL), which occupy the upper 100 m or so of the ocean, control the exchange of heat and trace gases between the atmosphere and ocean. Here we show that current parameterizations of this turbulent mixing lead to systematic and substantial errors in the depth of the OSBL in global climate models, which then leads to biases in sea surface temperature. One reason, we argue, is that current parameterizations are missing key surface-wave processes that force Langmuir turbulence that deepens the OSBL more rapidly than steady wind forcing. Scaling arguments are presented to identify two dimensionless parameters that measure the importance of wave forcing against wind forcing, and against buoyancy forcing. A global perspective on the occurrence of wave-forced turbulence is developed using re-analysis data to compute these parameters globally. The diagnostic study developed here suggests that turbulent energy available for mixing the OSBL is under-estimated without forcing by surface waves. Wave-forcing and hence Langmuir turbulence could be important over wide areas of the ocean and in all seasons in the Southern Ocean. We conclude that surface-wave-forced Langmuir turbulence is an important process in the OSBL that requires parameterization. Citation: Belcher, S. E., et al. (2012), A global perspective on Langmuir turbulence in the ocean surface boundary layer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L18605, doi: 10.1029/2012GL052932.

  • 20.
    Bergbauer, S.
    et al.
    University of Hawaii.
    Martel, S.J.
    University of Hawaii.
    Hieronymus, C.F.
    University of Hawaii.
    Thermal stress evolution in cooling pluton environments of different geometries1998In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 25, no 5, p. 707-71-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Thermoelastic displacement potentials and fast Fourier transforms can be combined to rapidly calculate the thermal stresses in 2-D for plutons that cool by conduction. First, temperature distributions over time are computed by solving the diffusion equation. Thermal stresses are then obtained using thermoelastic stress potentials. This method can be applied to a broad range of pluton geometries and initial conditions, and requires far less computation time than finite difference or finite element analyses. Results of 2-D analyses show that pluton geometry strongly influences the thermal stresses that occur in a cooling pluton. Thermal stresses of several tens of MPa arise during cooling and are highest at the corners or where the intrusion is thin. The most tensile stress is greater inside a pluton than in the host rock. Moreover, the orientation of the most tensile stress in a cooling pluton generally changes over time. This could result in multiple fracture sets, which would significantly affect the mechanical and hydraulic behavior of a pluton.

  • 21.
    Berggren, Ann-Marie
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, LUVAL.
    Beer, Juerg
    Possnert, Göran
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ion Physics. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, För teknisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten gemensamma enheter, Tandem Laboratory.
    Aldahan, Ala
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, LUVAL.
    Kubik, Peter
    ETH, Zurich, Switzerland.
    Christl, Marcus
    ETH, Zurich, Switzerland.
    Johnsen, Sigfús J.
    Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Abreu, José
    Eawag, Zurich, Switzerland.
    Vinter, Bo M.
    Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    A 600-year annual 10Be record from the NGRIP ice core, Greenland2009In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 36, p. L11801-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Despite the extensive use of 10Be as the most significant information source on past solar activity, there has been only one record (Dye-3, Greenland) providing annual resolution over several centuries. Here we report a new annual resolution 10Be record spanning the period 1389-1994 AD, measured in an ice core from the NGRIP site in Greenland. NGRIP and Dye-3 10Be exhibits similar long-term variability, although occasional short term differences between the two sites indicate that at least two high resolution 10Be records are needed to assess local variations and to confidently reconstruct past solar activity. A comparison with sunspot and neutron records confirms that ice core 10Be reflects solar Schwabe cycle variations, and continued 10Be variability suggests cyclic solar activity throughout the Maunder and Spörer grand solar activity minima. Recent 10Be values are low; however, they do not indicate unusually high recent solar activity compared to the last 600 years.

  • 22. Bertucci, C.
    et al.
    Hamilton, D. C.
    Kurth, W. S.
    Hospodarsky, G.
    Mitchell, D.
    Sergis, N.
    Edberg, Niklas J. T.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Dougherty, M. K.
    Titan's interaction with the supersonic solar wind2015In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 42, no 2, p. 193-200Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    After 9years in the Saturn system, the Cassini spacecraft finally observed Titan in the supersonic and super-Alfvenic solar wind. These unique observations reveal that Titan's interaction with the solar wind is in many ways similar to unmagnetized planets Mars and Venus and active comets in spite of the differences in the properties of the solar plasma in the outer solar system. In particular, Cassini detected a collisionless, supercritical bow shock and a well-defined induced magnetosphere filled with mass-loaded interplanetary magnetic field lines, which drape around Titan's ionosphere. Although the flyby altitude may not allow the detection of an ionopause, Cassini reports enhancements of plasma density compatible with plasma clouds or streamers in the flanks of its induced magnetosphere or due to an expansion of the induced magnetosphere. Because of the upstream conditions, these observations may be also relevant to other bodies in the outer solar system such as Pluto, where kinetic processes are expected to dominate.

  • 23. Bertucci, C.
    et al.
    Neubauer, F. M.
    Szego, K.
    Wahlund, Jan Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Coates, A. J.
    Dougherty, M. K.
    Young, D. T.
    Kurth, W. S.
    Structure of Titan's mid-range magnetic tail: Cassini magnetometer observations during the T9 flyby2007In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 34, no 24, p. L24S02-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We analyze the magnetic structure of Titan's mid-range magnetic tail (5-6 Titan radii downstream from the moon) during Cassini's T9 flyby. Cassini magnetometer (MAG) measurements reveal a well-defined, induced magnetic tail consisting of two lobes and a distinct central current sheet. MAG observations also indicate that Saturn's background magnetic field is close to the moon's orbital plane and that the magnetospheric flow has a significant component in the Saturn-Titan direction. The analysis of MAG data in a coordinate system based on the orientation of the background magnetic field and an estimation of the incoming flow direction suggests that Titan's magnetic tail is extremely asymmetric. An important source of these asymmetries is the connection of the inbound tail lobe and the outbound tail lobe to the dayside and nightside hemispheres of Titan, respectively. Another source could be the perturbations generated by changes in the upstream conditions.

  • 24.
    Blackledge, B. W.
    et al.
    Bangor Univ, Sch Ocean Sci, Menai Bridge, Gwynedd, Wales.
    Green, J. A. M.
    Bangor Univ, Sch Ocean Sci, Menai Bridge, Gwynedd, Wales.
    Barnes, R.
    Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
    Way, Michael J.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Theoretical Astrophysics. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA; Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Sellers Exoplanet Environm, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Tides on Other Earths: Implications for Exoplanet and Palaeo-Tidal Simulations2020In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 47, no 12, article id e2019GL085746Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A key controller of a planet's rotational evolution, and hence habitability, is tidal dissipation, which on Earth is dominated by the ocean tides. Because exoplanet or deep‐time Earth topographies are unknown, a statistical ensemble is used to constrain possible tidal dissipation rates on an Earth‐like planet. A dedicated tidal model is used together with 120 random continental configurations to simulate Earth's semidiurnal lunar tide. The results show a possible ocean tidal dissipation range spanning 3 orders of magnitude, between 2.3 GWto 1.9 TW (1 TW=1012 W). When model resolution is considered, this compares well with theoretical limits derived for the energetics of Earth's present‐day deep ocean. Consequently, continents exert a fundamental control on tidal dissipation rates and we suggest that plate tectonics on a planet will induce a time‐varying dissipation analogous to Earth's. This will alter rotational periods over millions of years and further complicate the role of tides for planetary evolution.

    Plain Language Summary

    The daylength of a planet is key for habitability because it regulates the rate with which solar radiation is received and redistributed at the surface. A main controller of a planet's daylength is the ocean tide, because the dissipation of tidal energy works as a brake on the planet's spin, increasing the daylength. Tides are sensitive to the continental arrangement on a planet, but there are no details of the surface of any exoplanet and only limited information of what Earth looked like in the distant past. The change in Earth's daylength forces the Moon to recede into a higher orbit, but the present‐day recession rate is very high and does not fit our age models of the moon, implying that the tides must have been much weaker in the distant past. Here, we use a series of tidal predictions for random continental configurations of Earth to provide a range of tidal dissipation rates and thus an estimate of how the tides in the deep past may have evolved as Earth's continents grew more and more complex. This research also provides a range of dissipation rates that can be used for simulations of the rotational and orbital evolution of exoplanets.

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  • 25.
    Breuillard, H.
    et al.
    CNRS, LPP, UMR, Paris, France..
    Le Contel, O.
    CNRS, LPP, UMR, Paris, France..
    Retino, A.
    CNRS, LPP, UMR, Paris, France..
    Chasapis, A.
    Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA..
    Chust, T.
    CNRS, LPP, UMR, Paris, France..
    Mirioni, L.
    CNRS, LPP, UMR, Paris, France..
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Wilder, F. D.
    Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Cohen, I.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA..
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Royal Inst Technol, Alfven Lab, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Marklund, G. T.
    Royal Inst Technol, Alfven Lab, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Goodrich, K. A.
    Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Macri, J.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Needell, J.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Chutter, M.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Rau, D.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Dors, I.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Magnes, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst IWF, Graz, Austria..
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Bromund, K. R.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Plaschke, F.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst IWF, Graz, Austria..
    Fischer, D.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst IWF, Graz, Austria..
    Leinweber, H. K.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Anderson, B. J.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA..
    Le, G.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Slavin, J. A.
    Univ Michigan, Dept Climate & Space Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA..
    Kepko, E. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Baumjohann, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst IWF, Graz, Austria..
    Mauk, B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Fuselier, S. A.
    Univ Texas San Antonio, Dept Phys & Astron, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Nakamura, R.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst IWF, Graz, Austria..
    Multispacecraft analysis of dipolarization fronts and associated whistler wave emissions using MMS data2016In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 43, no 14, p. 7279-7286Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Dipolarization fronts (DFs), embedded in bursty bulk flows, play a crucial role in Earth's plasma sheet dynamics because the energy input from the solar wind is partly dissipated in their vicinity. This dissipation is in the form of strong low-frequency waves that can heat and accelerate energetic electrons up to the high-latitude plasma sheet. However, the dynamics of DF propagation and associated low-frequency waves in the magnetotail are still under debate due to instrumental limitations and spacecraft separation distances. In May 2015 the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission was in a string-of-pearls configuration with an average intersatellite distance of 160km, which allows us to study in detail the microphysics of DFs. Thus, in this letter we employ MMS data to investigate the properties of dipolarization fronts propagating earthward and associated whistler mode wave emissions. We show that the spatial dynamics of DFs are below the ion gyroradius scale in this region (approximate to 500km), which can modify the dynamics of ions in the vicinity of the DF (e.g., making their motion nonadiabatic). We also show that whistler wave dynamics have a temporal scale of the order of the ion gyroperiod (a few seconds), indicating that the perpendicular temperature anisotropy can vary on such time scales.

  • 26.
    Buchert, Stephan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Zangerl, Franz
    Sust, Manfred
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Eriksson, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Wahlund, Jan-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Opgenoorth, Hermann
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    SWARM observations of equatorial electron densities and topside GPS track losses2015In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 42, no 7, p. 2088-2092Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The SWARM satellites have both upward looking GPS receivers and Langmuir probes. The receivers repeatedly lost track of the L1 band signal in January-February 2014 at postsunset hours, when SWARM was at nearly 500km altitude. This indicates that the signal was disturbed by ionospheric irregularities at this height and above. The track losses occurred right at density gradients associated with equatorial plasma bubbles and predominantly where the measured background density was highest. The signal showed strong phase scintillations rather than in amplitude, indicating that SWARM might be in the near field of an ionospheric phase screen. Density biteouts, depletions between steep gradients, were up to almost 3 orders of magnitude deep in the background of a more shallow trough centered at the magnetic equator. Comparison between satellites shows that the biteout structure strongly varied in longitude over approximate to 100km and has in north-south steep walls.

  • 27.
    Burch, J. L.
    et al.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.
    Dokgo, K.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.
    Hwang, K. J.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.
    Torbert, R. B.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Webster, J. M.
    Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX USA.
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
    Allen, R. C.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA.
    Chen, L-J
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
    Wang, S.
    Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
    Genestreti, K. J.
    Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Earth & Planetary Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA.
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Earth & Planetary Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA.
    Le Contel, O.
    Univ Paris Sud, Observ Paris, Sorbonne Univ, Lab Phys Plasmas,CNRS,Ecole Polytech, Paris, France.
    High-Frequency Wave Generation in Magnetotail Reconnection: Linear Dispersion Analysis2019In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 46, no 8, p. 4089-4097Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Plasma and wave measurements from the NASA Magnetospheric Multiscale mission are presented for magnetotail reconnection events on 3 July and 11 July 2017. Linear dispersion analyses were performed using distribution functions comprising up to six drifting bi-Maxwellian distributions. In both events electron crescent-shaped distributions are shown to be responsible for upper hybrid waves near the X-line. In an adjacent location within the 3 July event a monodirectional field-aligned electron beam drove parallel-propagating beam-mode waves. In the 11 July event an electron distribution consisting of a drifting core and two crescents was shown to generate upper-hybrid and beam-mode waves at three different frequencies, explaining the observed broadband waves. Multiple harmonics of the upper hybrid waves were observed but cannot be explained by the linear dispersion analysis since they result from nonlinear beam interactions. Plain Language Summary Magnetic reconnection is a process that occurs throughout the universe in ionized gases (plasmas) containing embedded magnetic fields. This process converts magnetic energy to electron and ion energy, causing phenomena such as solar flares and auroras. The NASA Magnetospheric Multiscale mission has shown that in magnetic reconnection regions there are intense electric field oscillations or waves and that electrons form crescent and beam-like populations propagating both along and perpendicular to the magnetic field. This study shows that the observed electron populations are responsible for high-frequency waves including their propagation directions and frequency ranges.

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  • 28.
    Burch, J. L.
    et al.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Cassak, P. A.
    Univ Virginia, Dept Phys & Astron, Morgantown, WV USA..
    Webster, J. M.
    Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX USA..
    Torbert, R. B.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Dorelli, J. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Rager, A. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA..
    Hwang, K. -J
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.
    Phan, T. D.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Genestreti, K. J.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Allen, R. C.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA..
    Chen, L. -J
    Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
    Wang, S.
    Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Gershman, D.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Le Contel, O.
    Univ Paris Sud, Observ Paris, Lab Phys Plasmas, CNRS,Ecole Polytech,UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Wilder, F. D.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Hesse, M.
    Univ Bergen, Dept Phys & Technol, Bergen, Norway..
    Drake, J. F.
    Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Swisdak, M.
    Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Price, L. M.
    Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Shay, M. A.
    Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA..
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Royal Inst Technol, Dept Space & Plasma Phys, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Pollock, C. J.
    Denali Sci, Healy, AK USA..
    Denton, R. E.
    Dartmouth Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Hanover, NH 03755 USA..
    Newman, D. L.
    Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Localized Oscillatory Energy Conversion in Magnetopause Reconnection2018In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 45, no 3, p. 1237-1245Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Data from the NASA Magnetospheric Multiscale mission are used to investigate asymmetric magnetic reconnection at the dayside boundary between the Earth's magnetosphere and the solar wind. High-resolution measurements of plasmas and fields are used to identify highly localized (similar to 15 electron Debye lengths) standing wave structures with large electric field amplitudes (up to 100 mV/m). These wave structures are associated with spatially oscillatory energy conversion, which appears as alternatingly positive and negative values of J . E. For small guide magnetic fields the wave structures occur in the electron stagnation region at the magnetosphere edge of the electron diffusion region. For larger guide fields the structures also occur near the reconnection X-line. This difference is explained in terms of channels for the out-of-plane current (agyrotropic electrons at the stagnation point and guide field-aligned electrons at the X-line).

  • 29.
    Cao, D.
    et al.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Fu, H. S.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Cao, J. B.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Wang, T. Y.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Chen, Z. Z.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Peng, F. Z.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Huang, S. Y.
    Wuhan Univ, Sch Elect & Informat, Wuhan, Peoples R China.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA.
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Le Contel, O.
    UPMC, Ecole Polytech, CNRS, Lab Phys Plasmas, Palaiseau, France.
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.
    MMS observations of whistler waves in electron diffusion region2017In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 44, no 9, p. 3954-3962Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Whistler waves that can produce anomalous resistivity by affecting electrons' motion have been suggested as one of the mechanisms responsible for magnetic reconnection in the electron diffusion region (EDR). Such type of waves, however, has rarely been observed inside the EDR so far. In this study, we report such an observation by Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. We find large-amplitude whistler waves propagating away from the X line with a very small wave-normal angle. These waves are probably generated by the perpendicular temperature anisotropy of the -300eV electrons inside the EDR, according to our analysis of dispersion relation and cyclotron resonance condition; they significantly affect the electron-scale dynamics of magnetic reconnection and thus support previous simulations.

  • 30. Carbonell, R.
    et al.
    Simancas, J.F.
    Juhlin, Christopher
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Pous, J.
    Pérez Estaún, A.
    González Lodeiro, F.
    Muñoz, G.
    Heise, W.
    Ayarza, P.
    Geophysical Evidence of a Mantle Plume Derived Intrusion Complex2004In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 31, p. L11601-Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [en]

    Deep seismic reflection data acquired as part of the SW-Iberia EUROPROBE project across the transpressional Variscan orogen sample three tectonic terranes: the South Portuguese Zone, the Ossa-Morena Zone, and the Central Iberian Zone. The seismic data reveal the existence of a mid-crustal reflective body 140 km long and of variable thickness (up to 5 km), the Iberian Reflective body. The conductivity image provided by coincident MT soundings, the amplitude characteristics of the seismics, mineralization studies related to magmatic ore deposits, and the surface geology suggest that the IRB is a mantle-derived mafic intrusion. The geophysical, geological and petrological data suggest that the IRB is most probably an Early Carboniferous (approximately at 350–340 Ma) mantle-derived intrusion possibly linked to plume activity that took place in Europe in the Carboniferous and Permian.

  • 31. Chen, L. -J
    et al.
    Wang, S.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
    Hesse, M.
    Univ Bergen, Dept Phys & Technol, Bergen, Norway.
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Campus Box 392, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Moore, T.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
    Giles, B.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
    Bessho, N.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
    Russell, C.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth Planetary & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA.
    Burch, J.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Torbert, R. B.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA;Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
    Genestreti, K. J.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
    Paterson, W.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
    Pollock, C.
    Denali Sci, Healy, AK USA.
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse UPS, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, CNRS, CNES, Toulouse, France.
    Le Contel, O.
    Univ Paris Sud, Lab Phys Plasmas UMR7648, Ecole Polytech, CNRS,Sorbonne Univ,Observ Paris, Paris, France.
    Strangeway, R.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth Planetary & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Electron Diffusion Regions in Magnetotail Reconnection Under Varying Guide Fields2019In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 46, no 12, p. 6230-6238Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Kinetic structures of electron diffusion regions (EDRs) under finite guide fields in magnetotail reconnection are reported. The EDRs with guide fields 0.14-0.5 (in unit of the reconnecting component) are detected by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft. The key new features include the following: (1) cold inflowing electrons accelerated along the guide field and demagnetized at the magnetic field minimum while remaining a coherent population with a low perpendicular temperature, (2) wave fluctuations generating strong perpendicular electron flows followed by alternating parallel flows inside the reconnecting current sheet under an intermediate guide field, and (3) gyrophase bunched electrons with high parallel speeds leaving the X-line region. The normalized reconnection rates for the three EDRs range from 0.05 to 0.3. The measurements reveal that finite guide fields introduce new mechanisms to break the electron frozen-in condition. Plain Language Summary Magnetic reconnection plays a crucial role in the dynamics of the terrestrial magnetotail. For reconnection to occur, the plasma must decouple from the magnetic field. The bounce motion of particles in the magnetotail current sheet is regarded as a key to this decoupling for cases when the current sheet has no magnetic field along the direction of the current. This paper reports that while bounce motion remains relevant when a finite magnetic field is present along the current, new mechanisms to decouple electrons from the magnetic field are introduced, and new open questions unfold. The observations are based on measurements from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. The mission's unprecedented high cadence electron data make possible the revelation of the new mechanisms. The results reported in this paper expand the frontiers of our knowledge on magnetotail reconnection and have major implications on the fundamental physics of magnetic reconnection in all plasma systems where binary collisions are not effective, including solar, astrophysical, and laboratory plasmas. Rapid dissemination of the results will set the ground for advances in magnetic reconnection research.

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  • 32.
    Chen, Li-Jen
    et al.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Hesse, Michael
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA..
    Wang, Shan
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Gershman, Daniel
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Ergun, Robert
    Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Pollock, Craig
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA..
    Torbert, Roy
    Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Bessho, Naoki
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Daughton, William
    Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA..
    Dorelli, John
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA..
    Giles, Barbara
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA..
    Strangeway, Robert
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth Planetary & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Russell, Christopher
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth Planetary & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Burch, Jim
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Moore, Thomas
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA..
    Lavraud, Benoit
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Plantol, Toulouse, France.;CNRS, Toulouse, France..
    Phan, Tai
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Avanov, Levon
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Electron energization and mixing observed by MMS in the vicinity of an electron diffusion region during magnetopause reconnection2016In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 43, no 12, p. 6036-6043Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Measurements from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission are reported to show distinct features of electron energization and mixing in the diffusion region of the terrestrial magnetopause reconnection. At the ion jet and magnetic field reversals, distribution functions exhibiting signatures of accelerated meandering electrons are observed at an electron out-of-plane flow peak. The meandering signatures manifested as triangular and crescent structures are established features of the electron diffusion region (EDR). Effects of meandering electrons on the electric field normal to the reconnection layer are detected. Parallel acceleration and mixing of the inflowing electrons with exhaust electrons shape the exhaust flow pattern. In the EDR vicinity, the measured distribution functions indicate that locally, the electron energization and mixing physics is captured by two-dimensional reconnection, yet to account for the simultaneous four-point measurements, translational invariant in the third dimension must be violated on the ion-skin-depth scale.

  • 33.
    Chen, Z. Z.
    et al.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Fu, H. S.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Liu, C. M.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Wang, T. Y.
    STFC, RAL Space, Didcot, Oxon, England.
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Cozzani, G.
    UPMC, Ecole Polytech, CNRS, Lab Phys Plasmas, Palaiseau, France.
    Huang, S. Y.
    Wuhan Univ, Sch Elect Informat, Wuhan, Hubei, Peoples R China.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Le Contel, O.
    UPMC, Ecole Polytech, CNRS, Lab Phys Plasmas, Palaiseau, France.
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Electron-Driven Dissipation in a Tailward Flow Burst2019In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 46, no 11, p. 5698-5706Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Traditionally, the magnetotail flow burst outside the diffusion region is known to carry ions and electrons together (V-i = V-e), with the frozen-in condition well satisfied (E + V-e x B = 0). Such picture, however, may not be true, based on our analyses of the high-resolution MMS (Magnetospheric Multiscale mission) data. We find that inside the flow burst the electrons and ions can be decoupled (V-e not equal V-i), with the electron speed 5 times larger than the ion speed. Such super-Alfvenic electron jet, having scale of 10 d(i) (ion inertial length) in X-GSM direction, is associated with electron demagnetization (E + V-e x B not equal 0), electron agyrotropy (crescent distribution), and O-line magnetic topology but not associated with the flow reversal and X-line topology; it can cause strong energy dissipation and electron heating. We quantitatively analyze the dissipation and find that it is primarily attributed to lower hybrid drift waves. These results emphasize the non-MHD (magnetohydrodynamics) behaviors of magnetotail flow bursts and the role of lower hybrid drift waves in dissipating energies.

  • 34.
    Christensen, Beth A.
    et al.
    Rowan Univ, Sch Earth & Environm, Dept Environm Sci, Glassboro, NJ 08028 USA..
    De Vleeschouwer, David
    Univ Bremen, MARUM Ctr Marine Environm Sci, Bremen, Germany..
    Henderiks, Jorijntje
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology.
    Groeneveld, Jeroen
    Bremen Univ, Dept Geosci, Bremen, Germany.;Hamburg Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Hamburg, Germany..
    Auer, Gerald
    Karl Franzens Univ Graz, NAWI Graz Geoctr, Inst Earth Sci Geol & Paleontol, Graz, Austria..
    Drury, Anna Joy
    UCL, Dept Earth Sci, London, England..
    Karatsolis, Boris-Theofanis
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology.
    Lyu, Jing
    Univ Bremen, MARUM Ctr Marine Environm Sci, Bremen, Germany..
    Betzler, Christian
    Hamburg Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Hamburg, Germany..
    Eberli, Gregor P.
    Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Dept Geosci, Miami, FL USA..
    Kroon, Dick
    Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland..
    Late Miocene Onset of Tasman Leakage and Southern Hemisphere Supergyre Ushers in Near-Modern Circulation2021In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 48, no 18, article id e2021GL095036Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study provides a Miocene-to-recent history of Tasman Leakage (TL), driving surface-to-intermediate waters from the Pacific into the Indian Ocean. TL, in addition to Indonesian ThroughFlow (ITF), constitutes an important part of the Southern Hemisphere Supergyre. Here, we employ deep-sea benthic delta C-13 timeseries from the southwestern Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans to identify the history of Tasman Leakage. The delta C-13 results combined with sedimentary evidence show that an inter-ocean connection south of Australia existed from 7 Ma onward. A southward shift in Westerlies combined with a northward movement of Australia created the oceanic corridor necessary for Tasman Leakage (between Australia and the sub-Antarctic Front) at this time. Furthermore, changes in the northern limb of the Supergyre (ITF) are evident in the sedimentary record on Broken Ridge from similar to 3 to 2 Ma when Banda Sea intermediate waters started originating from the North Pacific.

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  • 35.
    Christensen, Beth A.
    et al.
    Adelphi Univ, Environm Studies Program, Garden City, NY 11530 USA..
    Renema, Willem
    Naturalis Biodivers Ctr, Leiden, Netherlands..
    Henderiks, Jorijntje
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology.
    De Vleeschouwer, David
    Univ Bremen, MARUM Ctr Marine & Environm Sci, Bremen, Germany.;Univ Bremen, Dept Geosci, Bremen, Germany..
    Groeneveld, Jeroen
    Univ Bremen, MARUM Ctr Marine & Environm Sci, Bremen, Germany.;Univ Bremen, Dept Geosci, Bremen, Germany..
    Castaneda, Isla S.
    Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA..
    Reuning, Lars
    Univ Aachen, Geol Inst RWTH, Energy & Mineral Resources Grp, Aachen, Germany..
    Bogus, Kara
    Texas A&M Univ, Int Ocean Discovery Program, College Stn, TX USA..
    Auer, Gerald
    Karl Franzens Univ Graz, Inst Earth Sci, Graz, Austria..
    Ishiwa, Takeshige
    Univ Tokyo, Atmosphere & Ocean Res Inst, Chiba, Japan.;Natl Inst Polar Res, Tokyo, Japan..
    McHugh, Cecilia M.
    CUNY Queens Coll, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Flushing, NY 11367 USA..
    Gallagher, Stephen J.
    Univ Melbourne, Sch Earth Sci, Melbourne, Vic, Australia..
    Fulthorpe, Craig S.
    Univ Texas Austin, Inst Geophys, Jackson Sch Geosci, Austin, TX USA..
    Indonesian Throughflow drove Australian climate from humid Pliocene to arid Pleistocene2017In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 44, no 13, p. 6914-6925Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Late Miocene to mid-Pleistocene sedimentary proxy records reveal that northwest Australia underwent an abrupt transition from dry to humid climate conditions at 5.5 million years (Ma), likely receiving year-round rainfall, but after similar to 3.3 Ma, climate shifted toward an increasingly seasonal precipitation regime. The progressive constriction of the Indonesian Throughflow likely decreased continental humidity and transferred control of northwest Australian climate from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean, leading to drier conditions punctuated by monsoonal precipitation. The northwest dust pathway and fully established seasonal and orbitally controlled precipitation were in place by similar to 2.4 Ma, well after the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. The transition from humid to arid conditions was driven by changes in Pacific and Indian Ocean circulation and regional atmospheric moisture transport, influenced by the emerging Maritime Continent. We conclude that the Maritime Continent is the switchboard modulating teleconnections between tropical and high-latitude climate systems. Plain Language Summary Australia is themost arid habitable continent on earth, however its climate is capable of dramatic changewith seasonalmonsoon rains in the otherwise arid northwest. We analyzed natural gamma radiation in a recently drilled borehole (IODP Expedition 356 Site U1463) off NW Australia to examine long-term climate changes over the last 6 million years. Based on variations in potassium, thorium and uranium, as well as common clay minerals, we show that the NW continent was more humid during the Pliocene period, between similar to 5.5 and 3.3 million years ago (Humid Interval), and became arid by the early Pleistocene, similar to 2.4 million years ago (Arid Interval). We attribute the Humid Interval to an expansion of warm surface waters in the western Pacific, supplying warm and moist air to the continent. As Australia moved north, the Maritime Continent (islands to the north) emerged, restricting the flow of warm surface currents from the Pacific (Indonesian Throughflow), resulting in drier conditions on land. The Arid Interval ushered in amodern-like Australian climate, with seasonal rainfall and dust storms, and a more modern Indian Ocean circulation. Our results show that the Maritime Continent is an important control on both Australian climate and Indian Ocean circulation.

  • 36. Christianson, Knut
    et al.
    Kohler, Jack
    Alley, Richard
    Nuth, Chris
    van Pelt, Ward
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, LUVAL.
    Dynamic perennial firn aquifer on an Arctic glacier2015In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 42, no 5, p. 1418-1426Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 37.
    Cravens, T. E.
    et al.
    Univ Kansas, Dept Phys & Astron, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
    Moore, L.
    Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
    Waite, J. H., Jr.
    Southwest Res Inst, Space Sci & Engn Div, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Perryman, R.
    Southwest Res Inst, Space Sci & Engn Div, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Perry, M.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA.
    Wahlund, Jan-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Persoon, A.
    Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
    Kurth, W. S.
    Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
    The Ion Composition of Saturn's Equatorial Ionosphere as Observed by Cassini2019In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 46, no 12, p. 6315-6321Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Cassini Orbiter made the first in situ measurements of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere of Saturn in 2017. The Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) found molecular hydrogen and helium as well as minor species including water, methane, ammonia, and organics. INMS ion mode measurements of light ion species (H+, H-2(+), H-3(+), and He+) and Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrument measurements of electron densities are presented. A photochemical analysis of the INMS and Radio and Plasma Wave Science data indicates that the major ion species near the ionospheric peak must be heavy and molecular with a short chemical lifetime. A quantitative explanation of measured H+ and H-3(+) densities requires that they chemically react with one or more heavy neutral molecular species that have mixing ratios of about 100 ppm.

  • 38.
    Cully, Chris M.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Angelopoulos, V.
    Auster, U.
    Bonnell, J.
    Le Contel, O.
    Observational evidence of the generation mechanism for rising-tone chorus2011In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 38, no 1, p. L01106-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Chorus emissions are a striking feature of the electromagnetic wave environment in the Earth's magnetosphere. These bursts of whistler-mode waves exhibit characteristic frequency sweeps (chirps) believed to result from wave-particle trapping of cyclotron-resonant particles. Based on the theory of Omura et al. (2008), we predict the sweep rates of chorus elements observed by the THEMIS satellites. The predictions use independent observations of the electron distribution functions and have no free parameters. The predicted chirp rates are a function of wave amplitude, and this relation is clearly observed. The predictive success of the theory lends strong support to its underlying physical mechanism: cyclotron-resonant wave-particle trapping.

  • 39.
    Cully, Christopher
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Bonnell, J. W.
    Ergun, R. E.
    THEMIS observations of long-lived regions of large-amplitude whistler waves in the inner magnetosphere2008In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 35, no 17, p. L17S16-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Recent reports of large-amplitude whistler waves (> 100 mV/m) in the radiation belts have intensified interest in the role of whistler waves in accelerating radiation belt electrons to MeV energies. Several critical parameters for addressing this issue have not previously been observed, including the occurrence frequency, spatial extent and longevity of regions of large-amplitude whistlers. The THEMIS mission, with multiple satellites in a near-equatorial orbit, offers an excellent opportunity to study these waves. We use data from the Electric Field Instrument (EFI) to show that in the dawn-side radiation belts, especially near L-shells from 3.5 to 5.5, the probability distribution of wave activity has a significant high-amplitude tail and is hence not well-described by long-term time averages. Regions of enhanced wave activity exhibit four-second averaged wave power above 1 mV/m and sub-second bursts up to several hundred mV/m. These regions are spatially localized to at most several hours of local time azimuthally, but can persist in the same location for several days. With large regions of space persistently covered by bursty, large-amplitude waves, the mechanisms and rates of radiation belt electron acceleration may need to be reconsidered.

  • 40.
    Daldorff, Lars K. S.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Astronomy and Space Physics.
    Pécseli, H. L.
    Trulsen, J.
    Nonlinearly generated plasma waves as a model for enhanced ion acoustic lines in the ionosphere2007In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 34, no 18, p. L18101-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Observations from the EISCAT Svalbard Radar, for instance, demonstrate that the symmetry of the naturally occurring ion line can be broken by an enhanced, non-thermal, level of fluctuations, i.e., Naturally Enhanced Ion-Acoustic Lines (NEIALs). In a significant number of cases, the entire ion spectrum can be distorted, with the appearance of a third line, corresponding to a propagation velocity significantly below the ion acoustic sound speed. By numerical simulations, we consider one possible model accounting for the observations, suggesting that a primary process can be electron acoustic waves excited by a cold electron beam. Subsequently, an oscillating two-stream instability excites electron plasma waves which in turn decay to asymmetric ion lines. Our code solves the full Vlasov equation for electrons and ions, with the dynamics coupled through the electrostatic field derived from Poisson's equation.

  • 41.
    Deca, Jan
    et al.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.;NASA, Inst Modeling Plasma Atmospheres & Cosm Dust, SSERVI, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.;Univ Versailles St Quentin, Observat Spatiales, Lab Atmospheres, Milieux, Guyancourt, France..
    Divin, Andrey
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. St Petersburg State Univ, Dept Phys, St Petersburg 199034, Russia..
    Wang, Xu
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.;NASA, Inst Modeling Plasma Atmospheres & Cosm Dust, SSERVI, Boulder, CO 80305 USA..
    Lembege, Bertrand
    Univ Versailles St Quentin, Observat Spatiales, Lab Atmospheres, Milieux, Guyancourt, France..
    Markidis, Stefano
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, High Performance Comp & Visualizat, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Horanyi, Mihaly
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.;NASA, Inst Modeling Plasma Atmospheres & Cosm Dust, SSERVI, Boulder, CO 80305 USA..
    Lapenta, Giovanni
    Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Math, Ctr Math Plasma Astrophys, Leuven, Belgium..
    Three-dimensional full-kinetic simulation of the solar wind interaction with a vertical dipolar lunarmagnetic anomaly2016In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 43, no 9, p. 4136-4144Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A detailed understanding of the solar wind interaction with lunar magnetic anomalies (LMAs) is essential to identify its implications for lunar exploration and to enhance our physical understanding of the particle dynamics in a magnetized plasma. We present the first three-dimensional full-kinetic electromagnetic simulation case study of the solar wind interaction with a vertical dipole, resembling a medium-size LMA. In contrast to a horizontal dipole, we show that a vertical dipole twists its field lines and cannot form a minimagnetosphere. Instead, it creates a ring-shaped weathering pattern and reflects up to 21% (four times more as compared to the horizontal case) of the incoming solar wind ions electrostatically through the normal electric field formed above the electron shielding region surrounding the cusp. This work delivers a vital piece to fully comprehend and interpret lunar observations, as we find the amount of reflected ions to be a tracer for the underlying field structure.

  • 42.
    Di Baldassarre, Giuliano
    et al.
    Department of Hydroinformatics and Knowledge Management, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, Netherlands.
    Montanari, A
    Lins, H
    Koutsoyiannis, D
    Brandimarte, L
    Bloschl, G
    Flood fatalities in Africa: From diagnosis to mitigation2010In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 37, no 22, p. L22402-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Flood-related fatalities in Africa, as well as associated economic losses, have increased dramatically over the past half-century. There is a growing global concern about the need to identify the causes for such increased flood damages. To this end, we analyze a large, consistent and reliable dataset of floods in Africa. Identification of causes is not easy given the diverse economic settings, demographic distribution and hydro-climatic conditions of the African continent. On the other hand, many African river basins have a relatively low level of human disturbance and, therefore, provide a unique opportunity to analyze climatic effects on floods. We find that intensive and unplanned human settlements in flood-prone areas appears to be playing a major role in increasing flood risk. Timely and economically sustainable actions, such as the discouragement of human settlements in flood-prone areas and the introduction of early warning systems are, therefore, urgently needed.

  • 43.
    Dokgo, Kyunghwan
    et al.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.
    Hwang, Kyoung-Joo
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.
    Burch, James L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.
    Choi, Eunjin
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.
    Yoon, Peter H.
    Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA;Kyung Hee Univ, Sch Space Res, Yongin, South Korea;Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daejeon, South Korea.
    Sibeck, David G.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Swedish Inst Space Phys, Uppsala, Sweden.
    High-Frequency Wave Generation in Magnetotail Reconnection: Nonlinear Harmonics of Upper Hybrid Waves2019In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 46, no 14, p. 7873-7882Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    MMS3 spacecraft passed the vicinity of the electron diffusion region of magnetotail reconnection on 3 July 2017, observing discrepancies between perpendicular electron bulk velocities and (E) over right arrow x (B) over right arrow drift, and agyrotropic electron crescent distributions. Analyzing linear wave dispersions, Burch et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082471) showed the electron crescent generates high-frequency waves. We investigate harmonics of upper-hybrid (UH) waves using both observation and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation, and the generation of electromagnetic radiation from PIC simulation. Harmonics of UH are linearly polarized and propagate along the perpendicular direction to the ambient magnetic field. Compared with two-dimensional PIC simulation and nonlinear kinetic theory, we show that the nonlinear beam-plasma interaction between the agyrotropic electrons and the core electrons generates harmonics of UH. Moreover, PIC simulation shows that agyrotropic electron beam can lead to electromagnetic (EM) radiation at the plasma frequency and harmonics.

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  • 44.
    Dokgo, Kyunghwan
    et al.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Hwang, Kyoung-Joo
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Burch, James L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Yoon, Peter H.
    Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.;Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daejeon, South Korea.;Kyung Hee Univ, Sch Space Res, Yongin, South Korea..
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Li, Wenya
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    High-Frequency Waves Driven by Agyrotropic Electrons Near the Electron Diffusion Region2020In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 47, no 5, article id e2020GL087111Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Magnetosphere Multiscale mission reveals that agyrotropic electrons and intense waves are prevalently present in the electron diffusion region. Prompted by two distinct Magnetosphere Multiscale observations, this letter investigates by theoretical means and the properties of agyrotropic electron beam-plasma instability and explains the origin of different structures in the wave spectra. The difference is owing to the fact that in one instance, a continuous beam mode is excited, while in the other, discrete Bernstein modes are excited, and the excitation of one mode versus the other depends on physical input parameters, which are consistent with observations. Analyses of dispersion relations show that the growing mode becomes discrete when the maximum growth rate is lower than the electron cyclotron frequency. Making use of particle-in-cell simulations, we found that the broadening angle Delta in the gyroangle space is also an important factor controlling the growth rate. Ramifications of the present finding are also discussed. Plain Language Summary Magnetospheric Multiscale mission has observed magnetic reconnection process, which converts magnetic energy to kinetic energy of charged particles. Extremely rapid time scale data reveal that electron scale high-frequency waves exist near the electron diffusion region of magnetic reconnection. Recently, two different types of waves observed; one is discrete electron-Bernstein waves, and the other is continuous beam modes. In this study, we formulated a unified theory for both types of waves. Comparing Magnetosphere Multiscale observations, the theory, and particle-in-cell simulations, this study shows that the same cause (agyrotropic electrons) can make two different wave structures depending on plasma parameters. The condition that the maximum growth rate of instabilities equals the electron cyclotron frequency can be considered as a threshold of the transition from discrete electron Bernstein waves to continuous beam modes.

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  • 45.
    Dokgo, Kyunghwan
    et al.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Hwang, Kyoung-Joo
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Burch, James L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Yoon, Peter H.
    Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Li, Wenya
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Chinese Acad Sci, State Key Lab Space Weather, Natl Space Sci Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    The Effects of Upper-Hybrid Waves on Energy Dissipation in the Electron Diffusion Region2020In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 47, no 19, article id e2020GL089778Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Using a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation, we investigate the effects and roles of upper-hybrid waves (UHW) near the electron diffusion region (EDR). The energy dissipation via the wave-particle interaction in our simulation agrees withJ center dot E(')measured by magnetospheric multiscale (MMS) spacecraft. It means that UHW contributes to the local energy dissipation. As a result of wave-particle interactions, plasma parameters which determine the larger-scale energy dissipation in the EDR are changed. They-directional current decreases while the pressure tensorP(yz)increases/decreases when the agyrotropic beam density is low/high, where(x, y, z)-coordinates correspond the(L, M, N)-boundary coordinates. Because the reconnection electric field comes from- partial differential P-yz/ partial differential z, our result implies that UHW plays an additional role in affecting larger-scale energy dissipation in the EDR by changing plasma parameters. We provide a simple diagram that shows how the UHW activities change the profiles of plasma parameters near the EDR comparing cases with and without UHW.

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  • 46. Doyle, Samuel H.
    et al.
    Hubbard, Alun
    Fitzpatrick, Andrew A. W.
    van As, Dirk
    Mikkelsen, Andreas B.
    Pettersson, Rickard
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, LUVAL.
    Hubbard, Bryn
    Persistent flow acceleration within the interior of the Greenland ice sheet2014In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 41, no 3, p. 899-905Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present surface velocity measurements from a high-elevation site located 140km from the western margin of the Greenland ice sheet, and similar to 50km into its accumulation area. Annual velocity increased each year from 51.780.01myr(-1) in 2009 to 52.920.01myr(-1) in 2012a net increase of 2.2%. These data also reveal a strong seasonal velocity cycle of up to 8.1% above the winter mean, driven by seasonal melt and supraglacial lake drainage. Sole et al. (2013) recently argued that ice motion in the ablation area is mediated by reduced winter flow following the development of efficient subglacial drainage during warmer, faster, summers. Our data extend this analysis and reveal a year-on-year increase in annual velocity above the equilibrium line altitude, where despite surface melt increasing, it is still sufficiently low to hinder the development of efficient drainage under thick ice. Key Points <list list-type="bulleted" id="grl51335-list-0001"> <list-item id="grl51335-li-0001">Ice flow in the accumulation area accelerated year-on-year between 2009 and 2012 <list-item id="grl51335-li-0002">The acceleration correlates with the inland expansion of supraglacial lakes <list-item id="grl51335-li-0003">This dynamic response contrasts with observations from the ablation zone

  • 47.
    Eastwood, J. P.
    et al.
    Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London, England..
    Phan, T. D.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Cassak, P. A.
    W Virginia Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA..
    Gershman, D. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Haggerty, C.
    Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA..
    Malakit, K.
    Mahidol Univ, Dept Phys, Bangkok 10700, Thailand..
    Shay, M. A.
    Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA..
    Mistry, R.
    Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London, England..
    Oieroset, M.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth Planetary & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Slavin, J. A.
    Univ Michigan, Dept Climate & Space Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA..
    Argall, M. R.
    Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Avanov, L. A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Burch, J. L.
    SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Chen, L. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Dorelli, J. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Campus Box 392, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, Toulouse, France.;CNRS, UMR 5277, Toulouse, France..
    Lindqvist, P. A.
    Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Moore, T. E.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Nakamura, R.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8010 Graz, Austria..
    Paterson, W.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Pollock, C.
    Denali Sci, Healy, AK USA..
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth Planetary & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Wang, S.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Ion-scale secondary flux ropes generated by magnetopause reconnection as resolved by MMS2016In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 43, no 10, p. 4716-4724Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    New Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) observations of small-scale (similar to 7 ion inertial length radius) flux transfer events (FTEs) at the dayside magnetopause are reported. The 10 km MMS tetrahedron size enables their structure and properties to be calculated using a variety of multispacecraft techniques, allowing them to be identified as flux ropes, whose flux content is small (similar to 22 kWb). The current density, calculated using plasma and magnetic field measurements independently, is found to be filamentary. Intercomparison of the plasma moments with electric and magnetic field measurements reveals structured non-frozen-in ion behavior. The data are further compared with a particle-in-cell simulation. It is concluded that these small-scale flux ropes, which are not seen to be growing, represent a distinct class of FTE which is generated on the magnetopause by secondary reconnection.

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  • 48. Eastwood, J. P.
    et al.
    Sibeck, D. G.
    Angelopoulos, V.
    Phan, T. D.
    Bale, S. D.
    McFadden, J. P.
    Cully, Christopher
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Mende, S. B.
    Larson, D.
    Frey, S.
    Carlson, C. W.
    Glassmeier, K. -H
    Auster, H. U.
    Roux, A.
    Le Contel, O.
    THEMIS observations of a hot flow anomaly: Solar wind, magnetosheath, and ground-based measurements2008In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 35, no 17, p. L17S03-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The THEMIS spacecraft encountered a Hot Flow Anomaly ( HFA) on the dusk flank of the Earth's bow shock on 4 July 2007, observing it on both sides of the shock. Meanwhile, the THEMIS ground magnetometers traced the progress of the associated Magnetic Impulse Event along the dawn flank of the magnetosphere, providing a unique opportunity to study the transmission of the HFA through the shock and the subsequent downstream response. THEMIS-A, in the solar wind, observed classic HFA signatures. Isotropic electron distributions inside the upstream HFA are attributed to the action of the electron firehose instability. THEMIS-E, just downstream, observed a much more complex disturbance with the pressure perturbation decoupled from the underlying discontinuity. Simple calculations show that the pressure perturbation would be capable of significantly changing the magnetopause location, which is confirmed by the ground-based observations.

  • 49.
    Edberg, Niklas J. T.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Andrews, David J.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Shebanits, Oleg
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Ågren, K.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Wahlund, Jan-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Opgenoorth, Hermann J.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Roussos, E.
    Garnier, P.
    Cravens, T. E.
    Badman, S. V.
    Modolo, R.
    Bertucci, C.
    Dougherty, M. K.
    Extreme densities in Titan's ionosphere during the T85 magnetosheath encounter2013In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 40, no 12, p. 2879-2883Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present Cassini Langmuir probe measurements of the highest electron number densities ever reported from the ionosphere of Titan. The measured density reached 4310cm(-3) during the T85 Titan flyby. This is at least 500cm(-3) higher than ever observed before and at least 50% above the average density for similar solar zenith angles. The peak of the ionospheric density is not reached on this flyby, making the maximum measured density a lower limit. During this flyby, we also report that an impacting coronal mass ejection (CME) leaves Titan in the magnetosheath of Saturn, where it is exposed to shocked solar wind plasma for at least 2 h 45 min. We suggest that the solar wind plasma in the magnetosheath during the CME conditions significantly modifies Titan's ionosphere by an addition of particle impact ionization by precipitating protons.

  • 50.
    Edberg, Niklas J. T.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Eriksson, Anders I.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Odelstad, Elias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Henri, P.
    Lebreton, J. -P
    Gasc, S.
    Rubin, M.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Gill, Reine
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Johansson, Erik P. G.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Johansson, Fredrik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vigren, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Wahlund, Jan-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Carr, C. M.
    Cupido, E.
    Glassmeier, K. -H
    Goldstein, R.
    Koenders, C.
    Mandt, K.
    Nemeth, Z.
    Nilsson, H.
    Richter, I.
    Wieser, G. Stenberg
    Szego, K.
    Volwerk, M.
    Spatial distribution of low-energy plasma around comet 67P/CG from Rosetta measurements2015In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 42, no 11, p. 4263-4269Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We use measurements from the Rosetta plasma consortium Langmuir probe and mutual impedance probe to study the spatial distribution of low-energy plasma in the near-nucleus coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The spatial distribution is highly structured with the highest density in the summer hemisphere and above the region connecting the two main lobes of the comet, i.e., the neck region. There is a clear correlation with the neutral density and the plasma to neutral density ratio is found to be approximate to 1-210(-6), at a cometocentric distance of 10km and at 3.1AU from the Sun. A clear 6.2h modulation of the plasma is seen as the neck is exposed twice per rotation. The electron density of the collisionless plasma within 260km from the nucleus falls off with radial distance as approximate to 1/r. The spatial structure indicates that local ionization of neutral gas is the dominant source of low-energy plasma around the comet.

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