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  • 1.
    Abdeldaim, Guma M. K.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Herrmann, Björn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    PCR detection of haemophilus influenzae from respiratory specimens2013In: PCR Detection of Microbial Pathogens / [ed] Mark Wilks, Humana Press, 2013, 2, p. 115-123Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The detection of Haemophilus influenzae by conventional methods like culture is time-consuming and may give false-negative results, especially during ongoing antibiotic treatment. Therefore, non-culture based methods that are sensitive, specific, and rapid are valuable for early diagnosis and effective therapy. Here we describe a quantitative real-time PCR assay based on the outer membrane P6 gene omp6, to detect H. influenzae and its application on respiratory tract specimens.

  • 2.
    Abdeldaim, Guma M. K.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Stralin, Kristoffer
    Olcen, Per
    Blomberg, Jonas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Virology.
    Molling, Paula
    Herrmann, Björn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Quantitative fucK gene polymerase chain reaction on sputum and nasopharyngeal secretions to detect Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia2013In: Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease, ISSN 0732-8893, E-ISSN 1879-0070, Vol. 76, no 2, p. 141-146Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the fucK gene was developed for specific detection of Haemophilus influenzae. The method was tested on sputum and nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) from 78 patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). With a reference standard of sputum culture and/or serology against the patient's own nasopharyngeal isolate, H. influenzae etiology was detected in 20 patients. Compared with the reference standard, fucK PCR (using the detection limit 10(5) DNA copies/mL) on sputum and NPA showed a sensitivity of 95.0% (19/20) in both cases, and specificities of 87.9% (51/58) and 89.5% (52/58), respectively. In a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, sputum fucK PCR was found to be significantly superior to sputum P6 PCR for detection of H. influenzae CAP. NPA fucK PCR was positive in 3 of 54 adult controls without respiratory symptoms. In conclusion, quantitative fucK real-time PCR provides a sensitive and specific identification of H. influenzae in respiratory secretions.

  • 3.
    Abdeldaim, Guma
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology. Benghazi Univ, Fac Med, Dept Med Microbiol & Parasitol, Benghazi, Libya..
    Svensson, Erik
    Statens Serum Inst, Int Reference Lab Mycobacteriol, Copenhagen, Denmark..
    Blomberg, Jonas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Virology.
    Herrmann, Björn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Duplex detection of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and medically important non-tuberculosis mycobacteria by real-time PCR based on the rnpB gene2016In: Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica (APMIS), ISSN 0903-4641, E-ISSN 1600-0463, Vol. 124, no 11, p. 991-995Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A duplex real-time PCR based on the rnpB gene was developed for Mycobacterium spp. The assay was specific for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTB) and also detected all 19 tested species of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). The assay was evaluated on 404 clinical samples: 290 respiratory samples and 114 from tissue and other nonrespiratory body sites. M. tuberculosis was detected by culture in 40 samples and in 30 samples by the assay. The MTB assay showed a sensitivity similar to Roche Cobas Amplicor MTB-PCR (Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, CA, USA). There were only nine samples with non-tuberculous mycobacteria detected by culture. Six of them were detected by the PCR assay.

  • 4.
    Abu Hamdeh, Sami
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Lytsy, Birgitta
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Ronne-Engström, Elisabeth
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Surgical site infections in standard neurosurgery procedures-a study of incidence, impact and potential risk factors2014In: British Journal of Neurosurgery, ISSN 0268-8697, E-ISSN 1360-046X, Vol. 28, no 2, p. 270-275Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives. Surgical site infections (SSIs) may be devastating for the patient and they carry high economic costs. Studies of SSI after neurosurgery report an incidence of 1 - 11%. However, patient material, follow-up time and definition of SSI have varied. In the present study we prospectively recorded the prevalence of SSI 3 months after standard intracranial neurosurgical procedures. The incidence, impact and risk factors of SSI were analysed. Methods. We included patients admitted during 2010 to our unit for postoperative care after standard neurosurgical procedures. SSI was defined as evident with positive cultures from surgical samples or CSF, and/or purulent discharge during reoperation. Follow-up was done after 3 and 12 months and statistics was obtained after 3 months. The predictive values on the outcome of demographic and clinical factors describing the surgical procedure were evaluated using linear regression. Results. A total of 448 patients were included in the study and underwent a total of 466 procedures. Within 3 and 12 months, 33 and 88 patients, respectively, had died. Of the surviving patients, 20 (4.3% of procedures) developed infections within 3 months and another 3 (4.9% of procedures) within 12 months. Risk factors for SSI were meningioma, longer operation time, craniotomy, dural substitute, and staples in wound closure. Patients with SSI had significantly longer hospital stay. Multivariate analysis showed that factors found significant in univariate analysis frequently occur together. Discussion. We studied the prevalence of SSI after 3 and 12 months in a prospective 1-year material with standard neurosurgical procedures and found it to be 4.3% and 4.9%, respectively. The analysis of the results showed that a combination of parameters indicating a longer and more complicated procedure predicted the development of SSI. Our conclusion is that the prevention of SSI has to be done at many levels, especially with patients undergoing long surgical procedures.

  • 5.
    Andersson, Madelen
    et al.
    Blekinge Hosp, Dept Infect Dis, Karlskrona, Sweden..
    Resman, Fredrik
    Lund Univ, Dept Translat Med Med Microbiol, Malmo, Sweden..
    Eitrem, Rickard
    Dept Communicable Dis Control Cty Blekinge, Karlskrona, Sweden..
    Drobni, Peter
    Dept Clin Microbiol Cty Kronoberg, Vaxjo Karlskrona, Sweden..
    Riesbeck, Kristian
    Lund Univ, Dept Translat Med Med Microbiol, Malmo, Sweden..
    Kahlmeter, Gunnar
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology. Dept Clin Microbiol Cty Kronoberg, Vaxjo Karlskrona, Sweden..
    Sundqvist, Martin
    Dept Clin Microbiol Cty Kronoberg, Vaxjo Karlskrona, Sweden.;Univ Orebro, Fac Med & Hlth, Dept Lab Med Clin Microbiol, SE-70182 Orebro, Sweden..
    Outbreak of a beta-lactam resistant non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae sequence type 14 associated with severe clinical outcomes2015In: BMC Infectious Diseases, E-ISSN 1471-2334, Vol. 15, article id 581Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: During October 2011 several residents and staff members at a long-term care facility (LTCF) for elderly fell ill with respiratory symptoms. Several of the residents required hospitalization and one died. Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) was identified as the causative pathogen. Methods: A descriptive analysis of the outbreak and countermeasures was performed. For each identified bacterial isolate implied in the outbreak, standard laboratory resistance testing was performed, as well as molecular typing and phylogenetic analysis. Results: The identified H. influenzae was beta-lactamase negative but had strikingly high MIC-values of ampicillin, cefuroxime and cefotaxime. All isolates displayed the same mutation in the ftsI gene encoding penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 3, and all but one were identified as sequence type 14 by Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST). In total 15 individuals in connection to the LTCF; 8 residents, 6 staff members and one partner to a staff member were colonized with the strain. Conclusion: This report illustrates the existence of non-typeable H. influenzae with high virulence, and furthermore emphasizes the importance of continuous surveillance of possible outbreaks in health care facilities and prompt measures when outbreaks occur.

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  • 6. Athlin, Simon
    et al.
    Kaltoft, Margit
    Slotved, Hans-Christian
    Herrmann, Björn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Holmberg, Hans
    Konradsen, Helle Bossen
    Stralin, Kristoffer
    Association between Serotype-Specific Antibody Response and Serotype Characteristics in Patients with Pneumococcal Pneumonia, with Special Reference to Degree of Encapsulation and Invasive Potential2014In: Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, ISSN 1556-6811, E-ISSN 1556-679X, Vol. 21, no 11, p. 1541-1549Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We studied the immunoglobulin (Ig) response to causative serotype-specific capsular polysaccharides in adult pneumococcal pneumonia patients. The serotypes were grouped according to their degree of encapsulation and invasive potential. Seventy patients with pneumococcal pneumonia, 20 of whom were bacteremic, were prospectively studied. All pneumococcal isolates from the patients were serotyped, and the Ig titers to the homologous serotype were determined in acute-and convalescent-phase sera using a serotype-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The Ig titers were lower in bacteremic cases than in nonbacteremic cases (P < 0.042). The Ig titer ratio (convalescent/acute titer) was >= 2 in 33 patients, 1 to 1.99 in 20 patients, and < 1 in 17 patients. Patients >= 65 years old had a lower median Ig titer ratio than did younger patients (P < 0.031). The patients with serotypes with a thin capsule (1, 4, 7F, 9N, 9V, and 14) and medium/high invasive potential (1, 4, 7F, 9N, 9V, 14, and 18C) had higher Ig titer ratios than did patients with serotypes with a thick capsule (3, 6B, 11A, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F) and low invasive potential (3, 6B, 19A, 19F, and 23F) (P < 0.05 for both comparisons after adjustment for age). Ig titer ratios of <1 were predominantly noted in patients with serotypes with a thick capsule. In 8 patients with pneumococcal DNA detected in plasma, the three patients with the highest DNA load had the lowest Ig titer ratios. In conclusion, a high antibody response was associated with serotypes with a thin capsule and medium/high invasive potential, although a low antibody response was associated with serotypes with a thick capsule and a high pneumococcal plasma load.

  • 7. Bengtsson, S.
    et al.
    Bjelkenbrant, C.
    Kahlmeter, Gunnar
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Validation of EUCAST zone diameter breakpoints against reference broth microdilution2014In: Clinical Microbiology and Infection, ISSN 1198-743X, E-ISSN 1469-0691, Vol. 20, no 6, p. O353-O360Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) began harmonizing clinical breakpoints in Europe 2002. In 2009, work to develop a disc diffusion method began and the first disc diffusion breakpoints calibrated to EUCAST clinical MIC breakpoints were published in December 2009. In this study we validated EUCAST clinical zone diameter breakpoints against the International Standard Organization (ISO) reference broth microdilution. A collection of 544 isolates (238 Gram-negative and 306 Gram-positive) were tested against a panel of antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed with broth microdilution as described by ISO and disc diffusion in accordance with EUCAST methodology. Inhibition zone diameters and MIC values were interpreted and categorized (S, I and R) according to EUCAST clinical breakpoint table version 2.0. Categorical agreement (CA) as well as minor (mD), major (MD) and very major (VMD) discrepancies were determined. There was in general good correlation between susceptibility test results obtained with disc diffusion and broth microdilution. Overall CA was 97.3% for all combinations of organisms and antimicrobial agents (n = 5231) and the overall discrepancy rates were 110 (2.1%) mD, 24 (0.5%) MD and 7 (0.1%) VMD. The overall CA for Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms were 98.7% (2346 tests) and 96.2% (2942 tests), respectively. Seven VMD were observed, five for Gram-positive organisms (coagulase negative staphylococci (n = 2) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 3)) and two for Gram-negative organisms (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Minor discrepancies were mainly observed in Gram-negatives and were related to different antimicrobial agents and species.

  • 8.
    Blomqvist, Maria
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Christerson, Linus
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Waldenström, Jonas
    Herrmann, Björn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Olsen, Björn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases.
    Chlamydia psittaciin Swedish Wetland Birds: A Risk to Zoonotic Infection2012In: Avian diseases, ISSN 0005-2086, E-ISSN 1938-4351, Vol. 56, no 4, p. 737-740Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Chlamydia psittaci in birds may be transmitted to humans and cause respiratory infections, sometimes as severe disease. Our study investigated the C. psittaci prevalence in migratory birds in Sweden by real-time PCR. Fecal specimens or cloacal swabs were collected from 497 birds from 22 different species, mainly mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), at two bird observatories in Sweden. DNA from C. psittaci was found in six (1.2%) birds from three different species. Five of the positive specimens were infected with four novel strains of C. psittaci, based on sequencing of partial 16S rRNA gene and ompA gene, and the sixth was indentified as a recently described Chlamydiaceae-like bacterium. Considering exposure to humans it is concluded that the risk of zoonotic infection is low.

  • 9.
    Cai, Yanling
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Strömme, Maria
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Melhus, Åsa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Engqvist, Håkan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Applied Materials Sciences.
    Welch, Ken
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Photocatalytic inactivation of biofilms on bioactive dental adhesives2014In: Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part B - Applied biomaterials, ISSN 1552-4973, E-ISSN 1552-4981, Vol. 102, no 1, p. 62-67Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Biofilms are the most prevalent mode of microbial life in nature and are 10-1000 times more resistant to antibiotics than planktonic bacteria. Persistent biofilm growth associated at the margin of a dental restoration often leads to secondary caries, which remains a challenge in restorative dentistry. In this work, we present the first in vitro evaluation of on-demand photocatalytic inactivation of biofilm on a novel dental adhesive containing TiO2 nanoparticles. Streptococcus mutans biofilm was cultured on this photocatalytic surface for 16 h before photocatalytic treatment with ultraviolet-A (UV-A) light. UV-A doses ranging from 3 to 43 J/cm(2) were applied to the surface and the resulting viability of biofilms was evaluated with a metabolic activity assay incorporating phenol red that provided a quantitative measure of the reduction in viability due to the photocatalytic treatments. We show that an UV-A irradiation dose of 8.4 J/cm(2) leads to one order of magnitude reduction in the number of biofilm bacteria on the surface of the dental adhesives while as much as 5-6 orders of magnitude reduction in the corresponding number can be achieved with a dose of 43 J/cm(2). This material maintains its functional properties as an adhesive in restorative dentistry while offering the possibility of a novel dental procedure in the treatment or prevention of bacterial infections via on-demand UV-A irradiation. Similar materials could be developed for the treatment of additional indications such as peri-implantits.

  • 10.
    Christerson, Linus
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Bom, Reinier J. M.
    Bruisten, Sylvia M.
    Yass, Resha
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Hardick, Justin
    Bratt, Goran
    Gaydos, Charlotte A.
    Morre, Servaas A.
    Herrmann, Bjorn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Chlamydia trachomatis Strains Show Specific Clustering for Men Who Have Sex with Men Compared to Heterosexual Populations in Sweden, the Netherlands, and the United States2012In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, ISSN 0095-1137, E-ISSN 1098-660X, Vol. 50, no 11, p. 3548-3555Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    High-resolution genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis improves the characterization of strains infecting different patient groups and sexual networks. In this study, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and ompA sequence determination were used for an analysis of C. trachomatis strains from 203 men who have sex with men (MSM) from Sweden, the Netherlands, and the United States. The results obtained were compared with data from 153 heterosexual women from Sweden and the Netherlands. The overlap in MLST/ompA profiles between MSM from Sweden and the Netherlands was 68%, while the overlap between heterosexual populations from these countries was only 18%. The distribution of genotypes in MSM from the United States was less similar to that in MSM from the European countries, with 45% and 46% overlaps for MSM in Sweden and the Netherlands, respectively. Minimum-spanning-tree analysis of MLST/ompA sequence types identified two large clusters that contained almost exclusively samples from MSM and comprised 74% of all MSM samples. Three other clusters were predominated by samples from women but also contained MSM specimens. Of 19 detected variants of the MLST target CT144, three variants were highly associated with MSM. Our study supports the hypotheses of both tissue tropism as well as epidemiological network structures as explanations for the linkage between specific genetic variants and sexual orientation.

  • 11. Darkahi, Bahman
    et al.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    Liljeholm, Hakan
    Videhult, Per
    Melhus, Åsa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Rasmussen, Ib Christian
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Upper Abdominal Surgery.
    Biliary Microflora in Patients Undergoing Cholecystectomy2014In: Surgical Infections, ISSN 1096-2964, E-ISSN 1557-8674, Vol. 15, no 3, p. 262-265Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: The management of acute cholecystitis requires a sound knowledge of the biliary microflora. Methods: Bile samples were taken for culture according to a standard routine during all cholecystectomies performed from April 2007 to February 2009 in the Department of Surgery at Enkoping Hospital. The use of antibiotics within the 3-mo period before surgery, indication for surgery, prophylactic antibiotics, and post-operative complications were recorded prospectively. Results: Altogether, 246 procedures were performed during the study period, of which 149 (62%) were done on women. The mean (SD) age of the study subjects was 49 +/- 16y. Bacterial growth was seen in cultures from 34 (14%) of the subjects. The mean age of subjects with positive cultures was 64y and that of subjects with negative cultures was 47y (p<0.001). Positive culture was seen in 16 (31%) of the 51 patients who underwent operations for acute cholecystitis, whereas positive cultures were obtained in 18 of 195 patients without acute cholecystitis (9%) (p<0.001). Resistance to ampicillin was recorded in three of 34 (9%) of the cultures with bacterial growth, to co-trimoxazole in one of the 34 (3%) cultures, to fluoroquinolones in one of the 34 (3%) cultures, and to cephalosporins in one of the 34 (3%) cultures. Resistance to piperacillin-tazobactam was not observed in any of the cultures. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, a positive culture was the only factor significantly associated with risk for post-operative infectious complications (p<0.05). Discussion: Bacterial growth in the bile is observed more often in patients undergoing surgery for acute cholecystitis. The microflora of the bile is probably important for the outcome of surgery, but further studies are required for assessing the effectiveness of measures for preventing infectious post-operative complications.

  • 12.
    Elfving, Karin
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology. Center of Clinical Research, Dalarna, Falun, Sweden..
    Malmsten, Jonas
    Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Clin Sci, Div Reprod, Uppsala, Sweden.;Natl Vet Inst, Dept Pathol & Wildlife Dis, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden..
    Dalin, Anne-Marie
    Natl Vet Inst, Dept Pathol & Wildlife Dis, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden..
    Nilsson, Kenneth
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases. Dalarna, Clin Res Ctr, Falun, Sweden..
    Serologic and Molecular Prevalence of Rickettsia helvetica and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Wild Cervids and Domestic Mammals in the Central Parts of Sweden2015In: Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, ISSN 1530-3667, E-ISSN 1557-7759, Vol. 15, no 9, p. 529-534Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Both Rickettsia helvetica and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are common in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Sweden. Knowledge is limited regarding different animal species' competence to act as reservoirs for these organism. For this reason, blood samples were collected from wild cervids (roe deer, moose) and domestic mammals (horse, cat, dog) in central Sweden, and sera were tested using immunofluorescence assay to detect antibodies against spotted fever rickettsiae using Rickettsia helvetica as antigen. Sera with a titer >= 1:64 were considered as positive, and 23.1% (104/450) of the animals scored positive. The prevalence of seropositivity was 21.5% (23/107) in roe deer, 23.3% (21/90) in moose, 36.5% (23/63) in horses, 22.1% (19/90) in cats, and 17.0% (17/100) in dogs. PCR analysis of 113 spleen samples from moose and sheep from the corresponding areas were all negative for rickettsial DNA. In roe deer, 85% (91/107) also tested seropositive for A. phagocytophilum with a titer cutoff of 1:128. The findings indicate that the surveyed animal species are commonly exposed to rickettsiae and roe deer also to A. phagocytophilum.

  • 13.
    Ellström, Patrik
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology.
    Feodoroff, B.
    Hanninen, M. -L
    Rautelin, Hilpi
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Lipooligosaccharide locus class of Campylobacter jejuni: sialylation is not needed for invasive infection2014In: Clinical Microbiology and Infection, ISSN 1198-743X, E-ISSN 1469-0691, Vol. 20, no 6, p. 524-529Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Campylobacter jejuni is a highly diverse enteropathogen that is commonly detected worldwide. It can sometimes cause bacteraemia, but the bacterial characteristics facilitating bloodstream infection are not known. A total of 73 C. jejuni isolates, consecutively collected from blood-borne infections during a 10-year period all over Finland and for which detailed clinical information of the patients were available, were included. We screened the isolates by PCR for the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) locus class and for the presence of the putative virulence genes ceuE, ciaB, fucP, and virB11. The isolates were also tested for gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase production. The results were analysed with respect to the clinical characteristics of the patients, and the multilocus sequence types (MLSTs) and serum resistance of the isolates. LOS locus classes A, B, and C, which carry genes for sialylation of LOS, were detected in only 23% of the isolates. These isolates were not more resistant to human serum than those with the genes of non-sialylated LOS locus classes, but were significantly more prevalent among patients with underlying diseases (p 0.02). The fucose permease gene fucP was quite uncommon, but was associated with the isolates with the potential to sialylate LOS (p <0.0001). LOS locus classes and some of the putative virulence factors were associated with MLST clonal complexes. Although some of the bacterial characteristics studied here have been suggested to be important for the invasiveness of C. jejuni, they did not explain why the clinical isolates in the present study were able to cause bacteraemia.

  • 14.
    Ellström, Patrik
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Feodoroff, Benjamin
    Hanninen, Marja-Liisa
    Rautelin, Hilpi
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Characterization of clinical Campylobacter jejuni isolates with special emphasis on lipooligosaccharide locus class, putative virulence factors and host response2013In: International Journal of Medical Microbiology, ISSN 1438-4221, E-ISSN 1618-0607, Vol. 303, no 3, p. 134-139Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Recent studies have indicated a role of the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of Campylobacter jejuni in the severe neurological Guillain Barre syndrome, as well as in development of more severe symptoms of acute enteritis. We evaluated the role of the LOS locus class in C jejuni infection among 163 enteritis patients. The prevalence of LOS locus classes differed according to the origin of the isolates. Furthermore, LOS locus classes A and B were significantly associated with susceptibility or resistance to ciprofloxacin and doxycycline. However, our results do not corroborate earlier findings that isolates with potential to sialylate LOS might be associated with more severe symptoms of enteritis. Instead, in an infection model, such isolates gave weaker epithelial IL-8 responses than nonsialylated isolates. Absence of the iron transport protein encoded by the gene ceuE as well as the putative fucose permease gene cj0486 was associated with increased in vitro IL-8 secretion. 

  • 15.
    Ellström, Patrik
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology.
    Hansson, Ingrid
    Natl Vet Inst, EU Reference Lab Campylobacter, Dept Microbiol, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden..
    Nilsson, Anna
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Rautelin, Hilpi
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology. Univ Helsinki, Dept Bacteriol & Immunol, POB 21, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland..
    Engvall, Eva Olsson
    Natl Vet Inst, EU Reference Lab Campylobacter, Dept Microbiol, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden..
    Lipooligosaccharide locus classes and putative virulence genes among chicken and human Campylobacter jejuni isolates2016In: BMC Microbiology, E-ISSN 1471-2180, Vol. 16, article id 116Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Campylobacter cause morbidity and considerable economic loss due to hospitalization and post infectious sequelae such as reactive arthritis, Guillain Barr-and Miller Fischer syndromes. Such sequelae have been linked to C. jejuni harboring sialic acid structures in their lipooligosaccharide (LOS) layer of the cell wall. Poultry is an important source of human Campylobacter infections but little is known about the prevalence of sialylated C. jejuni isolates and the extent of transmission of such isolates to humans. Results: Genotypes of C. jejuni isolates from enteritis patients were compared with those of broiler chicken with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), to study the patterns of LOS biosynthesis genes and other virulence associated genes and to what extent these occur among Campylobacter genotypes found both in humans and chickens. Chicken and human isolates generally had similar distributions of the putative virulence genes and LOS locus classes studied. However, there were significant differences regarding LOS locus class of PFGE types that were overlapping between chicken and human isolates and those that were distinct to each source. Conclusions: The study highlights the prevalence of virulence associated genes among Campylobacter isolates from humans and chickens and suggests possible patterns of transmission between the two species.

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  • 16.
    Emmerich, Katja
    et al.
    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.
    Schuhmann, Reiner
    Petrick, Kerstin
    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.
    Menger-Krug, Eve
    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.
    Kaden, Rene
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Dieterle, Matthias
    Kuch, Paul
    Diedel, Ralf
    Peuker, Miriam
    Huber, Stefan
    Fischer, Heike
    Beyer, Daniel
    Zehnsdorf, Andreas
    Krolla-Sidenstein, Peter
    Comprehensive material characterisation of clay mineral raw materials for the development of microbiological processing technologies2009In: CFI. Ceramic forum international, ISSN 0173-9913, Vol. 86, no 3, p. 29-34Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 17. Fraenkel, Carl-Johan
    et al.
    Melhus, Åsa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Enterococcus faecium coisolated with Lactobacillus species can mimic vancomycin-resistant enterococci2011In: Infection Ecology & Epidemiology, ISSN 2000-8686, E-ISSN 2000-8686, Vol. 1, p. 7335-Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 18. Gisselsson-Solen, Marie
    et al.
    Henriksson, Gunnel
    Hermansson, Ann
    Melhus, Åsa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on nasopharyngeal carriage in children with early onset of acute otitis media - a randomized controlled trial2015In: Acta Oto-Laryngologica, ISSN 0001-6489, E-ISSN 1651-2251, Vol. 135, no 1, p. 7-13Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Conclusion: Although children vaccinated with heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) had fewer episodes of acute otitis media (AOM), this trial was unable to prove a simultaneous decrease in nasopharyngeal carriage. Objective: Carriage rates of AOM pathogens in the nasopharynx are high among children, and colonization is the first step towards infection. The possible impact of PCV on carriage is therefore of interest, particularly in children with recurrent AOM. The aims of this study were to examine the effect of heptavalent PCV on carriage of AOM pathogens in children at high risk of developing recurrent disease, and to monitor carriage of resistant pathogens in vaccinated and unvaccinated children. Methods: A total of 109 children with an onset of AOM before 6 months of age, 89 of whom developed recurrent disease, were enrolled in a trial. Fifty-two children were vaccinated and all were closely monitored for 3 years. Results: There was no difference statistically between vaccinated children and controls concerning the carriage of any of the major AOM pathogens. There was evidence of within-child clustering for S. pneumoniae (p = 0.002) and H. influenzae (p < 0.001), indicating that children continued to carry either species over time. Resistance rates were generally low and comparable with national levels.

  • 19. Hanberger, Håkan
    et al.
    Edlund, Charlotta
    Furebring, Mia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases.
    G Giske, Christian
    Melhus, Asa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Nilsson, Lennart E
    Petersson, Johan
    Sjölin, Jan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases.
    Ternhag, Anders
    Werner, Maria
    Eliasson, Erik
    Rational use of aminoglycosides-Review and recommendations by the Swedish Reference Group for Antibiotics (SRGA)2013In: Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases, ISSN 1651-1980, Vol. 45, no 3, p. 161-175Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Swedish Reference Group for Antibiotics (SRGA) has carried out a risk-benefit analysis of aminoglycoside treatment based on clinical efficacy, antibacterial spectrum, and synergistic effect with beta-lactam antibiotics, endotoxin release, toxicity, and side effects. In addition, SRGA has considered optimal dosage schedules and advice on serum concentration monitoring, with respect to variability in volume of drug distribution and renal clearance. SRGA recommends that aminoglycoside therapy should be considered in the following situations: (1) progressive severe sepsis and septic shock, in combination with broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics, (2) sepsis without shock, in combination with broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics if the infection is suspected to be caused by multi-resistant Gram-negative pathogens, (3) pyelonephritis, in combination with a beta-lactam or quinolone until culture and susceptibility results are obtained, or as monotherapy if a serious allergy to beta-lactam or quinolone antibiotics exists, (4) serious infections caused by multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria when other alternatives are lacking, and (5) endocarditis caused by difficult-to-treat pathogens when monotherapy with beta-lactam antibiotics is not sufficient. Amikacin is generally more active against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli than other aminoglycosides, making it a better option in cases of suspected infection caused by multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Based on their resistance data, local drug committees should decide on the choice of first-line aminoglycoside. Unfortunately, aminoglycoside use is rarely followed up with audiometry, and in Sweden we currently have no systematic surveillance of adverse events after aminoglycoside treatment. We recommend routine assessment of adverse effects, including hearing loss and impairment of renal function, if possible at the start and after treatment with aminoglycosides, and that these data should be included in hospital patient safety surveillance and national quality registries.

  • 20.
    Hasan, Badrul
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases.
    Sandegren, Linus
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology.
    Melhus, Åsa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Drobni, Mirva
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases.
    Hernandez, Jorge
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases.
    Waldenström, Jonas
    Alam, Munirul
    Olsen, Björn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases.
    Antimicrobial Drug-Resistant Escherichia coli in Wild Birds and Free-range Poultry, Bangladesh2012In: Emerging Infectious Diseases, ISSN 1080-6040, E-ISSN 1080-6059, Vol. 18, no 12, p. 2055-2058Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Multidrug resistance was found in 22.7% of Escherichia coli isolates from bird samples in Bangladesh; 30% produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases, including clones of CTX-M genes among wild and domestic birds. Unrestricted use of antimicrobial drugs in feed for domestic birds and the spread of resistance genes to the large bird reservoir in Bangladesh are growing problems.

  • 21.
    Herrmann, Björn
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Eden, Desirée
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Hadad, Ronza
    WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and other STIs, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    Christerson, Linus
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Lore, Britta
    Osterlund, Anders
    Larsson, Inger
    Sylvan, Staffan
    Department of Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Uppsala County Council, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Fredlund, Hans
    Unemo, Magnus
    Prevalence Trends of the New Variant of Chlamydia trachomatis in Four Counties of Sweden in 2007-20112012In: Sexually Transmitted Diseases, ISSN 0148-5717, E-ISSN 1537-4521, Vol. 39, no 8, p. 648-650Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A new variant of Chlamydia trachomatis (nvCT) was discovered in Sweden in 2006, and it could not be detected by diagnostic systems from Abbott and Roche, whereas the third system used, from Becton Dickinson (BD), detects nvCT. We analyzed 3648 samples from 2 counties that used Roche and 2 counties that used BD methods from 2007 to 2011. After implementation of a Roche method that detects nvCT, its proportion has decreased and converged in the 4 counties but are still at different levels in Roche and BD counties. Future studies are needed to see if nvCT will decline further.

  • 22.
    Herrmann, Björn
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Isaksson, Jenny
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Ryberg, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Systematic Biology.
    Tangrot, Jeanette
    Saleh, Isam
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Versteeg, Bart
    Gravningen, Kirsten
    Bruisten, Sylvia
    Global Multilocus Sequence Type Analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis Strains from 16 Countries2015In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, ISSN 0095-1137, E-ISSN 1098-660X, Vol. 53, no 7, p. 2172-2179Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Uppsala University Chlamydia trachomatis multilocus sequence type (MLST) database (http://mlstdb.bmc.uu.se) is based on five target regions (non-housekeeping genes) and the ompA gene. Each target has various numbers of alleles-hctB, 89; CT058, 51; CT144, 30; CT172, 38; and pbpB, 35-derived from 13 studies. Our aims were to perform an overall analysis of all C. trachomatis MLST sequence types (STs) in the database, examine STs with global spread, and evaluate the phylogenetic capability by using the five targets. A total of 415 STs were recognized from 2,089 specimens. The addition of 49 ompA gene variants created 459 profiles. ST variation and their geographical distribution were characterized using eBURST and minimum spanning tree analyses. There were 609 samples from men having sex with men (MSM), with 4 predominating STs detected in this group, comprising 63% of MSM cases. Four other STs predominated among 1,383 heterosexual cases comprising, 31% of this group. The diversity index in ocular trachoma cases was significantly lower than in sexually transmitted chlamydia infections. Predominating STs were identified in 12 available C. trachomatis whole genomes which were compared to 22 C. trachomatis full genomes without predominating STs. No specific gene in the 12 genomes with predominating STs could be linked to successful spread of certain STs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MLST targets provide a tree similar to trees based on whole-genome analysis. The presented MLST scheme identified C. trachomatis strains with global spread. It provides a tool for epidemiological investigations and is useful for phylogenetic analyses.

  • 23.
    Isaksson, Jenny
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Christerson, Linus
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Blomqvist, Maria
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Wille, Michelle
    Alladio, Lucia A.
    Sachse, Konrad
    Olsen, Björn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases.
    Gonzalez-Acuna, Daniel
    Herrmann, Björn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Chlamydiaceae-like bacterium, but no Chlamydia psittaci, in sea birds from Antarctica2015In: Polar Biology, ISSN 0722-4060, E-ISSN 1432-2056, Vol. 38, no 11, p. 1931-1936Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Within the growing order of Chlamydiales, there are a number of pathogens. One is Chlamydia psittaci, a zoonotic pathogen, with birds as natural hosts that may be transmitted to humans and cause severe respiratory disease, psittacosis. The prevalence of this pathogen in Antarctic birds is almost unknown as well as the ramifications of its potential spread in naïve bird populations. To investigate the prevalence of chlamydia organisms, cloacal and fecal samples were collected from 264 penguins and 263 seabirds on the Antarctic Peninsula and in Southern Chile. No C. psittaci could be detected by 23S rRNA real-time PCR. However, DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA 298-bp signature sequence revealed a Chlamydiaceae-like bacterium previously found in seabirds from the subarctic zone, demonstrating that this not yet fully characterized bacterium is widespread. In conclusion, the prevalence of C. psittaci among wild birds on the Antarctic Peninsula seems to be low, but other types of chlamydial organisms are common. Further studies are required to taxonomically define and finally understand the role of these non-classified Chlamydiae.

  • 24.
    Isaksson, Jenny
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Gallo Vaulet, Lucia
    Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Farm & Bioquim, Catedra Microbiol Clin, Junin 956, RA-1113 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina..
    Christerson, Linus
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Ruettger, Anke
    Friedrich Loeffler Inst, Fed Res Inst Anim Hlth, Inst Mol Pathogenesis, D-07743 Jena, Germany..
    Sachse, Konrad
    Friedrich Loeffler Inst, Fed Res Inst Anim Hlth, Inst Mol Pathogenesis, D-07743 Jena, Germany..
    Entrocassi, Carolina
    Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Farm & Bioquim, Catedra Microbiol Clin, Junin 956, RA-1113 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina..
    Castro, Erica
    Univ San Sebastian, Fac Med, Lientur 1457, Concepcion, Chile..
    Rodriguez Fermepin, Marcelo
    Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Farm & Bioquim, Catedra Microbiol Clin, Junin 956, RA-1113 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina..
    Herrmann, Björn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Comparison of multilocus sequence typing and multilocus typing microarray of Chlamydia trachomatis strains from Argentina and Chile2016In: Journal of Microbiological Methods, ISSN 0167-7012, E-ISSN 1872-8359, Vol. 127, p. 214-218Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study compared conventional ompA genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis with multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and multilocus typing (MLT) DNA microarray. DNA extracts of 104 C trachomatis positive specimens were analyzed by ompA sequencing and MIST and of these 76 by MLT array. Obtained MIST sequence types (STs) were compared to sequences in the database http://mIstdb.uu.se. The resolution obtained for MIST (35 STs) was 2.1 higher than for ompA sequencing (17 variants) and 13 higher than MLT array (27 MLT groups). Among the 104 samples the predominant genotype E could be divided into 5 ompA variants and 23 STs of which 16 had not been reported in previous studies. The most common STs, ST3 and ST56, were identified as founders and are common in several countries on a global scale. The MIST and the MLT array provided similar strain discrimination capacity and showed considerably higher resolution than conventional ompA sequencing.

  • 25.
    Isaksson, Jenny
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Rasmussen, Magnus
    Nilson, Bo
    Stadler, Liselott Svensson
    Kurland, Siri
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases.
    Olaison, Lars
    Ek, Elisabeth
    Herrmann, Björn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Comparison of species identification of endocarditis associated viridans streptococci using rnpB genotyping and 2 MALDI-TOF systems2015In: Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease, ISSN 0732-8893, E-ISSN 1879-0070, Vol. 81, no 4, p. 240-245Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Streptococcus spp. are important causes of infective endocarditis but challenging in species identification. This study compared identification based on sequence determination of the rnpB gene with 2 systems of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, MALDI Biotyper (Bruker) and VITEK MS IVD (bioMérieux). Blood culture isolates of viridans streptococci from 63 patients with infective endocarditis were tested. The 3 methods showed full agreement for all 36 isolates identified in the Anginosus, Bovis, and Mutans groups or identified as Streptococcus cristatus, Streptococcus gordonii, or Streptococcus sanguinis. None of the methods could reliably identify the 23 isolates to the species level when designated as Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, or Streptococcus tigurinus. In 7 isolates classified to the Mitis group, the rnpB sequences deviated strikingly from all reference sequences, and additional analysis of sodA and groEL genes indicated the occurrence of yet unidentified Streptococcus spp.

  • 26.
    Kaarme, Johan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Women's and Children's Health.
    Hasan, Badrul
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine.
    Rashid, Mahmudur
    Olsen, Björn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine.
    Zero Prevalence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Among Swedish Preschool Children2015In: Microbial Drug Resistance, ISSN 1076-6294, E-ISSN 1931-8448, Vol. 21, no 1, p. 65-68Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives: Enterococci are a natural part of the bacterial flora of humans, animals, and insects and are frequently found in the community. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have emerged as a growing problem, associated with high morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of VRE among healthy Swedish preschool children and ascertain whether they constitute a reservoir for the bacteria.

    Methods: In total, 313 individual diapers were collected from preschools in Uppsala, Sweden. Fecal samples were screened by analyzing the color change in a broth followed by polymerase chain reaction for vanA and vanB genes, which are associated with vancomycin resistance.

    Results: Neither vanA nor vanB genes could be detected from the samples.

    Conclusions: Preschool children in Uppsala do not constitute a reservoir for VRE. The zero prevalence is consistent with the overall decline in VRE prevalence in Sweden during the last years.

  • 27.
    Kaarme, Johan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Molin, Ylva
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Olsen, Björn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases.
    Melhus, Åsa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in healthy Swedish preschool children2013In: Acta Paediatrica, ISSN 0803-5253, E-ISSN 1651-2227, Vol. 012, no 6, p. 655-660Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIM:

    The objective was to determine the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in faeces from healthy Swedish preschool children and to establish whether transmission took place between children in preschools.

    METHODS:

    Diapers from children attending preschools in Uppsala city were collected during September to October 2010, and the faeces was cultured. Antibiotic profiles and carriage of CTX-M, TEM, SHV and AmpC type enzymes were determined. PCR-positive isolates were further characterized by sequencing and epidemiological typing. Statistics on antibiotic use and ESBL producers in paediatric patients at Uppsala University Hospital were extracted for comparison.

    RESULTS:

    A total of 313 stool specimens were obtained, representing 24.5% of all preschool children in Uppsala city. The carriage rate of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae was 2.9% among these healthy children. The corresponding figure for patients in the same age group was 8.4%. Escherichia coli with CTX-M type enzymes predominated, and only one E. coli isolate carried genes-encoding CMY. CTX-M-producing E. coli isolates with identical genotypes were found in children with no familial relation at two different preschools.

    CONCLUSIONS:

    Using diapers, the prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in children was quickly established, and, most likely, a transmission of ESBL-producing E. coli was for the first time documented between children at the same preschool.

  • 28.
    Kaden, Rene
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Mikrobiologische Charakterisierung von Tonrohstoffen unter Berücksichtigung des Alterationsprozesses Mauken2011Book (Refereed)
  • 29.
    Kaden, Rene
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Krolla-Sidenstein, Peter
    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.
    How to Show the Real Microbial Biodiversity? A Comparison of Seven DNA Extraction Methods for Bacterial Population Analyses in Matrices Containing Highly Charged Natural Nanoparticles2015In: Microorganisms, E-ISSN 2076-2607, Vol. 3, no 4, p. 695-706Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A DNA extraction that comprises the DNA of all available taxa in an ecosystem is an essential step in population analysis, especially for next generation sequencing applications. Many nanoparticles as well as naturally occurring clay minerals contain charged surfaces or edges that capture negatively charged DNA molecules after cell lysis within DNA extraction. Depending on the methodology of DNA extraction, this phenomenon causes a shift in detection of microbial taxa in ecosystems and a possible misinterpretation of microbial interactions. With the aim to describe microbial interactions and the bio-geo-chemical reactions during a clay alteration experiment, several methods for the detection of a high number of microbial taxa were examined in this study. Altogether, 13 different methods of commercially available DNA extraction kits provided by seven companies as well as the classical phenol-chloroform DNA extraction were compared. The amount and the quality of nucleic acid extracts were determined and compared to the amplifiable amount of DNA. The 16S rRNA gene fragments of several taxa were separated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to determine the number of different species and sequenced to get the information about what kind of species the microbial population consists of. A total number of 13 species was detected in the system. Up to nine taxa could be detected with commercially available DNA extraction kits while phenol-chloroform extraction lead to three detected species. In this paper, we describe how to combine several DNA extraction methods for the investigation of microbial community structures in clay.

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  • 30.
    Kaden, Rene
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology. National Veterinary Institute of Sweden, Swedish Forum for Biopreparedness Diagnostics.
    Menger-Krug, Eve
    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.
    Emmerich, Katja
    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.
    Petrick, Kerstin
    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.
    Krolla-Sidenstein, Peter
    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.
    Application of the Dynamic Cultivation System for Microorganisms – a new way to culture the unculturables2014In: Clays and clay minerals, ISSN 0009-8604, E-ISSN 1552-8367, Vol. 62, no 3-4, p. 203-210Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To date, ~1% of all bacteria that occur in environmental ecosystems such as soil, sedimentary rocks, and groundwater have been described. Comprehensive explanation of ecological interactions on a microscale level is thus almost impossible. The Dynamic Cultivation System (DCS) was developed in order to detect more microbial taxa than with common cultivation approaches, as well as previously undescribed bacterial species. The DCS is a quick and easy in situ method for the cultivation of numerous bacterial taxa in support of the description of microbial colonized ecosystems. To investigate the bacterial populations within a clay-maturation process after mining the raw material, the DCS was used to increase the microbial biomass for further molecular analysis. Two different methods were applied to extract the bacteria from the DCS and these were compared in terms of efficiency at detection of large numbers of different taxa and in terms of applicability to the detection of previously undescribed species in raw clays. A collection of different undescribed species was detected with sequencing. While direct picking of bacterial colonies leads to the detection of different genera, species mainly of the genus Arthobacter were proved in the phosphate-buffered saline-suspended biomass. Thus, a combination of the approaches mentioned above is recommended to increase the number of detectable species. The DCS will help to describe better the microbial content of ecosystems, especially soils that contain charged particles.

  • 31.
    Kaden, Rene
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Petrick, Kerstin
    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.
    Emmerich, Katja
    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.
    Menger-Krug, Eve
    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.
    Dieterle, Matthias
    Kuch, Paul
    Peuker, Miriam
    Diedel, Ralf
    Huber, Stefan
    Fischer, Heike
    Beyer, Daniel
    Zehnsdorf, Andreas
    Krolla-Sidenstein, Peter
    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.
    Methoden zur Charakterisierung mikrobieller Populationen in Tonrohstoffen unterschiedlichen Alters2010In: Innovative Feuchtemessung in Forschung und Praxis - Materialeigenschaften und Prozesse, Karlsruhe: KIT , 2010Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 32.
    Kaden, Rene
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Thelander, Marie
    Department of Clinical Microbiology, Falu Lasarett, Falun, Sweden.
    Engstrand, Lars
    Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden.
    Herrmann, Björn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    First case of human bacteraemia by Catabacter hongkongensis in Scandinavia2017In: New Microbes and New Infections, ISSN 2052-2975, Vol. 15, p. 6-8Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Catabacter hongkongensis was isolated and cultured from human blood for the first time in Scandinavia. The patient, an 83 year old man from Dalarna, Sweden, recovered without antibiotic treatment while a high mortality rate associated with Catabacter hongkongensis infections was reported from China, Canada, and France. The genome of the strain ABBA15k was sequenced, assembled, and analyzed. In contrast to the type strain of the species HKU16T no antibiotic resistance was observed in Scandinavian strain ABBA15k. The strain was deposited as CCUG 68271 and the draft genome sequence is available from DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession number LLYX00000000.

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  • 33.
    Kaden, Rene
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology. Swedish Forum for Biopreparedness Diagnostics, National Veterinary Institute of Sweden.
    Ågren, Joakim
    National Veterinary Institute of Sweden.
    Båverud, Viveca
    National Veterinary Institute of Sweden, Swedish Forum for Biopreparedness Diagnostics.
    Hallgren, Gunilla
    National Veterinary Institute of Sweden.
    Ferrari, Sevinc
    National Veterinary Institute of Sweden, Swedish Forum for Biopreparedness Diagnostics.
    Börjesson, Joann
    National Veterinary Institute of Sweden.
    Lindberg, Martina
    National Veterinary Institute of Sweden, National Food Agency, Swedish Forum for Biopreparedness Diagnostics.
    Bäckman, Stina
    Swedish Defence Research Institute, Swedish Forum for Biopreparedness Diagnostics.
    Wahab, Tara
    Public Health Agency of Sweden, Swedish Forum for Biopreparedness Diagnostics.
    Brucellosis outbreak in a Swedish kennel in 2013: Determination of genetic markers for source tracing2014In: Veterinary Microbiology, ISSN 0378-1135, E-ISSN 1873-2542, Vol. 174, no 3–4, p. 523-530Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Brucellosis is a highly infectious zoonotic disease but rare in Sweden. Nonetheless, an outbreak of canine brucellosis caused by an infected dog imported to Sweden was verified in 2013. In total 25 dogs were tested at least duplicated by the following approaches: real-time PCR for the detection of Brucella canis, a Brucella genus-specific real-time PCR, selective cultivation, and microscopic examination. The whole genome of B. canis strain SVA13 was analysed regarding genetic markers for epidemiological examination. The genome of an intact prophage of Roseobacter was detected in B. canis strain SVA13 with whole genome sequence prophage analysis (WGS-PA). It was shown that the prophage gene content in the American, African and European isolates differs remarkably from the Asian strains. The prophage sequences in Brucella may therefore serve of use as genetic markers in epidemiological investigations. Phage DNA fragments were also detected in clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) in the genome of strain SVA13. In addition to the recommendations for genetic markers in Brucella outbreak tracing, our paper reports a validated two-step stand-alone real-time PCR for the detection of B. canis and its first successful use in an outbreak investigation.

  • 34.
    Kaden, Rene
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology. National Veterinary Institute of Sweden, Swedish Forum for Biopreparedness Diagnostics.
    Ågren, Joakim
    National Veterinary Institute of Sweden.
    Ferrari, Sevinc
    National Veterinary Institute, Swedish Forum for Biopreparedness Diagnostics.
    Lindberg, Martina
    National Food Agency, Swedish Forum for Biopreparedness Diagnostics.
    Bäckman, Stina
    Swedish Defence Research Institute, Swedish Forum for Biopreparedness Diagnostics.
    Wahab, Tara
    Public Health Agency of Sweden, Swedish Forum for Biopreparedness Diagnostics.
    Whole-Genome Sequence of Brucella canis Strain SVA13, Isolated from an Infected Dog2014In: Genome Announcements, E-ISSN 2169-8287, Vol. 2, no 4, p. e00700-14-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An outbreak of canine brucellosis in Sweden was confirmed by the National Veterinary Institute (SVA) in August 2013. The whole genome of the causative agent was sequenced, assembled, and analyzed.

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  • 35.
    Kaden, René
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Mikrobiologische Gewässeranalytik2009Book (Refereed)
  • 36.
    Kaden, René
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Ferrari, Sevinc
    Natl Vet Inst, Uppsala, Sweden.;Swedish Forum Biopreparedness Diagnost, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Alm, Erik
    Publ Hlth Agcy Sweden, Dept Microbiol, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Wahab, Tara
    Swedish Forum Biopreparedness Diagnost, Stockholm, Sweden.;Publ Hlth Agcy Sweden, Dept Microbiol, Stockholm, Sweden..
    A novel real-time PCR assay for specific detection of Brucella melitensis2017In: BMC Infectious Diseases, E-ISSN 1471-2334, Vol. 17, article id 230Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Brucellosis is a zoonosis that occurs worldwide. The disease has been completely eradicated in livestock in Sweden in 1994, and all cases of confirmed human brucellosis are imported into Sweden from other countries. However, due to an increase in the number of refugees and asylum seekers from the middle-east to Sweden, there is a need to improve the current diagnostic methodology for Brucella melitensis. Whilst culture of Brucella species can be used as a diagnostic tool, real-time PCR approaches provide a much faster result. The aim of this study was to set up a species-specific real-time PCR for the detection of all biovars of Brucella melitensis, which could be used routinely in diagnostic laboratories. Methods: A Brucella melitensis real-time PCR assay was designed using all available genomes in the public database of Brucella (N=96) including all complete genomes of Brucella melitensis (N=17). The assay was validated with a collection of 37 Brucella species reference strains, 120 Brucella melitensis human clinical isolates, and 45 clinically relevant non-Brucella melitensis strains. Results: In this study we developed a single real-time PCR for the specific detection of all biovars of Brucella melitensis. Conclusions: This new real-time PCR method shows a high specificity (100%) and a high sensitivity ( 1.25 GE/mu l) and has been implemented in the laboratories of four governmental authorities across Sweden.

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  • 37.
    Knape, L.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, centrumbildningar mm, Centre for Research and Development, Gävleborg.
    Hambraeus, Anna
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Lytsy, Birgitta
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    The adenosine triphosphate method as a quality control tool to assess 'cleanliness' of frequently touched hospital surfaces2015In: Journal of Hospital Infection, ISSN 0195-6701, E-ISSN 1532-2939, Vol. 91, no 2, p. 166-170Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) method is widely accepted as a quality control method to complement visual assessment, in the specifications of requirements, when purchasing cleaning contractors in Swedish hospitals. Aim: To examine whether the amount of biological load, as measured by ATP on frequently touched near-patient surfaces, had been reduced after an intervention; to evaluate the correlation between visual assessment and ATP levels on the same surfaces; to identify aspects of the performance of the ATP method as a tool in evaluating hospital cleanliness. Methods: A prospective intervention study in three phases was carried out in a medical ward and an intensive care unit (ICU) at a regional hospital in mid-Sweden between 2012 and 2013. Existing cleaning procedures were defined and baseline tests were sampled by visual inspection and ATP measurements of ten frequently touched surfaces in patients' rooms before and after intervention. The intervention consisted of educating nursing staff about the importance of hospital cleaning and direct feedback of ATP levels before and after cleaning. Findings: The mixed model showed a significant decrease in ATP levels after the intervention (P < 0.001). Relative light unit values were lower in the ICU. Cleanliness as judged by visual assessments improved. In the logistic regression analysis, there was a significant association between visual assessments and ATP levels. Conclusion: Direct feedback of ATP levels, together with education and introduction of written cleaning protocols, were effective tools to improve cleanliness. Visual assessment correlated with the level of ATP but the correlation was not absolute. The ATP method could serve as an educational tool for staff, but is not enough to assess hospital cleanliness in general as only a limited part of a large area is covered.

  • 38.
    Korsgren, Stella
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology.
    Molin, Ylva
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology.
    Salmela, K.
    Lundgren, T.
    Melhus, Åsa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Korsgren, Olle
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Clinical Immunology.
    On the etiology of type 1 diabetes: A new animal model signifying a decisive role for bacteria eliciting an adverse innate immunity response2012In: American Journal of Pathology, ISSN 0002-9440, E-ISSN 1525-2191, Vol. 181, no 5, p. 1735-1748Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The cause of type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains unknown; however, a decisive role for environmental factors is recognized. The increased incidence of T1D during the last decades, as well as regional differences, is paralleled by differences in the intestinal bacterial flora. A new animal model was established to test the hypothesis that bacteria entering the pancreatic ductal system could trigger β-cell destruction and to provide new insights to the immunopathology of the disease. Obtained findings were compared with those present in two patients dying at onset of T1D. Different bacterial species, present in the human duodenum, instilled into the ductal system of the pancreas in healthy rats rapidly induced cellular infiltration, consisting of mainly neutrophil polymorphonuclear cells and monocytes/macrophages, centered around the pancreatic ducts. Also, the islets of Langerhans attracted polymorphonuclear cells, possibly via release of IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1. Small bleedings or large dilatations of the capillaries were frequently found within the islets, and several β-cells had severe hydropic degeneration (ie, swollen cytoplasm) but with preserved nuclei. A novel rat model for the initial events in T1D is presented, revealing marked similarities with the morphologic findings obtained in patients dying at onset of T1D and signifying a decisive role for bacteria in eliciting an adverse innate immunity response. The present findings support the hypothesis that T1D is an organ-specific inflammatory disease.

  • 39. Kosunen, T. U.
    et al.
    Pukkala, E.
    Rautelin, Hilpi
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Nationwide Mortality in Duodenal and Gastric Ulcers: a 40-Year Follow-Up2012In: Helicobacter, ISSN 1083-4389, E-ISSN 1523-5378, Vol. 17, p. 69-69Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 40. Kosunen, T. U.
    et al.
    Pukkala, E.
    Rautelin, Hilpi
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Subsequent Malignancies after Eradication Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori2014In: Helicobacter, ISSN 1083-4389, E-ISSN 1523-5378, Vol. 19, no S1, p. 110-111Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 41. Labiran, Clare
    et al.
    Clarke, Ian N
    Cutcliffe, Lesley T
    Wang, Yibing
    Skilton, Rachel J
    Persson, Kenneth
    Bjartling, Carina
    Herrmann, Björn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Christerson, Linus
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Marsh, Peter
    Genotyping markers used for multi locus VNTR analysis with ompA (MLVA-ompA) and multi sequence typing (MST) retain stability in Chlamydia trachomatis2012In: Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, E-ISSN 2235-2988, Vol. 2, article id UNSP 68Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We aimed to evaluate the stability of the Chlamydia trachomatis multi locus VNTR analysis (MLVA-ompA) and multi sequence typing (MST) systems through multiple passages in tissue culture. Firstly, we analyzed the stability of these markers through adaptation of C. trachomatis to tissue culture and secondly, we examined the stability of a four-locus MLVA-ompA and a five-locus MST system after multiple passages in tissue culture. Marker sequences were monitored through successive chlamydial developmental cycles to evaluate the stability of the individual DNA markers through many bacterial divisions and this, in turn, informed us of the usefulness of using such typing systems for short and long-term molecular epidemiology. Southampton genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic isolates from endocervical swabs collected from C. trachomatis positive women were passaged through tissue culture. MLVA-ompA typing was applied to primary swab samples and to the same samples after C. trachomatis had been passaged through cell culture (eight passages). Sequence data from time-zero and passage-eight isolates were aligned with reference sequences to determine the stability of the markers. The Swedish new variant (nvCT) underwent 72 passages in cell culture and the markers of the two schemes were similarly analyzed. Analysis of genetic markers of the MLVA-ompA typing system before and after the isolates were introduced to tissue culture showed no change in the dominant sequence. The nvCT that had been passaged 72 times over the duration of a year also showed no variation in the dominant sequence for both the genotyping schemes. MLVA-ompA and MST markers are stable upon adaptation of C. trachomatis to tissue culture following isolation of strains from primary endocervical swab samples. These markers remain stable throughout multiple rounds of cell-division in tissue culture, concomitant with the incubation period and appearance of symptoms normally associated with host-infection. Both genotyping schemes are, therefore, suitable for epidemiology of C. trachomatis.

  • 42.
    Lindblom, Anders
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, centrumbildningar mm, Center for Clinical Research Dalarna.
    Wallménius, Katarina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Sjöwall, Johanna
    Fryland, Linda
    Wilhelmsson, Peter
    Lindgren, Per-Eric
    Forsberg, Pia
    Nilsson, Kenneth
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, centrumbildningar mm, Center for Clinical Research Dalarna.
    Prevalence of Rickettsia spp. in Ticks and Serological and Clinical Outcomes in Tick-Bitten Individuals in Sweden and on the Åland Islands2016In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 11, no 11, article id e0166653Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Tick-transmitted diseases are an emerging health problem, and the hard tick Ixodes ricinus is the main vector for Borrelia spp., tick-borne encephalitis virus and most of the spotted fever Rickettsiae in Europe. The aim of the present study was to examine the incidence of rickettsial infection in the southernmost and south central parts of Sweden and the Aland Islands in Finland the risk of infection in humans and its correlation with a bite of a Rickettsia-infected tick, the self-reported symptoms of rickettsial disease, and the prevalence of co-infection between Rickettsia spp. and Borrelia spp. Persons with a recent tick bite were enrolled through public media and asked to answer a questionnaire, provide a blood sample and bring detached ticks at enlistment and at follow-up three months later. Blood samples were previously analysed for Borrelia spp. antibodies and, for this report, analysed for antibodies to Rickettsia spp. by immunofluorescence and in 16 cases also using Western Blot. Ninety-six (44.0%) of the 218 participants were seropositive for IgG antibodies to Rickettsia spp. Forty (18.3%) of the seropositive participants had increased titres at the follow-up, indicating recent/current infection, while four (1.8%) had titres indicating probable recent/current infection (>= 1: 256). Of 472 ticks, 39 (8.3%) were Rickettsia sp. positive. Five (31.3%) of 16 participants bitten by a Rickettsia-infected tick seroconverted. Experience of the selfreported symptoms nausea (p = 0.006) and radiating pain (p = 0.041) was more common among those with recent, current or probable infection compared to those who did not seroconvert. Participants who showed seroreactivity or seroconversion to Rickettsia spp. had more symptoms than those who were seronegative. Seven (3.2%) participants showed seroconversion to Borrelia spp., and three (1.4%) of these showed seroconversion to both Rickettsia spp. and Borrelia spp., in accordance with previous studies in Sweden. Symptoms of rickettsial disease were in most of the cases vague and general that were difficult to differentiate from other tick-borne diseases.

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  • 43. Low, Nicola
    et al.
    Cassell, Jackie A
    Spencer, Brenda
    Bender, Nicole
    Martin Hilber, Adriane
    van Bergen, Jan
    Andersen, Berit
    Herrmann, Björn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Dubois-Arber, Françoise
    Hamers, Françoise F
    van de Laar, Marita
    Stephenson, Judith M
    Chlamydia control activities in Europe: cross-sectional survey2012In: European Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1101-1262, E-ISSN 1464-360X, Vol. 22, no 4, p. 556-561Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Chlamydia is the most commonly reported bacterial sexually transmitted infection in Europe. The objective of the Screening for Chlamydia in Europe (SCREen) project was to describe current and planned chlamydia control activities in Europe.

    METHODS: The authors sent a questionnaire asking about different aspects of chlamydia epidemiology and control to public health and clinical experts in each country in 2007. The principles of sexually transmitted infection control were used to develop a typology comprising five categories of chlamydia control activities. Each country was assigned to a category, based on responses to the questionnaire.

    RESULTS: Experts in 29 of 33 (88%) invited countries responded. Thirteen of 29 countries (45%) had no current chlamydia control activities. Six countries in this group stated that there were plans to introduce chlamydia screening programmes. There were five countries (17%) with case management guidelines only. Three countries (10%) also recommended case finding amongst partners of diagnosed chlamydia cases or people with another sexually transmitted infection. Six countries (21%) further specified groups of asymptomatic people eligible for opportunistic chlamydia testing. Two countries (7%) reported a chlamydia screening programme. There was no consistent association between the per capita gross domestic product of a country and the intensity of chlamydia control activities (P = 0.816).

    CONCLUSION: A newly developed classification system allowed the breadth of ongoing national chlamydia control activities to be described and categorized. Chlamydia control strategies should ensure that clinical guidelines to optimize chlamydia diagnosis and case management have been implemented before considering the appropriateness of screening programmes.

  • 44.
    Lytsy, Birgitta
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Engstrand, Lars
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences. Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.
    Gustafsson, Åke
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Infection medicine.
    Kaden, Rene
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Time to review the gold standard for genotyping vancomycin-resistant enterococci in epidemiology: Comparing whole-genome sequencing with PFGE and MLST in three suspected outbreaks in Sweden during 2013–20152017In: Infection, Genetics and Evolution, ISSN 1567-1348, E-ISSN 1567-7257, Vol. 54, p. 74-80Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are a challenge to the health-care system regarding transmission rate and treatment of infections. VRE outbreaks have to be controlled from the first cases which means that appropriate and sensitive genotyping methods are needed.

    The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of whole genome sequencing based analysis compared to Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) in epidemiological investigations as well as the development of a user friendly method for daily laboratory use.

    Out of 14,000 VRE - screening samples, a total of 60 isolates positive for either vanA or vanB gene were isolated of which 38 were from patients with epidemiological links from three suspected outbreaks at Uppsala University Hospital. The isolates were genotypically characterised with PFGE, MLST, and WGS based core genome Average Nucleotide Identity analysis (cgANI). PFGE was compared to WGS and MLST regarding reliability, resolution, and applicability capacity.

    The PFGE analysis of the 38 isolates confirmed the epidemiological investigation that three outbreaks had occurred but gave an unclear picture for the largest cluster. The WGS analysis could clearly distinguish six ANI clusters for those 38 isolates.

    As result of the comparison of the investigated methods, we recommend WGS-ANI analysis for epidemiological issues with VRE. The recommended threshold for Enterococcus faecium VRE outbreak strain delineation with core genome based ANI is 98.5%.

    All referred sequences of this study are available from the NCBI BioProject number PRJNA301929.

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  • 45.
    Lytsy, Birgitta
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology.
    Johansson, Anders
    Rutberg, Hans
    Vårdrelaterade infektioner både kan och ska förebyggas: Health-care associated infections could and should be prevented2020In: Läkartidningen, ISSN 0023-7205, E-ISSN 1652-7518, Vol. 117, p. 86-87Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 46.
    Lytsy, Birgitta
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine.
    Lindblom, Rickard P.F.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Thoracic Surgery.
    Ransjö, Ulrika
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Leo Swenne, Christine
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Caring Sciences.
    Hygienic interventions to decrease deep sternal wound infections following coronary artery bypass grafting2015In: Journal of Hospital Infection, ISSN 0195-6701, E-ISSN 1532-2939, Vol. 91, no 4, p. 326-331Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: The department of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Uppsala University Hospital has 25 beds in one to four patient rooms and an operating suite consisting of five operating rooms with ultraclean air. Around 700 open heart (250 isolated coronary artery bypass grafting, CABG) operations are performed annually. In 2009, the numbers of deep sternal wound infections (DSWIs) increased to unacceptable rates despite existing hygienic guidelines.

    AIM: To show how root cause analysis (RCA) followed by quality improvement interventions reduced the rate of DSWI after CABG surgery.

    METHODS: Only isolated CABG patients requiring surgical revision due to DSWI were included. Swabs and tissue biopsies were taken during surgical revision and analysed with standard methods. DSWIs were registered prospectively according to US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions. RCA for infection was performed between September 2009 and April 2010. Interventions based on results of the RCA and on nationally recommended practices were concluded in April 2010, and thought to have taken full effect by July 1st, 2010. Air was actively sampled at ≤0.5m from the sternal incision.

    FINDINGS: DSWI incidence rates per CABG operations decreased from 5.1% pre intervention to 0.9% post intervention. Wound cultures pre intervention grew Staphylococcus aureus 27.1% and coagulase negative staphylococcus (CoNS) 47.1%, post intervention S. aureus 23.1% and CoNS 30.8%. Air counts did not exceed 5cfu/m(3).

    CONCLUSION: When the aetiology of an error is multifactorial, RCA engaging both the medical professions and the infection control team is a potential tool to map causes leading to adverse events such as healthcare-associated infections. A systematic quality improvement intervention based on the RCA may reduce the number of deep sternal wound infections after CABG surgery.

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  • 47.
    Lytsy, Birgitta
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Melbarde-Kelmere, Agita
    Eastern Univ Hosp, Riga, Latvia..
    Hambraeus, Kristina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Liubimova, Anna
    North Western State Med Univ, Dept Epidemiol Parasitol & Disinfectol, St Petersburg, Russia..
    Aspevall, Olov
    Publ Hlth Agcy Sweden, Solna, Sweden..
    A joint, multilateral approach to improve compliance with hand hygiene in 4 countries within the Baltic region using the World Health Organization's SAVE LIVES: Clean Your Hands model2016In: American Journal of Infection Control, ISSN 0196-6553, E-ISSN 1527-3296, Vol. 44, no 11, p. 1208-1213Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: The aim of this prospective multicenter study was to explore the usefulness of a modified World Health Organization (WHO) hand hygiene program to increase compliance with hand hygiene among health care workers (HCWs) in Latvia, Lithuania, Saint Petersburg (Russia), and Sweden and to provide a basis for continuing promotion of hand hygiene in these countries. The study was carried out in 2012. Thirteen hospitals participated, including 38 wards. Methods: Outcome data were handrub consumption, compliance with hand hygiene measured with a modified WHO method, and assessment of knowledge among HCWs. Interventions were education of the nursing staff, posters and reminders in strategic places in the wards, and feedback of the results to nursing staff in ward meetings. Results: Feedback of results was an effective tool for education at the ward level. The most useful outcome measurement was handrub consumption, which increased by at least 50% in 30% of the wards. In spite of this, handrub consumption remained at a low level in many of the wards. Conclusions: There are several reasons for this, and the most important were self-reported nursing staff shortage and fear of adverse effects from using alcoholic handrub and verified skin irritation. (C) 2016 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  • 48.
    Melki, Vilyam
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Thoracic Surgery.
    Tano, Eva
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Hakansson, Lena Douhan
    Tran, Phan-Kiet
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences.
    Knutson, Folke
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Clinical Immunology.
    Malinski, Tadeusz
    Borowiec, Jan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Thoracic Surgery.
    Effect of Glyceryl Trinitrate on Staphylococcus aureus Growth and Leukocyte Activation during Simulated Extracorporeal Circulation2014In: The thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon, ISSN 0171-6425, E-ISSN 1439-1902, Vol. 62, no 5, p. 402-408Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background Previously, nitric oxide has been shown to possess antimicrobial effects. In this study, we aim to test the effect of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) on Staphylococcus aureus growth during simulated extracorporeal circulation (SECC) and also to examine the effect of S. aureus, alone and in combination with GTN, on activation markers of the innate immune system during SECC. Methods In an in vitro system of SECC, we measured GTN-induced changes in markers of leukocyte activation in whole blood caused by S. aureus infestation, as well as the effect of GTN on S. aureus growth. Results GTN had no effect on S. aureus growth after 240 minutes SECC. Staphylococcus aureus reduced the expression of granulocyte Fc gamma-receptor CD32 but stimulated the expression of monocyte CD32. Staphylococcus aureus stimulated expression of some leukocyte adhesion key proteins, activation marker CD66b, lipopolysaccharide-receptor CD14, and C3b-receptor CD35. Staphylococcus aureus and GTN addition induced significant increases in monocyte CD63 (lysosomal granule protein) levels. Conclusion GTN does not affect S. aureus growth during SECC and has no effect on SECC-induced leukocyte activation.

  • 49. Mugizi, Denis Rwabiita
    et al.
    Muradrasoli, Shaman
    Boqvist, Sofia
    Erume, Joseph
    Nasinyama, George William
    Waiswa, Charles
    Mboowa, Gerald
    Klint, Markus
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Magnusson, Ulf
    Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Brucella Isolates in Cattle Milk in Uganda2015In: BioMed Research International, ISSN 2314-6133, E-ISSN 2314-6141, article id 720413Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Brucellosis is endemic in livestock and humans in Uganda and its transmission involves amultitude of risk factors like consumption of milk from infected cattle. To shed new light on the epidemiology of brucellosis in Uganda the present study used phenotypic and molecular approaches to delineate the Brucella species, biovars, and genotypes shed in cattle milk. Brucella abortus without a biovar designation was isolated from eleven out of 207 milk samples from cattle in Uganda. These isolates had a genomic monomorphism at 16 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) loci and showed in turn high levels of genetic variation when compared with other African strains or other B. abortus biovars from other parts of the world. This study further highlights the usefulness of MLVA as an epidemiological tool for investigation of Brucella infections.

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  • 50.
    Nilsson, Kenneth L.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Ouppmärksammad fästingöverförd infection2012In: Läkartidningen, ISSN 0023-7205, E-ISSN 1652-7518, Vol. 109, no 43Article in journal (Refereed)
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