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The current study is the first to investigate confabulatory introspection in relation to clinical psychological symptoms utilizing the Choice Blindness Paradigm (CBP). It was hypothesized that those with obsessive-compulsive symptoms are more likely to confabulate mental states. To test this hypothesis, an experimental choice blindness task was administered in two nonclinical samples (n = 47; n = 76). Results showed that a confabulatory introspection is significantly related to obsessive-compulsive symptoms. There was evidence for its specificity to symptoms of OCD depending on the obsessional theme addressed in the choice blindness task. However, confabulatory introspection was also found to be relevant to other symptoms, including depression and schizotypy. The results highlight a potentially fruitful new area of clinical investigation in the area of insight and self-knowledge, not limited to OCD alone, but potentially other disorders as well.

Are women less competitive than men? Many experimental and nonexperimental studies have documented gender differences in competitiveness. This article presents the results from a study that examines gender differences in competitiveness in the television show Come Dine with Me. It is a cooking show in which amateur chefs compete against each other for a cash prize. The show provides an unusual opportunity to study gender differences in a high-stakes game environment. The results demonstrate that there are no gender differences in competitiveness.

Research has shown that people often exert control over their emotions. By modulating expressions, reappraising feelings, and redirecting attention, they can regulate their emotional experience. These findings have contributed to a blurring of the traditional boundaries between cognitive and emotional processes, and it has been suggested that emotional signals are produced in a goal-directed way and monitored for errors like other intentional actions. However, this interesting possibility has never been experimentally tested. To this end, we created a digital audio platform to covertly modify the emotional tone of participants' voices while they talked in the direction of happiness, sadness, or fear. The result showed that the audio transformations were being perceived as natural examples of the intended emotions, but the great majority of the participants, nevertheless, remained unaware that their own voices were being manipulated. This finding indicates that people are not continuously monitoring their own voice to make sure that it meets a predetermined emotional target. Instead, as a consequence of listening to their altered voices, the emotional state of the participants changed in congruence with the emotion portrayed, which was measured by both self-report and skin conductance level. This change is the first evidence, to our knowledge, of peripheral feedback effects on emotional experience in the auditory domain. As such, our result reinforces the wider framework of self-perception theory: that we often use the same inferential strategies to understand ourselves as those that we use to understand others.

The present paper deals with post-separation child positions in two domains of practice in the Swedish welfare state: welfare benefits such as financial aid, and child contact. The area of concern is financial oppression in the context of parental separation. Empirically, the study draws upon three types of material: interviews with victimised mothers, court orders in welfare benefit appeals and court orders in contested contact cases. Findings suggest that financial abuse in the context of parental separation is a non-question in the domain of welfare benefits, and in the domain of child contact framed as a conflict between equal parties. Object without voice and with needs ignored was the typical child position in welfare benefits cases, whereas incompetent subject was more prominent in child contact cases. Age order as a form of domination may be reinforced by the practice of both domains.

Drawing upon an explorative study of family law proceedings from a school perspective, the aim of this paper is to examine the school staff's strategies for solving or coping with problematic situations in this context. Gendered conflicts between adults and violence are extreme cases for pedagogues in school and preschool. How do staff cope with their own and the children's vulnerability? Based upopn interviews with 22 informants, the staff strategies are outlined and discussed in relation to organizational and professional circumstances and intersecting social relations of power.  An analytical construction of six types of strategies, ranging from distance keeping to normalization of own exposure, is utilized in the analysis. Findings suggests that the staff's strategies to handle challenging events in this context vary with the parent's gender, class position and ethnicity. Further, it is argued that creating a sense of safety and promoting learning among the children may be obstructed by lack of support from the school's organization, demands on staff to perform customer oriented attitudes towards parents and lack of clarity concerning the limits of the social task. In conclusion, a further aim of this article is to contribute to broader discussions on men's violence against women and children - in families as well as in workplaces and in the intersection between these two areas.

The intersection between family law proceedings and the school system is a neglected area of research. Based upon a qualitative interview study involving 22 informants, this article explores how staff at school and preschool understands their professional task, when in encounters with children in difficulties in the context of family law proceedings. Which are the implications of these understandings of professionalism, for children exposed to violence? Further, the article explores the relations between established perspectives in the school domain and discourses dominating the immediate domain of family law. The results suggest that two competing perspectives shape understandings of risks, solutions and violence in dissimilar ways. When arguing from the child’s rights’ perspective, the staff prioritizes children’s safety and participation, while an upbringing perspective tends to understand violence mainly as a problem of order, with disquieting implications for vulnerable children.

The article deals with the intersection between competition law rules on abuse of a dominant position and switching strategies employed by pharmaceutical originator companies. Switching is also known as ever-greening, product hopping or product life cycle strategies. It is one of the most topical issues in the patent-antitrust intersection today and consists in launching a slightly modified, second generation pharmaceutical, 1-2 years before the patent exclusivity expires for a first generation product. In this window originators try to migrate patients to a reformulated product. If successful, this will shield the originator from the effects of generic substitution for the first generation product. In the AstraZeneca-case the EU General Court held that a selective redrawal of marketing authorizations for a first generation product was an abuse of a dominant position under article 102 TFEU. This article focuses on other components in a switching strategy, especially the timing and content of marketing efforts by an originator company. Marketing is pro-competitive in almost all cases, but due to the special regulatory context in the pharmaceutical industry, marketing by an originator company can be used in an excluding fashion in the pharmaceutical industry. The conclusion is reached that casting the quality or price of the originator’s first generation product in a bad light, in comparison with the second generation product during exclusivity for the first generation product, may be an abuse by a dominant firm falling foul of article 102 TFEU. It is in effect equivalent to negative comparative advertising messages concerning a competitor’s soon to be launched product.

A common method to reconstruct historical national accounts is the demand approach, which calculates agricultural consumption from the development of wages and prices of agricultural and non-agricultural products assuming constant income, own price and cross price elasticities of demand. This study uses agricultural data for Sweden 1802-1950, which is more reliable than for other countries, to put the approach to test. Time series analysis shows that the demand approach could be modelled as a cointegrating relationship between per capita demand and the deflated wage. Income elasticity is estimated to +0.4. Using the estimated parameters to extrapolate Swedish agricultural consumption back to the Middle Ages accords quite well with other indicators. However, out-of-sampling shows that the 90% confidence interval is as large as +/- 0.15-0.25 natural logarithms.

The world population growth increased in the eighteenth century, which caused real wages to decline in most countries. Eli Heckscher held the view that Swedish population growth was quite low in the seventeenth century, similar to the development in the rest of Europe, and that there was a substantial acceleration after 1720. Recent data for Sweden by Lennart Andersson Palm entail that population growth was stronger in the seventeenth century than in the eighteenth century. However, this is at variance with other types of economic data. For example, Swedish real wages increased during the seventeenth century and fell in the eighteenth century. This study attempts to resolve the anomaly and argues that Palm's estimates of Swedish population and mortality rates are too low for the seventeenth century. It presents revised annual demographic data for Sweden for the pre-census period, back to 1630. The new data indicate that there was a small acceleration in early modern population growth, due to the decreased occurrence of mortality crises, but the acceleration was not as pronounced as in the rest of the world.

Domestic Violence, Family Law and School discusses the ways in which domestic violence can impact on children's lives at pre-school and school. Disputes over parental responsibility, living arrangements or child contact can create difficulties not just for the child of disputing parents, but for all children at preschool or school, as well as for staff. This book uncovers new research on an under-explored area of children's lives and social work with vulnerable children and is shaped by a comparative lens that brings both similarities and differences between England, Wales and Sweden into focus. A theoretical framework for analyses of how welfare systems tackle domestic violence is elaborated and lessons for practice that can be drawn from the findings presented are highlighted

This volume bridges two separate academic debates on the problems of democracy and the political community in a transnational context. The authors discuss the theoretical concerns of citizenship in an age of globalization and the inclusive and exclusive character of citizenship in contemporary society, taking as a starting point the status, role and function of citizenship within democratic systems and multilayered government structures. This novel approach adds a broad array of critical, conceptual and normative perspectives on the borders, territories and political agents of the state, employing a variety of disciplines to explore the possibilities and challenges for citizens as political agents in light of present processes of fragmentation and pluralization.

Le pronom on renferme un paradoxe sémantique. D’une part, on établit la présence d’un ou de plusieurs êtres humains comme le sujet concerné par une situation décrite. D’autre part, l’identification de ce ou ces être(s) humain(s) repose sur toute la complexité des indications contextuelles, des connaissances communes et des idées préconçues des locuteurs. Cette tension entre intension et extension, qui n’arrête pas d’intriguer les chercheurs en linguistique française, est abordée ici de plusieurs manières différentes. Ainsi le fonctionnement de on est étudié dans trois genres différents (fiction romanesque, article scientifique, conversation spontanée) et de trois perspectives théoriques (textuelle, polyphonique et contrastive).

Every day, thousands of polls, surveys, and rating scales are employed to elicit the attitudes of humankind. Given the ubiquitous use of these instruments, it seems we ought to have firm answers to what is measured by them, but unfortunately we do not. To help remedy this situation, we present a novel approach to investigate the nature of attitudes. We created a self-transforming paper survey of moral opinions, covering both foundational principles, and current dilemmas hotly debated in the media. This survey used a magic trick to expose participants to a reversal of their previously stated attitudes, allowing us to record whether they were prepared to endorse and argue for the opposite view of what they had stated only moments ago. The result showed that the majority of the reversals remained undetected, and a full 69% of the participants failed to detect at least one of two changes. In addition, participants often constructed coherent and unequivocal arguments supporting the opposite of their original position. These results suggest a dramatic potential for flexibility in our moral attitudes, and indicates a clear role for self-attribution and post-hoc rationalization in attitude formation and change.

Political candidates often believe they must focus their campaign efforts on a small number of swing voters open for ideological change. Based on the wisdom of opinion polls, this might seem like a good idea. But do most voters really hold their political attitudes so firmly that they are unreceptive to persuasion? We tested this premise during the most recent general election in Sweden, in which a left- and a right-wing coalition were locked in a close race. We asked our participants to state their voter intention, and presented them with a political survey of wedge issues between the two coalitions. Using a sleight-of-hand we then altered their replies to place them in the opposite political camp, and invited them to reason about their attitudes on the manipulated issues. Finally, we summarized their survey score, and asked for their voter intention again. The results showed that no more than 22% of the manipulated replies were detected, and that a full 92% of the participants accepted and endorsed our altered political survey score. Furthermore, the final voter intention question indicated that as many as 48% (+/- 9.2%) were willing to consider a left-right coalition shift. This can be contrasted with the established polls tracking the Swedish election, which registered maximally 10% voters open for a swing. Our results indicate that political attitudes and partisan divisions can be far more flexible than what is assumed by the polls, and that people can reason about the factual issues of the campaign with considerable openness to change.

Choice blindness is the finding that participants both often fail to notice mismatches between their decisions and the outcome of their choice and, in addition, endorse the opposite of their chosen alternative. But do these preference reversals also carry over to future choices and ratings? To investigate this question, we gave participants the task of choosing which of a pair of faces they found most attractive. Unknown to them, we sometimes used a card trick to exchange one face for the other. Both decision theory and common sense strongly suggest that most people would easily notice such a radical change in the outcome of a choice. But that was not the case: no more than a third of the exchanges were detected by the participants. We also included a second round of choices using the same face pairs, and two stages of post-choice attractiveness ratings of the faces. This way we were able to measure preference strength both as choice consistency and by looking at measures of rating differences between chosen and rejected options. We found that the initially rejected faces were chosen more frequently in the second choice, and the perceived attractiveness of these faces was increased even in uncoupled individual ratings at the end of the experiment. This result is discussed in relation to Chen and Risen's recent criticism of the Free Choice Paradigm, as it shows that choices can affect future preferences.  

Conceptions of autonomy in western philosophy and ethics have often centred on self-governance and self-determination. However, a growing bulk of literature also questions such conceptions, including the understanding of the autonomous self as a self-governing independent individual that chooses, acts, and lives in accordance with her or his own values, norms, or sense of sell This article contributes to the critical interrogation of selfhood, autonomy, and autonomous decision making by combining a feminist focus on relational dimensions of selfhood and autonomy with phenomenological philosophy of the embodied self as being-in-the-world. It offers a philosophical investigation of different dimensions of bodily relational autonomy by turning to phenomenological accounts of the lived body as self-reflexive. When so doing, we hope to contribute to bridging the gap that sometimes exists between discussions of autonomy in analytic moral philosophy and of freedom and facticity in phenomenological philosophy. We see this gap as unfortunate, and hold that a nuanced understanding of autonomy and autonomous decision making can be reached if these strands of philosophy are brought into dialogue.

What would it be like if we said one thing, and heard ourselves saying something else? Would we notice something was wrong? Or would we believe we said the thing we heard? Is feedback of our own speech only used to detect errors, or does it also help to specify the meaning of what we say? Comparator models of self-monitoring favor the first alternative, and hold that our sense of agency is given by the comparison between intentions and outcomes, while inferential models argue that agency is a more fluent construct, dependent on contextual inferences about the most likely cause of an action. In this paper, we present a theory about the use of feedback during speech. Specifically, we discuss inferential models of speech production that question the standard comparator assumption that the meaning of our utterances is fully specified before articulation. We then argue that auditory feedback provides speakers with a channel for high-level, semantic "self-comprehension". In support of this we discuss results using a method we recently developed called Real-time Speech Exchange (RSE). In our first study using RSE (Lind et al., in press) participants were fitted with headsets and performed a computerized Stroop task. We surreptitiously recorded words they said, and later in the test we played them back at the exact same time that the participants uttered something else, while blocking the actual feedback of their voice. Thus, participants said one thing, but heard themselves saying something else. The results showed that when timing conditions were ideal, more than two thirds of the manipulations went undetected. Crucially, in a large proportion of the non-detected manipulated trials, the inserted words were experienced as self-produced by the participants. This indicates that our sense of agency for speech has a strong inferential component, and that auditory feedback of our own voice acts as a pathway for semantic monitoring. We believe RSE holds great promise as a tool for investigating the role of auditory feedback during speech, and we suggest a number of future studies to serve this purpose.

Speech is usually assumed to start with a clearly defined preverbal message, which provides a benchmark for self-monitoring and a robust sense of agency for one's utterances. However, an alternative hypothesis states that speakers often have no detailed preview of what they are about to say, and that they instead use auditory feedback to infer the meaning of their words. In the experiment reported here, participants performed a Stroop color-naming task while we covertly manipulated their auditory feedback in real time so that they said one thing but heard themselves saying something else. Under ideal timing conditions, two thirds of these semantic exchanges went undetected by the participants, and in 85% of all nondetected exchanges, the inserted words were experienced as self-produced. These findings indicate that the sense of agency for speech has a strong inferential component, and that auditory feedback of one's own voice acts as a pathway for semantic monitoring, potentially overriding other feedback loops.

L’objectif de cet article est de dégager les rapports entre la notion d’argumentation par autorité et celles de discours rapporté et de polyphonie linguistique. Ces notions, étroitement liées, ont en commun de faire intervenir l’idée d’un discours autre que celui du locuteur. Si la ressemblance entre elles est évidente, il est également vrai qu’elles gardent chacune leur propre caractère. Étant donné la multitude et le flottement constant des acceptions des termes traités, il est difficile, voire impossible, de synthétiser les travaux antérieurs sur le sujet afin d’aboutir à une définition générale de ces termes. C’est pourquoi le parcours sera accompli en sens inverse : au lieu d’insister sur l’intersection des notions, ce sont les différences entre celles-ci qui seront mises en lumière. L’argumentation par autorité sera mise en relation d’une part avec la polyphonie et d’autre part avec le discours rapporté. Une place particulière sera consacrée aux analyses de Ducrot, vu l’influence qu’elles ont eue sur la tradition française de l’analyse de ces phénomènes linguistiques.

This article discusses the relation between the direct reported speech form (DD) and the function of referring to an enunciation in Ducrot’s meaning, i.e. to speech stricto sensu. The analyse is based on the direct reported speech-forms in Marcel Proust’s Le Temps retrouvé.  It is shown that a direct reported speech form can easily refer to hypothetical enunciations, to several enunciations resumed in one form, to ways-of-talk in metalinguistic terms, to an interpretation of gestures or attitudes, or finally, in extreme cases, to non-speech.

These observations arises the more important question about the stylistic motivation between different forms of discourse as direct/indirect speech, indirect free discourse etc. although the default interpretation of DD is that it refers to authentic speech in the fiction.

The study is placed within the framework of the Nordic Polyphony Research Group.

Den här artikeln belyser det franska pronomenet on i förhållande till begreppet tredje personen (la troisième personne) inom den språkliga polyfoniteorin. Diskussionen utgår ifrån exempel tagna ur skönlitterär text, men antas kunna vara relevant på en allmänspråklig nivå.

Det är ett välkänt faktum att yttranden och texter kan ge eko av andra röster än talarens, eller i det här fallet författarens. Den språkliga polyfonin kännetecknas av att den placerar sig på ett semantiskt plan och finns redan i ordens betydelser. Den är inskriven i språksystemet till skillnad från den litterära polyfonin, som uppkommer i språkets användning i längre stycken.

Språklig polyfoniteori har som uppgift att redogöra för hur olika ”röster” tar form i yttranden. Orden i ett yttrande visar ofta spår av den som säger yttrandet och den som mottar det. Exempelvis handlar det om personliga pronomen, performativa verb, modus mm. Teorin har fördjupat sig, av uppenbara skäl, i begreppen talare (locuteur) och mottagare (allocutaire), eftersom de utgör grundpelare i mänsklig kommunikation, men vid närmare analys kan man även konstatera att andra röster är ständigt närvarande och kodas genom språkliga former. Termen den tredje rösten används som samlingsnamn för dessa röster.

Donnant l'impression d'une anarchie linguistique, la langue du chat est parfois considérée comme Je lieu privilégié des lapsus, ratages, fautes, malentendus et tout phénomène linguistique généralement stigmatisé. Cependant, le chat est fortement réglé par ses propres conventions, la Netiquette. L'objet de cette étude est la « séquence régulatrice », constituée de deux activités, d'une part, une initiative transgressant la Netiquette et, d'autre part, les interventions réactives réglant le comportement de l'utilisateur de l'initiative. Il  serait tentant de considérer toute violation à la Netiquette comme « trouble communicatif ». Or, ce qui paraît a priori être une discordance sociolinguistique se présente comme une ressource importante pour constituer et maintenir la culture linguistique du salon chat, communauté qui n'existe que par le verbal écrit. L'étude se fera en plusieurs étapes : introduction au genre discursif et   considérations méthodologiques, définition de la notion de séquence régulatrice et analyse de la réalisation linguistique de celle-ci (niveau intervention et niveau échange), analyse des transgressions réglées (en contraste avec les faits de langue généralement stigmatisés). En conclusion, nous discuterons dans quelle mesure ce genre d'étude peut révéler l'identité collective d'une communauté virtuelle. L'étude se base sur des enregistrements du salon chat Éducation et école, accessible par www.voila.fr, et se place principalement dans le courant de la linguistique interactionnelle.

Introduction: The concept of sustainability has become one of today's most widely used and controversial concepts. It is therefore important to develop activities within all educational contexts in order to increase understanding of the goals for more sustainable practice. This also means that professors themselves must take more responsibility for their assignments, interpret and understand the content of the concept of sustainability and demands for new courses. They need, doubtlessly and naturally, new methods and tools. Traditionally professors plan their lessons, different tasks and how they are to be assessed, entirely themselves. This is now slowly changing not least due sustainability approaches. Today there is demand for more collective learning practices, not only among students, but also among university professors themselves.

Objective: This paper aims to study how some students are using the course design to create knowledge on Sustainable Business Development, within the division of Quality Technology of the Department of Engineering Sciences at Uppsala University. Methods: This paper studies Sustainable Business Development a course at Uppsala University in spring 2017, included both theoretical and practical exercises. In this study it was used qualitative and quantitative approaches, inquires, observations, focus group discussions interviews with students as well as documentation over the course design were used as empirical sources.

Results: Students learned through both individual and collective learning processes. Literature studies, scalable learning sequences, organized individually, gave them pre-under- standing and the tools for further knowledge. The discussions in groups clarified and deepened they understanding of sustainability. They experienced that the whole process of learning got easier to manage by collective learning. Research shows that there is a need for balancing these two learning processes to maximize students’ learning. The processes of collective learning seem to even support low performing students.

Conclusions: The results show that educational organizations are in great need of creating tools and arrange structures and give space and time for this combined type of learning for all students. This to create understanding for the issues students are learning in general and not at least on issues of sustainability. 

Understanding of assignment and responsibility through learning process within organizational change/development

Anette Oxenswärdh, Phd

Uppsala University /Campus Gotland

anette.oxenswardh@angstrom.uu.se

Cramérgatan 3, 621 67 Visby, Sweden

Abstract

The starting point of this study is the changed governance of schools in Sweden. Decentralization has not only increased the freedom of schools but also responsibility at the different levels of the school system. This in turn has given greater scope for interpreting the assignment. In recent years, however, a certain return to regulation has been evident.

Methodology/Approach

Theoretically the concept of responsibility is elucidated as a term in philosophy, organization theory, and psychology-education. Responsibility in school can be described as a relationship between the commissioner’s exaction of responsibility and the contrac- tor’s assumption of responsibility. This can cause uncertainty in matters of responsibility. Active school measures may be viewed as a way to clarify responsibility issues.

Two models of school development have been selected in order to study how they affect the school actors’ understanding of assignment and responsibility. Two case studies examine a number of conceptual dimensions that illustrate different aspects of the assumption of responsibility.

Findings

The results show that these two development models and the active measures to which they give rise shape in various ways the actors’ understanding of assignment and responsibility. These can be considered to place the emphasis on different parts of the control system. The Scope for Action Model emphasizes the role of the local school with the aid of a bottom-up strategy as regards the school’s assumption of responsibility. The Effective Schools Model emphasizes the political level in a more top-down strategy.

The main results show that the school development models contributed to increased cooperation between professionals, partly by exposing the organization and its boundaries, management, and different occupational roles. The cooperation exposes the obstacles but also the opportunities for change and development in the school’s own organization.

A further finding is that the school development models led to the exposure and creation of responsibility structures in the schools. Structures revealed included the organizational structure, management structures, communication and cooperation structures such as the teacher team and different kinds of development groups.

All these active measures furthered the individual and collective learning processes through which the professionals’ understanding of assignment and responsibility is (re)shaped. This understanding in turn constitutes an essential part of the professionals’ competence development and professional development.

The professionals’ autonomy is essential for increased commitment, motivation, and understanding. Proceeding from the professionals’ own needs when implementing de- velopment measures further increases their motivation and serves as a motor driving the work of development.

The learning process should be staged and designed as different arenas for more effectively satisfying the different needs of competence in the professionals. School development as learning should be continuous, with the aid of organization, support, leadership, and encouragement. School development should be the responsibility of all levels.

Key words: responsibility, accountability, understanding assignment and responsibility, learning, professional development

Bishop's informal set theory is briefly discussed and compared to Lawvere's Elementary Theory of the Category of Sets (ETCS). We then present a constructive and predicative version of ETCS, whose standard model is based on the constructive type theory of Martin-Lof. The theory, CETCS, provides a structuralist foundation for constructive mathematics in the style of Bishop.

The Hungarian language is the most important source for reconstructing the West Old Turkic language spoken west of the Ural in the 5th-12th centuries. The study by Árpád Berta and András Róna-Tas deals with the etymology of about 500 Hungarian words which are or may be of Old Turkic, in some cases of Middle Turkic origin. The Hungarian-Turkic contacts began in the 5th century and lasted a long period. The earliest loanwords were copied from a Western Old Turkic idiom; the latest loanwords were borrowed from the language of the Cumans who settled down in Hungary in the first half of 13th century. The authors excluded the Ottoman words from the corpus. In all cases the authors give the etymology of the Turkic word, the reconstructed copied form, the form as adapted by the Hungarian language and the history of the word. The detailed introduction focuses on the former research, the historical setting and the technical framework. In the concluding chapters the authors reconstruct the Ancient Hungarian language at the time of the Turkic-Hungarian contacts and outline the structure of the West Old Turkic language. A bibliography and several indices help the reader to use the book.

When advocates of multiculturalism promote democratic values, they often call for tolerance and respect. The pairwise usage of these concepts wrongly presumes a similar, if not the same, positively connoted meaning. This article depicts an important difference between respect and tolerance, not only in terms of semantics but also regarding the concepts' impact on social interactions. Being tolerated often means to be 'put up with' or to be grudgingly ignored. Multicultural approaches that are based on tolerance, then, may send misleading signals, as they implicitly state that members of ethnic and racial minorities are actually not welcome. We argue that respect conveys a more suitable message for successful multicultural policy programmes. Drawing on a sociological theory of respect that connects respect with the agency of the target person, we show that respect means treating people as autonomous agents whose will and interests are taken seriously and who are not looked down on.

The Swedish botanist and physician Carl Peter Thunberg (1743–1828), a pupil of Linnaeus, was the only European who visited and published his observations of Tokugawa Japan in the eighteenth century. On his way to and from Japan, Thunberg, travelling as a surgeon with the Dutch East India Company, visited territories in the Dutch colonial empire: the Cape Colony, Batavia (present-day Jakarta), and Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Wherever he went, he assembled huge collections, above all of natural history specimens. Thanks to his collections and support from influential gentlemen, he made a spectacular career at the University of Uppsala upon his return. He published a ground-breaking work on Japanese plants, Flora Japonica (1784), and a travel account that was translated into several languages.

                      The purpose of this book is to reconstruct Thunberg’s scientific career, by exploring exchanges within the networks which he built in Europe, the Dutch colonial empire, and Tokugawa Japan. Drawing on a wide range of sources, it is a study of social practices in natural history, in a global perspective. Thunberg’s voyage took place in a period of European expansion, with fierce competition between different chartered companies. The book studies his dealings with both Europeans and non-Europeans in the various ‘contact zones’ which he visited. Special emphasis is put on the role of non-European intermediaries, ‘knowledge brokers’ or ‘knowledge go-betweens’ (Kapil Raj).

                      In the Dutch empire, Thunberg accepted and skilfully used the existing colonial structures. His dealings were mostly with Europeans. He was occasionally assisted by indigenous intermediaries, but never mentions them by name. In Japan meanwhile, where he could not rely on a colonial infrastructure, Thunberg and his Japanese colleagues – interpreters in Nagasaki, physicians at the shogun’s court in Edo, present-day Tokyo – developed a system of mutual exchanges. Since the seventeenth century, the Dutch trading post on the island of Deshima off Nagasaki had been a place for scientific interchange between Japan and Europe. Thunberg taught Western therapeutic methods in the field of materia medica and, in exchange, received services in botany and other areas. The Swede and his Japanese partners contributed to each other’s careers, and at the same time acted as knowledge brokers between East and West.

                      The book focuses on Thunberg’s early career, up to 1787 when King Gustav III, on Thunberg’s initiative, founded a new Botanical Garden and a monumental building for natural history – today’s Linneanum – at the University of Uppsala. An overview is also given of his later career, from 1788 to 1828.

Past urban settlements in tropical island environments offer particularly challenging sites for mainstream archaeology. Often associated with shallow stratigraphic sequences, archaeological sediments and soils in these sites are strongly influenced by local geology and seawater. This study discusses the advantages and challenges of developing an integrated geoarchaeological programme to examine the use of space at the Swahili stonetown of Songo Mnara Island, Tanzania. This exceptionally well preserved site, occupied for less than two centuries (C14th-16th AD), comprises a complex urban layout with stone built houses, wattle-and-daub structures, funerary complexes, activity areas such as wells, and open areas. The programme has combined geoarchaeological (soil macro-and micromorphology, ICP-AES, pH, EC), geophysical (magnetic susceptibility) and archaeological (large excavations, test trenches, artefact distribution mapping) techniques to investigate the use of space across different contexts. Initial geoarchaeological prospection and opportunistic soil sampling have allowed framing of the island's environmental settings and archaeological deposits as well as outlining open spaces in between buildings. Subsequent research applied a systematic sampling strategy to map geochemical and artefact distributions in conjunction with context-specific soil micromorphology. The results provide a means to map out the impact of occupation across the site as well as to differentiate between open, roofed and unroofed spaces. ICP-AES results, for example, demonstrate that measurements of Ca, Mg, P, S and Sr levels can help discriminate occupation/activity areas in tropical island environments. They also indicate that the depletion of certain elements (e.g. Na, K, and Ni) should be considered as a means of differentiating between roofed and unroofed spaces. The combination of different methodologies demonstrates the importance of addressing discrepancies as well as correlations between multiple datasets for deciphering features within urban spaces in tropical environments and interpreting ancient activities that occurred within them.

Studies on surrogate motherhood have mostly explored paid arrangements through the lens of a contract model, as clinical work or as a maternal identity-building project. Turning to the under-examined case of unpaid, so-called altruistic surrogate motherhood and based on an analysis of interviews with women who had been unpaid surrogate mothers in a full gestational surrogacy with a friend or relative in Canada, the United States or Australia, this article explores altruistic surrogate motherhood as relational work. It argues that this form of surrogate motherhood within close interpersonal relations can be conceptualised through the relational work involved in hosting a child for the intended parents. The article explores how relational work in this context implies an embodied, asymmetrical and far-reaching sense of responsibility that surrogate mothers describe as characteristic of their surrogacy experience. In this way, the article sheds light on feminist concerns about surrogacy as an embodied and objectifying work of women while at the same time illuminating how surrogate mothers respond to the intended parents in light of their pre-surrogacy relationship, how meanings are negotiated by them and how relationships are managed during the pregnancy.

Reasoning research suggests that people use more stringent criteria when they evaluate others' arguments than when they produce arguments themselves. To demonstrate this selective laziness, we used a choice blindness manipulation. In two experiments, participants had to produce a series of arguments in response to reasoning problems, and they were then asked to evaluate other people's arguments about the same problems. Unknown to the participants, in one of the trials, they were presented with their own argument as if it was someone else's. Among those participants who accepted the manipulation and thus thought they were evaluating someone else's argument, more than half (56% and 58%) rejected the arguments that were in fact their own. Moreover, participants were more likely to reject their own arguments for invalid than for valid answers. This demonstrates that people are more critical of other people's arguments than of their own, without being overly critical: They are better able to tell valid from invalid arguments when the arguments are someone else's rather than their own.

Die Autoren fragen nach einer Neubewertung des Verständnisses von Politikwissenschaft, das Lasswell (1951) formuliert hat. Basis für diese Neubewertung sind die Beiträge des Sammelbandes. Es wird eine Zusammenfassung einiger Einsichten der vergleichenden Forschung gegeben. "Wenn es eine Sache gibt, die unser Überblick nationaler Erfahrungen zeigt, dann, dassŸ es schwierig ist, umfassende Generalisierungen plausibel zu machen." Die Sozialwissenschaften haben in den einzelnen LÀndern unterschiedliche Stellenwerte. Die  Lehre lässt sich aus der Wechselwirkung zwischen Regierungshandeln und Sozialwissenschaft in historischer und institutioneller Hinsicht ziehen. Abschließend werden Grundfragen für die weitere Entwicklung einer politikorientierten Sozialwissenschaft skizziert. (ICD)

Research on the archaeology of the coast of eastern Africa is closely associated with the earliest days of the British Institute in Eastern Africa and in many ways quickly became synonymous with the Institute's journal - Azania. This is not surprising given that Neville Chittick, the first Director of the Institute and initial editor of Azania, was most actively engaged with research on the eastern African Swahili coast. Since those early years, many researchers have described the changing paradigms of coastal archaeology, often through the lens of wider political and theoretical changes and framed with reference to periods of colonialism, independence and post-colonialism. In this paper, we seek instead to document and describe the methodological and analytical changes that have occurred in the archaeology of eastern Africa over the decades that Azania has been published. We focus on three broad methodological areas and chart their emergence, use and transformation over time: urban archaeology, ceramics and typology and survey and reconnaissance. We then offer a discussion of the diversity of current methodologies and the introduction of scientific techniques and how they have served to shape the type of questions that can be asked and answered. Finally, we call for a continued commitment to local dissemination for coastal researchers: a job for which Azania retains its important role.