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  • 1. Aarons, L
    et al.
    Karlsson, MO
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Mentre, F
    Rombout, F
    Steimer, JL
    van Peer, A
    Role of modelling and simulation in Phase I drug development.2001In: Eur J Pharm Sci, Vol. 13, p. 115-Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 2.
    Abbasi, Mina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Translational aspects of unbound brain to plasma concentration ratios2012Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction:  The unbound brain-to-plasma concentration ratio (Kp,uu,brain) is one of the most important indicators for brain penetration in the area of CNS drug discovery and development. Kp,uu,brain can be calculated by combining the total brain-to-plasma concentration ratio (Kp,brain),  the brain free fraction (fu,brain) and  the plasma free fraction (fu,p).

    Aim:  This study has three purposes, to calculate Kp,uu,brain from publications in humans,  to collect data regarding species differences in Kp,uu,brain and to see whether Kp,uu,brain in humans differs in different  brain regions or not.

    Materials and Methods:  The values of Kp, brain were derived from positron emission tomography (PET), MRS (Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy), and brain surgery for tumor removal. fu,brain and fu,p were collected from brain homogenate, equilibrium dialysis and ultrafiltration studies.

    Results:  Data on Kp,brain was sparse in the literature. Kp,uu,brain was calculated for sixteen different drugs in humans. According to the calculation, nine of these sixteen compounds were found to be actively influxed into the brain, six were actively effluxed from the BBB and one had a passive diffusion. Depending on the compound, Kp,uu,brain was higher or smaller in humans compared to mice and rats.  Kp,uu,brain for five compounds were calculated for different brain regions. Four compounds had a higher Kp,uu,brain value in almost all other regions than the cerebellum and one had a higher Kp,uu,brain in cerebellum than in the other regions.

    Conclusions:  No definite conclusion on Kp,uu,brain in humans, species differences in Kp,uu,brain  or Kp,uu,brain  in different human brain regions could be reached in this study. In view of the importance of Kp,uu,brain  in CNS drug discovery and development, more studies on Kp,uu,brain in humans and in the other species are required.

  • 3.
    Abberud, Madelene
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Time to first antibiotic administration in The Alfred Emergency and Trauma Centre for suspected febrile neutropenia: a retrospective chart review2012Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction: Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a frequent complication of chemotherapy use in cancer patients. There is evidence to suggest that the time to antibiotic administration is associated with increase survival and effective clinical outcome. The Australian consensus guidelines for the management of FN in adult cancer patients recommends treatment within 30 minutes to patients with features of systemic compromise. A study performed at The Alfred Hospital in 2010 revealed a median time of 145 minutes to first antibiotic administration. A new guideline was therefore developed and education was implemented. This study was conducted to evaluate the intervention. Aim: To determine time to first antibiotic prescribing and administration for patients with suspected FN presenting to the Alfred Emergency and Trauma centre. Materials and Methods: The electronic medical record of 112 episodes of suspected FN presenting between March and August 2012 were reviewed.  Data were retrospective collected according to a FN data spreadsheet. An observational study were also performed at  The Alfred Emergency and Trauma centre during October and November 2012 to determine time to first antimicrobial prescribing, because this data could not be collected from the electronic medical record. Results: The median time from presentation to antibiotic prescribing was 68 minutes. The median time from presentation to antibiotic administration was 121 minutes. Conclusions: The implementation of the new guidelines has reduced the time with 16.6%, but the target first antibiotic administration within 30 minutes has not been reached.

  • 4.
    Abd El-Wahed, Aida A.
    et al.
    Agr Res Ctr, Plant Protect Res Inst, Dept Bee Res, Giza 12627, Egypt..
    Farag, Mohamed A.
    Cairo Univ, Coll Pharm, Pharmacognosy Dept, Kasr El Aini St, Cairo 11562, Egypt.;Amer Univ Cairo, Sch Sci & Engn, Dept Chem, New Cairo 11835, Egypt..
    Eraqi, Walaa A.
    Cairo Univ, Fac Pharm, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Cairo 11562, Egypt..
    Mersal, Gaber A. M.
    Taif Univ, Coll Sci, Chem Dept, At Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia..
    Zhao, Chao
    Fujian Agr & Forestry Univ, Coll Food Sci, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, Peoples R China..
    Khalifa, Shaden A. M.
    Stockholm Univ, Wenner Gren Inst, Dept Mol Biosci, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden..
    El-Seedi, Hesham
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences. Menoufia Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Chem, Shibin Al Kawm 32512, Egypt.;Jiangsu Univ, Int Res Ctr Food Nutr & Safety, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, Peoples R China..
    Unravelling the beehive air volatiles profile as analysed via solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and chemometrics2021In: JOURNAL OF KING SAUD UNIVERSITY SCIENCE, ISSN 1018-3647, Vol. 33, no 5, article id 101449Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: Beehive air therapy is recognized as a potential remedy for treating asthma, bronchitis, lung fibrosis, and respiratory tract infections. Developed countries in which beehive air therapy is currently authorized include Germany, Hungary, Slovenia, and Austria. However, scientific proof of its efficacy is lacking which warrants further chemical and biological analyses as a proof of concept. In this study, bee-hive air volatile profile was determined for the first time along with its individual components (bees, venom, honey, and beeswax).

    Methods: Volatile compounds were collected from beehive air using solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antimicrobial assay of the air released from 4 beehive products was further performed against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and multi drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using the in vitro agar-well diffusion and microtiter plate assays.

    Results and conclusions: A total of 56 volatile compounds were identified from beehive air, venom, bee insect and wax air including 6 fatty acids, 6 alcohols, 10 aldehydes, 5 esters, 1 ether, 9 hydrocarbons, 1 phenol, 7 ketones, 1 nitrogenous compound and 10 terpenes. The most abundant constituents were short-chain fatty acids (26.32%) while the lowest were the nitrogenous compounds (0.82%). The principal component analysis (PCA) scores plot of the UPLC/MS dataset showed the similarity of the beehive air to the insect bee's aroma profile. With regards to antimicrobial assay, beehive air and venom exerted the strongest antimicrobial activity among the examined bee products against S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, and MRSA in agar-well diffusion assay but failing to exert an effect using microtiter plate assay as in case of bee venom against the aforementioned bacteria.

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  • 5.
    Abdalla, Souad
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Hjälpämnens påverkan på läkemedelsabsorption.2022Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Bakgrund: Hjälpämne definieras som de inaktiva ingredienserna som tillsätts till läkemedel och som inte är avsedda att utöva terapeutiska effekter. Majoriteten av läkemedelsprodukter innehåller hjälpämne där hjälpämnena utgör ca. 50% av totala vikten av de fasta beredningsformerna. Hjälpämnen används för att överkomma de begränsningar som den farmaceutiska substansen har men även för att möjliggör hantering och användning av en läkemedelsberedning samt underlätta frisättningsegenskaper. Forskning har visat att hjälpämne är mer än inerta komponenter, utan hjälpämne har förmågan att reagera med andra ingredienser i formuleringen och påverka läkemedelsabsorptionen. Syftet: Att beskriva med hjälp av exempel hur hjälpämne kan påverka läkemedelsabsorptionen. Uppsatsen kommer att fokusera på vissa delprocesser av absorptionen. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie där 18 artiklar inkluderades. Analysen av artiklarna resulterade i teman. Resultat: Tre huvudteman formulerades. Hjälpämnes effekter på absorptionsvariabler utifrån dess egenskaper där studier har visat att egenskaper hos hjälpämne kan avspegla om dessa kommer att bidra till en förbättrad eller försämrad absorption. Hjälpämnes effekter på transportproteiner där det framkom att hjälpämne modulerar aktiviteter av en del effluxtransportörer. Koncentrationsberoende effekter av hjälpämne på läkemedelsabsorption där koncentrationen av hjälpämne är en avgörande faktor för en förbättrad respektive försämrad absorption. Diskussion: Hjälpämnens effekter kan inte generaliseras, även inom en viss läkemedelsklass. Mycket forskning i in-vivo är nödvändigt för att förbättra förståelsen och utveckling av hjälpämne samt deras inverkan på läkemedelsabsorption.

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  • 6.
    Abdelwahab, Mahmoud Tareq
    et al.
    Univ Cape Town, Dept Med, Div Clin Pharmacol, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Court, Richard
    Univ Cape Town, Dept Med, Div Clin Pharmacol, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Everitt, Daniel
    Global Alliance TB Drug Dev, New York, NY USA..
    Diacon, Andreas H.
    Stellenbosch Univ, Dept Med, Tygerberg, South Africa.;Task Appl Sci, Bellville, South Africa..
    Dawson, Rodney
    Univ Cape Town, Div Pulmonol, Lung Inst, Cape Town, South Africa.;Univ Cape Town, Dept Med, Lung Inst, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Svensson, Elin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy. Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Radboud Inst Hlth Sci, Dept Pharm, Med Ctr, Nijmegen, Netherlands.;Uppsala Univ, Dept Pharm, Uppsala, Sweden..
    Maartens, Gary
    Univ Cape Town, Dept Med, Div Clin Pharmacol, Cape Town, South Africa.;Univ Cape Town, Wellcome Ctr Infect Dis Res Africa, Inst Infect Dis & Mol Med, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Denti, Paolo
    Univ Cape Town, Dept Med, Div Clin Pharmacol, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Effect of Clofazimine Concentration on QT Prolongation in Patients Treated for Tuberculosis2021In: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, ISSN 0066-4804, E-ISSN 1098-6596, Vol. 65, no 7, article id e02687-20Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Clofazimine is classified as a WHO group B drug for the treatment of rifampin-resistant tuberculosis. QT prolongation, which is associated with fatal cardiac arrhythmias, is caused by several antitubercular drugs, including clofazimine, but there are no data quantifying the effect of clofazimine concentration on QT prolongation. Our objective was to describe the effect of clofazimine exposure on QT prolongation. Fifteen adults drug-susceptible tuberculosis patients received clofazimine monotherapy as 300mg daily for 3 days, followed by 100mg daily in one arm of a 2-week, multiarm early bactericidal activity trial in South Africa. Pretreatment Fridericia-corrected QT (QTcF) (105 patients, 524 electrocardiograms [ECGs]) and QTcFs from the clofazimine monotherapy arm matched with clofazimine plasma concentrations (199 ECGs) were interpreted with a nonlinear mixed-effects model. Clofazimine was associated with significant QT prolongation described by a maximum effect (Emax) function. We predicted clofazimine exposures using 100-mg daily doses and 2 weeks of loading with 200 and 300mg daily, respectively. The expected proportions of patients with QTcF change from baseline above 30 ms (DQTcF. 30) were 2.52%, 11.6%, and 23.0% for 100-, 200-, and 300-mg daily doses, respectively. At steady state, the expected proportion with Delta QTcF of >30 ms was 23.7% and with absolute QTcF of >450 ms was 3.42% for all simulated regimens. The use of loading doses of 200 and 300mg is not predicted to expose patients to an increased risk of QT prolongation, compared with the current standard treatment, and is, therefore, an alternative option for more quickly achieving therapeutic concentrations.

  • 7.
    Abdelwahab, Mahmoud Tareq
    et al.
    Univ Cape Town, Dept Med, Div Clin Pharmacol, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Wasserman, Sean
    Univ Cape Town, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis & HIV Med, Cape Town, South Africa.;Univ Cape Town, Wellcome Ctr Infect Dis Res Africa, Inst Infect Dis & Mol Med, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Brust, James C. M.
    Albert Einstein Coll Med, Div Gen Internal Med, New York, NY USA.;Albert Einstein Coll Med, Div Infect Dis, New York, NY USA..
    Gandhi, Neel R.
    Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA USA.;Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Global Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.;Emory Univ, Emory Sch Med, Dept Med Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA..
    Meintjes, Graeme
    Univ Cape Town, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis & HIV Med, Cape Town, South Africa.;Univ Cape Town, Wellcome Ctr Infect Dis Res Africa, Inst Infect Dis & Mol Med, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Everitt, Daniel
    Global Alliance TB Drug Dev, New York, NY USA..
    Diacon, Andreas
    Task Appl Sci, Bellville, South Africa.;Stellenbosch Univ, Dept Med, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Dawson, Rodney
    Univ Cape Town, Lung Inst, Cape Town, South Africa.;Univ Cape Town, Div Pulmonol, Dept Med, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Wiesner, Lubbe
    Univ Cape Town, Dept Med, Div Clin Pharmacol, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Svensson, Elin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences. Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Radboud Inst Hlth Sci, Dept Pharm, Med Ctr, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
    Maartens, Gary
    Univ Cape Town, Dept Med, Div Clin Pharmacol, Cape Town, South Africa.;Univ Cape Town, Wellcome Ctr Infect Dis Res Africa, Inst Infect Dis & Mol Med, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Denti, Paolo
    Univ Cape Town, Dept Med, Div Clin Pharmacol, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Clofazimine pharmacokinetics in patients with TB: dosing implications2020In: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, ISSN 0305-7453, E-ISSN 1460-2091, Vol. 75, no 11, p. 3269-3277Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Clofazimine is in widespread use as a key component of drug-resistant TB regimens, but the recommended dose is not evidence based. Pharmacokinetic data from relevant patient populations are needed to inform dose optimization. Objectives: To determine clofazimine exposure, evaluate covariate effects on variability, and simulate exposures for different dosing strategies in South African TB patients. Patients and methods: Clinical and pharmacokinetic data were obtained from participants with pulmonary TB enrolled in two studies with intensive and sparse sampling for up to 6 months. Plasma concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS and interpreted with non-Linear mixed-effects modelling. Body size descriptors and other potential covariates were tested on pharmacokinetic parameters. We simulated different dosing regimens to safely shorten time to average daily concentration above a putative target concentration of 0.25 mg/L. Results: We analysed 1570 clofazimine concentrations from 139 participants; 79 (57%) had drug-resistant TB and 54 (39%) were HIV infected. Clofazimine pharmacokinetics were well characterized by a three-compartment model. Clearance was 11.5 L/h and peripheral volume 10500 L for a typical participant. Lower plasma exposures were observed in women during the first few months of treatment, explained by higher body fat fraction. Model-based simulations estimated that a Loading dose of 200 mg daily for 2 weeks would achieve average daily concentrations above a target efficacy concentration 37 days earlier in a typical TB participant. Conclusions: Clofazimine was widely distributed with a Long elimination half-Life. Disposition was strongly influenced by body fat content, with potential dosing implications for women with TB.

  • 8.
    abdi, bahja omar
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Double-checking advanced drug reconstitution in pediatric care2021Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Background 

    An evidence-and experience-based pediatric drug information system, ePed, was developed in Sweden to gather pediatric drug therapy information. Recently a database, Advanced Reconstitution Module (ARM), was designed to detect errors in the reconstitution of high-risk drugs. ARM is integrated with ePed and has a front-end system called ReVal that facilitates communication between the database and DrugLog (an ultraviolet spectrophotometer).  

    Aim 

    The study’s main aim was to ensure correct drug management of high-risk drugs in the neonatal units at Karolinska University Hospital. The study had three objectives; (1) Determination of the prevalence of dilution error for high-risk drugs, (2) Evaluation of the staff experiences with the ARM-system, (3) Investigation of the adsorption of insulin on plastic material.  

    Methods

    Stage 1: Random samples of nine different diluted high-risk drugs used in clinical practice were collected and measured with DrugLog. Stage 2: Recruited participants prepared insulin using ARM. The reconstituted insulin from stage 2 was further studied. 

    Results

    Stage 1: Out of 168 samples, 44.6 % (95 %CI 37.3 %-52.2 %) contained concentrations outside of the acceptable limit (± 10 %). Stage 2: None of the participants found the ARM process difficult, and 34 % of the insulin prepared was outside of the acceptable range. No difference in adsorption (PVC vs. PVC-free lines) was found for insulin.  

    Conclusions

    The first objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of dilution error. With an overall rate of error of 44,6 % the main conclusion that can be drawn from this study is the need for a system that can help minimize this rate of error. The second objective was to evaluate the staff experiences with ARM which was identified to be a simple method according to the participants. More profound studies have to be performed in order to investigate insulins adsorption to plastic which was the studies third objective.  

  • 9.
    Abdi, Hafsa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Finns det någon koppling mellan Alzheimers sjukdom och Diabetes Mellitus?2014Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Alzheimers sjukdom är en neurodegenerativ sjukdom vars orsak är okänd, kännetecknas av en gradvis försämring av kognitiva funktioner. Alzheimers sjukdom och Diabetes Mellitus har flera gemensamma patofysiologiska samband, bland annat insulinresistens. Försämrad insulinsignalering kan leda till kognitiv funktionsförsämring, som i sin tur kan leda till Alzheimers sjukdom. Båda insulin och amyloid-β metaboliseras av insulinnedbrytande enzym (IDE), defekt i IDE kan delvis orsaka amyloid-β ansamlingar. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka om försämrad insulinsignalering kan leda till kognitiv försämring och påskynda utvecklingen av Alzheimers sjukdom.

    Jag har gjort en systematisk litteraturöversikt för att undersöka detta. Det är större risk att drabbas av Alzheimers sjukdom om man har Diabetes Mellitus. Man såg ett samband mellan försämrad insulinsignalering och försämrad kognitiv funktion. Förhöjda glukosnivåer var förenade med kognitiv försämring, medan nedsatt glukosnivå inte hade någon betydelse vid kognitiv försämring. Dessutom påskyndar en hög glukosnivå omvandlingen från MCI (mild kognitivs vikt) till Alzheimers sjukdom. Trots detta resultat krävs det mer forskning inom området eftersom olika metoder användes på de olika studierna vilket kan ge ett falskt samband.

  • 10.
    Abdo, Chirine Hussein
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences. Lund universitet.
    Kombination och koncentration av toxiska substanser hos personer obducerade på grund av narkotika relaterade dödsfall i Skåne2023Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Bakgrund: Opioidförgiftningar är ett framträdande folkhälsoproblem i många länder runt om i världen. Det misstänks att kombinationen mellan opioider och sederande läkemedel ökar risken för död även vid lägre doser opioider. Syftet med denna studie var att studera hur andra sederande läkemedel, bensodiazepiner, hypnotika, antiepileptika, antidepressiva och antihistaminer skulle kunna öka risken för opioidförgiftningar även vid lägre doser. Samt att identifiera andra möjliga riskfaktorer för opioidöverdos. 

     

    Metod: Detta är en retrospektiv registerstudie som analyserar forensiska och toxikologiska data för samtliga personer obducerade inom rättsmedicin, avlidna i Skåne mellan 2011–2018 (N= 1395) på grund av intoxikation av minst en opioid. Datan analyserades med hjälp av independet sample t-test samt frekvensberäkningar för att analysera gruppskillnader. 

     

    Resultat: Majoriteten av dödsfallen (84,6%) var relaterade till kombination mellan opioider och minst ett sederande läkemedel. Morfin/heroin var den vanligaste opioid i studien (36,2%) och bensodiazepiner (65,7%) var den mest frekventa sederande läkemedel i studien. Bensodiazepiner, hypnotika samt antiepileptika ledde till att signifikant lägre doser av morfin/heroin, fentanyl respektive tramadol krävdes till död på grund av överdos. Vissa grupper identifierades för att kunna tillhöra riskzonen. 

     

    Slutsats: Den studerade populationen kännetecknades av omfattande kombination mellan opioider och bensodiazepiner. Dessutom rapporterades ett signifikant samband mellan förskrivning av bensodiazepiner, hypnotika samt antiepileptika och ökad risk för överdosdödsfall vid lägre doser opioider. Därför bör förskrivning av dessa läkemedel begränsas till opioidanvändare. 

  • 11.
    Abdu, Sara
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Betydelsen av PDGF vid Trippelnegativ Bröstcancer2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) are defined by the absence of estrogen andprogesterone receptors and the absence of HER2 protein overexpression. TNBC cancersrepresent a heterogeneous breast cancer subtype with poor prognosis. The heterogeneity of thedisease has limited the successful development of targeted therapy in unselected patientpopulations. Currently there are no approved targeted therapies for TNBC. However, intenseresearch is ongoing to identify specific targets and develop additional and better systemictreatment options. Recently researchers have found that the PDGF pathway plays a significantpart in communication between cancer cells and cells in the surrounding tissue. In thisliterature study evaluated if the PDGFR inhibition is a treatment strategy for triple negativebreast cancer. Method: literature original articles from database Pubmed was used in thisstudy. Results: results show that PDGF is more overexpressed in tissue cells than tumor cells.PDGF isoforms like PDGFRalfa and PDGF-C can increase the risk of distant recurrence tocentral nervsystem and early recurrence of primary breast cancer. The TNBC subtype (MES)is more likely to overexpress PDGF and inhibition with PDGF specific aptamer have shownsignificantly decreased tumor cell growth. Triple combination treatment with MEK1/2 and(JAK2) inhibitors resulted in significant reduction of cell growth and immunological inducedcell death through CD8+ t-cells. Single treatment with PDGFR inhibitors like Ponatinib andSunitinib reduced cell growth and cell migration in TNBC, but a combination treatment withDoxorubicin showed far greater inhibitor effect on cell growth and migration it also causedcell death. Chemotherapy Doxorubicin combination with a PDGFR- inhibitor resulted inbetter treatment compared to a single PDGFR- inhibitor to treat TNBC.Conclusion: It has been proven that PDGF isoforms have different significance in thedevelopment of TNBC. The PDGFC ligand is significantly more expressed in TNBCcompared to other PDGF isoforms. Ligand and receptor binding PDGFC-PDGFRα expressionis increased during breast cancer progression. PDGFRbeta signaling pathway plays a crucialrole in mediating vascular properties and therefore may be a good marker for reducing newvessel formation in endothelial cells. Combination therapy appears to be promising drugtreatment in TNBC. PDGFR inhibitors combined with cytostatic drugs or JAK & MEK1/2inhibitors can provide a pharmacological synergistic effect or activate the immune systemCD8+ T cells. Combination therapy reduces emergence of resistance mechanisms, howeverthere is a lack of studies on toxicity side effects. Nyckelord: Trippelnegativ bröstcan

  • 12.
    Abdul Amir, Meys
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Kvalitetsgranskning av utskrivningsinformation från fyra kirurgavdelningar på Akademiska sjukhuset2016Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Kvalitetesgranskning av utskrivningsinformation från fyra kirugavdelningar på Akademiska sjukhuset

    Meys Abdul Amir

    Introduktion: Vid utskrivning från kirurgavdelningar förekommer ofta brister i utskrivningsinformation gällande patientens läkemedelsbehandling, vilket medför läkemedelsrelaterad sjuklighet. För att åtgärda detta krävs utdelning av uppdaterad läkemedelslista, fullständig och tydlig information till patienter vid utskrivning samt införande av läkemedelsberättelse i utskrivningsmeddelandet. Läkemedelsberättelse genomförs när läkemedelsförändring utförs under vårdtiden på sjukhuset. Syfte: Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka i vilken utsträckning utskrivningsmeddelande med läkemedelsberättelse skrivs till patienter vid kirurgavdelningar på Akademiska sjukhuset, samt undersöka i vilken utsträckning läkemedelslista skickas med till patienter vid utskrivning och även kontrollera om läkemedelslistorna uppdateras vid utskrivning. Material och metoder: Retrospektiv observationsstudie genom journalgranskning och telefonintervju av alla patienter i alla åldrar utskrivna från alla kirurgavdelningar på Akademiska sjukhuset under december 2015. Resultat: Av 332 patienter som ingick i studien hade läkemedelsförändringar utförts för 176 patienter, och utskrivningsningsmeddelande upprättades till drygt 6,3 % av dessa 176 patienter. Av de 332 patienterna erhöll 60% en uppdaterad läkemedelslista. Telefonintervju genomfördes med 107 patienter och av dessa hade 37% fått en läkemedelslista. Förbättrade resultat observerades hos patienter som fått läkemedelsgenomgång av klinikapotekare vid utskrivning. Konklusion: Rutinen för utskrivningsinformationen är fortfarande bristfällig på de kirurgiska avdelningarna. Flera apotekare behövs på dessa avdelningar, för att kunna minska antal läkemedelsfel efter utskrivning från sjukhuset.

  • 13.
    Abdul Sattar Mehdi, Katrelneda
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Läkemedelsgenomgång för äldrepatienter med demenssjukdom på ettsärskilt boende i region Dalarna2019Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Bakgrund: Demens orsakas av hjärnskador som främst drabbar äldre. Antalet dementa personer i Sverige uppgår idag till ca. 150 000 och beräknas fördubblas de kommande 30 åren i och med den allt äldre befolkningen. De äldre har ofta flera diagnoser. Detta samt åldersrelaterade förändringar i fysiologiska funktioner leder till stor läkemedelsanvändning, vilket i sin tur ger upphov till läkemedelsrelaterade problem (LRP) i form av exempelvis biverkningar, interaktioner, avsaknad av indikation, indikation utan behandling, olämplig läkemedelsbehandling eller doseringsfel. LRP kan upptäckas, åtgärdas, minskas eller förebyggas med hjälp av läkemedelsgenomgång.

    Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete var att genomföra läkemedelsgenomgång för äldre patienter med demenssjukdom och med minst fem eller fler ordinerade läkemedel för att analysera förekomsten av LRP bland patienterna.

    Metod: Läkemedelsgenomgång för 20 patienter utfördes i ett särskilt demensboende genom avidentifierade patientdata i form av läkemedelslista, senaste labprover samt diagnoslista. Även frågeställningar baserade på en lathund för läkemedelsgenomgång besvarades. Aktuella frågeställningar var att rätt och uppdaterad läkemedelslista fanns i journalen, läkemedelsinteraktioner, olämpliga läkemedel för äldre, dosering anpassad till njur-, och leverfunktion, laboratorievärden, diagnos utan aktuell/rimlig behandling, läkemedel utan aktuell/rimlig indikation samt biverkningar. Även användningen av icke-farmakologisk behandling kontrollerades.

    Resultat: Studien visade att samtliga patienter hade korrekt och uppdaterad läkemedelslista registrerad i journalen. 55% av patienterna hade minst en läkemedelsinteraktion. 10% hade olämpliga läkemedel för äldre. 20% hade ett eller fler feldoserade läkemedel. 25% behövde åtgärder i form av komplettering av blodprover eller insättning av läkemedel efter utvärdering av labvärden i samband med existerande diagnos. 50% hade minst en diagnos registrerad, men saknade aktuell läkemedelsbehandling och 10% tog läkemedel utan att det fanns aktuell eller rimlig indikation registrerad i deras journal.Slutsats: Projektet tyder på att flera olika LRP upptäcktes bland dementa patienter i boendet där de vanligast förekommande är läkemedelsinteraktioner samt registrerad diagnos utan aktuellt läkemedel. Åtgärder utfördes i form av dosjustering av läkemedel, insättning av läkemedel, borttagning av olämpligt läkemedel, kontroll av diagnos som saknade behandling samt att ytterligare blodprover beställdes för en del patienter. Detta indikerar att läkemedelsgenomgång är en viktig procedur och därmed bör tillämpas på alla äldre patienter som använder sig av flera läkemedel för att upptäcka och åtgärda LRP. Målet med detta är i sin tur att förbättra livskvaliteten, välmåendet samt patientsäkerheten för äldre dementa patienter.

  • 14.
    Abdulahad, Noor
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    The effects of short-term use of proton pump inhibitors on plasma and salivary nitrate/nitrite and exhaled NO in patients with established coronary artery disease2013Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction: Recent studies have suggested several vasoprotective/cardioprotective effects of dietary nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-), including blood pressure regulating, antiplatelet effect, enhanced endothelial function and increased oxygen supply in healthy volunteers. There is, on the other hand, concern that an increase in gastric pH may blunt these beneficial effects due to the low pH requirement (pH< 2) for nitric oxide (NO) generation from nitrate in the stomach. This effect has not previously been investigated in 'real life' patients. Aim: To investigate the effects of an increased gastric pH caused by short-term (5 days) use of esomeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, on plasma and salivary nitrate/nitrite and exhaled NO in patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: A total of seven patients with CAD were enrolled in the study. An on-line method was used to determine fractional exhaled concentration of NO (FeNO) at multiple flow rates, data was modeled to estimate alveolar airways NO concentration (Calv) and bronchial NO flux (JNO). Plasma and salivary nitrate/nitrite levels were also analyzed. Results: There was a statistically (P = 0.0469) significant reduction in Calv in the overall patient group after treatment with esomeprazole. There was a trend toward an increase, albeit non-statistically significant (P = 0.0781) in salivary nitrate after treatment with esomeprazole. Conclusion: The major finding in this study is the significant reduction in the alveolar NO concentration in the overall patient group after treatment with esomeprazole. Further research is needed in this area.

  • 15.
    Abdulhameed, Ingi
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Bedömning av njurfunktionen hos cancerpatinter vid dosering av karboplatin2014Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Introduktion: Vid behandling av ett flertal cancertyper används läkemedlet karboplatin som doseras efter njurfunktionen. Karboplatin utsöndras huvudsakligen via njurarna och elimineringen bestäms framför allt av den glomerulära filtrationshastigheten (GFR). Därför krävs det en noggrann bedömning av njurfunktionen för en korrekt behandling. GFR kan både mätas till exempel med iohexolclearance eller skattas med hjälp av matematiska formler. Det råder en osäkerhet om vilka GFR-metoder som är lämpligast för att skatta njurfunktionen hos cancerpatienter som behandlas med karboplatin.

    Syfte: Att undersöka vilken eller vilka av följande sex GFR skattnings metoder, Cockcroft -Gault med okompenserat kreatinin (CGold), Cockcroft–Gault (CG) med kompenserat kreatinin, cystatin C-GFR, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study (MDRD4), Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) samt Lund-Malmö formeln (LM-reviderad), som bäst korrelerar till ”gold standard” metoden iohexolclearance, för att bättre kunna dosera karboplatin till cancerpatienter.

    Material och metoder: Femtioåtta cancerpatienter från Radiumhemmet som under 2013 genomfört iohexolclearance innan behandlingsstart med karboplatin inkluderades. GFR hos dessa patienter beräknades med ovanstående formler. Överensstämmelse mellan iohexolclearance och övriga GFR metoder bestämdes med bland annat linjär regression, bias och precision.

    Resultat: CGold och Cystatin C tenderar att underskatta GFR medan MDRD4, CKD-Epi och CG tenderar att överskatta GFR. LM-reviderad överensstämmer med iohexolclearance.

    Konklusion: Lund-Malmö formeln (LM-reviderad) är den metod som bäst korrelerar till ”gold standard” metoden iohexolclearance.

  • 16.
    Abdulla Karim, Dana
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Ersättning av två aminosyror i 9S-dioxygenas-allenoxidsyntas av Colletotrichum graminicola samt förkortning av dioxygenasdomänen för 3D-strukturanalys2015Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Oxylipiner är oxiderade metaboliter av fleromättade fettsyror. Hos svampar är dessa inblandade i kommunikation, reproduktion, reglering av mykotoxinproduktion och modulering av växtförsvarssystemet vid infektion. Colletotrichum graminicola tillhör de mest kända och viktigaste svampar som orsakar skador på grödor. Genen EFQ_27323 från C. graminicola kodar för 9S-dioxygenas-allenoxidsyntas (9S-DOX-AOS) och vid inkubation med linolsyra bildar hydroperoxyoctadekadiensyra (9-HPODE).

     

    Syftet med projektet är dels att ändra kiraliteten av 9S-DOX-AOS i genen EFQ_27323 genom att ersätta aminosyrorna Ile590 och Leu601 mot Gly590 och Phe601, respektive, och dels att förkorta DOX-domänen av enzymet för vidare 3D-strukturanalyser.

     

    Site directed mutagenesis används för mutationer av gener genom PCR-tekniken. Mutanten både transformeras och uttrycks i E.coli (BL21) med hjälp av expressionsvektorn pET101D-TOPO. De uttryckta enzymerna inkuberas med linolsyra (18:2n-6) och aktiviteten och dess kiralitet analyseras med hjälp av LC-MS/MS.

     

    Ersättningen av Ile590 med Gly590 ändrade kiraliteten av 9S-HPODE till 9R-HPODE med 20 % medan dubbelmutanten, d.v.s. Gly590 och Phe601 ändrade kiraliteten med 58 %. Enzymet förlorar sin 9-HPODE aktivitet när en förkortning av DOX-domän utan CYP-domän genomförs.

     

    Specifika aminosyrasubstitutioner i aktivt centrum påverkar regio- och stereoselektiviteten. Aminosyrorna i genen EFQ_27323, Gly590 och Phe601 istället för Ile590 med Leu601 ändrar kiraliteten från 9S-DOX-AOS till 9R-DOX-AOS

  • 17.
    Abdullah, Sarah
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Validering av narkotikahanteringen för morfin, oxikodon och ketobemidon vid Astrid Lindgrens Barnsjukhus2016Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Validering av narkotikahanteringen för morfin, oxikodon och ketobemidon vid Astrid Lindgrens Barnsjukhus

    Sarah Abdullah

    Fördjupningsprojekt i farmakoterapi 30 hp, Apotekarprogrammet

    Institution för farmaceutisk biovetenskap, Handledare: Per Nydert, Examinator: Margareta Hammalund- Udenaes

    Introduktion: Kontrollerad narkotikaanvändning leder till mindre risk för läkemedelshanteringsfel vilket bidrar till ökad personal- och patientsäkerhet. Syfte: Validering av datauttag från TakeCare samt validering av hanteringen av morfin, oxikodon och ketobemidon på avdelning Q84 och B78 på Astrid Lindgrens Barnsjukhus. Material och metoder: Uttag i narkotikaloggen jämfördes med administreringar i journalsystemet TakeCare. Detta utfördes retrospektivt under 11,5 månader i den kvantitativa studien och prospektivt under ca. en månad i den kvalitativa studien där även orsaker till avvikelserna har studerats. Dessutom jämfördes den dokumenterade kassationen mot den uppskattade kassationen. Resultat: I den retrospektiva studieperioden ingick 93 patienter. Av alla doser i narkotikaloggen fanns på Q84 78,6 % (95 % KI 73,5-83,2) och på B78 85,9 % (95 % KI 81,8-89,4) av doserna i TakeCare. Av totala antalet doser saknades på Q84 21 % (95 % KI 17,0-25,6)* och på B78 5,2 % (95 % KI 3,2-7,99) av doserna i narkotikaloggen. Dessutom förekom det under den retrospektiva studien 38 avvikelser i behållningen vilket var signifikant högre jämfört med fem avvikelser på B78. De huvudsakliga orsakerna till avvikelser mellan uttag och administrering var vård utanför avdelningen (29 % resp. 36 % av alla avvikelser), administrering skedde ur tidigare patientuttag (14 % resp. 14 %), opioidinfusion (34 % resp. 0 %) och behov saknades (0 % resp. 36 %) för Q84 resp. B78. Under hela studieperioden utgjorde den dokumenterade kassationen 0,39 % på Q84 och 0,93 % på B78 av den uppskattade kassationen. Konklusion: Antal doser i TakeCare av alla doser i narkotikaloggen var inte signifikant skild mellan avdelningarna. Däremot var antalet doser som saknades i narkotikaloggen av alla doser signifikant högre på Q84. Detta indikerar att narkotikaloggen var mer välskött på B78. Antalet avvikelser i behållningen var signifikant högre på Q84, vilket indikerar att läkemedelsautomaten på B78 leder till en mer kontrollerad narkotikahantering. Både på avdelning Q84 och B78 var kassationen bristfälligt dokumenterad.

  • 18.
    Abdulmahdi, Rasha
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy.
    Statinanvändning hos äldre hypertonipatienter med nedsatt njurfunktion2013Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Statinanvändning hos äldre hypertonipatienter med nedsatt njurfunktion

    Rasha Abdulmahdi

    Handledare: Björn Wettermark, Docent, Apotekare, Utvecklingsavdelningen, SLL. Yvonne Freund-Levi, MD PhD Överläkare KI. Tero Shemiekka, överläkare Avdelningen för E-hälsa, SLL. Examinator: Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes, Professor i farmakokinetik och farmakodynamik. Institutionen för farmaceutisk biovetenskap. Examensarbete i Farmakoterapi D, 30hp, Uppsala universitet.

     

    Introduktion: Äldre patienter löper större risk att utveckla läkemedelsbiverkningar p.g.a. avtagande njurfunktion. Flera publicerade studier tyder på att många patienter läggs in akut på sjukhus för att de använder läkemedel som inte anpassas efter deras njurfunktion. Syfte: Att kartlägga förskrivning av statiner hos äldre hypertonipatienter med avseende på njurfunktion i Skaraborg och sydvästra Stockholms Län. Material och metoder: En tvärsnittstudie baserad på data hämtade från SPCCD (Swedish Primary Care Cardiovascular Database). Patienter ≥ 65 år som hade minst ett registrerat S-kreatinin under år 2006-2008 inkluderades och andelen som hämtade ut statiner under perioden 2006-2009 analyserades. GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) beräknades med CKD-EPI-formeln (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration). Läkemedelssubstanserna lämplighet eller behov av dosjustering i relation till njurfunktion granskades enligt RenBase, en databas med dokumentation av läkemedel vid nedsatt njurfunktion. Resultat. Totalt identifierades 38 239 individer och av dessa hade 23,8 % behandlats med statiner. De mest förskrivna statinerna var simvastatin (84,2 %) och atorvastatin (10,5 %). Det var signifikant färre (95 % C.I.) som behandlades med de båda statinerna vid en jämförelse mellan GFR < 30 och >30. Det fanns ingen korrelation mellan snittdosering (mg/dag) och njurfunktion. Konklusion: Många äldre hypertonipatienter i primärvården med nedsatt njurfunktion får statinbehandling. Det förefaller dock som om simvastatin inte dosjusteras hos patienter med svårt nedsatt njurfunktion.

                 

  • 19.
    Abdulrasul, Ali
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Neurosteroids and Alzheimer’s disease: Mechanistic studies of neuroprotection and neurogenesis2015Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and its consequent memory and cognitive impairments continue to be unhaltable and incurable to this day. Yet, recent studies demonstrating neuroprotective effects of some neurosteroids have shown a potential of these steroids to modulate AD progression in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, the effects of neurosteroids were studied on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as well as staurosporine-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Moreover, underlying mechanisms were investigated. Cell viability was measured with MTT-assay. The results demonstrated that the neurosteroids investigated reduced hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity. One of the neurosteroid even reduced staurosporine-induced toxicity. Moreover, the present study also showed neurogenic properties for one of the neurosteroid studied.  In conclusion, this report demonstrates that neurosteroids act neuroprotective against hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity and that one of the neurosteroids studied even acts neuroprotective against staurosporine-induced toxicity and possesses neurogenic effects. 

  • 20. Abela, D
    et al.
    Ritchie, H
    Ababneh, D
    Gavin, C
    Nilsson, Mats F
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Niazi, M Khalid Khan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Centre for Image Analysis.
    Carlsson, K
    Webster, WS
    The effect of drugs with ion channel-blocking activity on the early embryonic rat heart2010In: Birth defects research. Part B. Developmental and reproductice toxicology, ISSN 1542-9733, E-ISSN 1542-9741, Vol. 89, no 5, p. 429-440Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study investigated the effects of a range of pharmaceutical drugs with ion channel-blocking activity on the heart of gestation day 13 rat embryos in vitro. The general hypothesis was that the blockade of the IKr/hERG channel, that is highly important for the normal functioning of the embryonic rat heart, would cause bradycardia and arrhythmia. Concomitant blockade of other channels was expected to modify the effects of hERG blockade. Fourteen drugs with varying degrees of specificity and affinity toward potassium, sodium, and calcium channels were tested over a range of concentrations. The rat embryos were maintained for 2 hr in culture, 1 hr to acclimatize, and 1 hr to test the effect of the drug. All the drugs caused a concentration-dependent bradycardia except nifedipine, which primarily caused a negative inotropic effect eventually stopping the heart. A number of drugs induced arrhythmias and these appeared to be related to either sodium channel blockade, which resulted in a double atrial beat for each ventricular beat, or IKr/hERG blockade, which caused irregular atrial and ventricular beats. However, it is difficult to make a precise prediction of the effect of a drug on the embryonic heart just by looking at the polypharmacological action on ion channels. The results indicate that the use of the tested drugs during pregnancy could potentially damage the embryo by causing periods of hypoxia. In general, the effects on the embryonic heart were only seen at concentrations greater than those likely to occur with normal therapeutic dosing.

  • 21.
    Abelo, A
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Eriksson, UG
    Karlsson, MO
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Larsson, H
    Gabrielsson, J
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    A turnover model of irreversible inhibition of gastric acid secretion byomeprazole in the dog.2000In: J Pharmacol Exp Ther, Vol. 295, p. 662-Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 22.
    Abelo, A
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Gabrielsson, J
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Holstein, B
    Eriksson, UG
    Holmberg, J
    Karlsson, MO
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Pharmacodynamic modelling of reversible gastric acid pump inhibition indog and man.2001In: Eur J Pharm Sci, Vol. 14, p. 339-Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 23.
    Abelo, A
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Holstein, B
    Eriksson, UG
    Gabrielsson, J
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Karlsson, MO
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Gastric acid secretion in the dog: a mechanism-based pharmacodynamic modelfor histamine stimulation and irreversible inhibition by omeprazole.2002In: J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn, Vol. 29, p. 365-Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 24.
    Abiri, Pojan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Användandet av webbsajten Sil Online – Svenska informationstjänster för läkemedel: En enkät- och intervjustudie2015Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Introduktion: Sil, Svenska informationstjänster för läkemedel, tillhandahåller kvalitetssäkrad läkemedelsinformation till aktörer inom hälso- och sjukvård. Sil Online (www.silonline.se) möjliggör åtkomsten till informationen i Sil databasen.

    Syfte: Att utvärdera vilka som är användare av Sil Online, i vilket ändamål användningen sker samt vilken information som söks på Sil Online för att skapa underlag för framtidsutveckling av webbsajten.

    Material och metoder: En deskriptiv tvärsnittsstudie bestående av en kvantitativ webbenkätundersökning (tidsperiod: 2015-03-05 till 2015-04-02) och en kvalitativ intervjuerundersökning bland frivilliga respondenter på webbenkäten.

    Resultat: Den största användargruppen bland respondenterna av webbenkäten var farmacevter (67 %), följt av systemutvecklare (16 %) varav majoriteten (43 %) jobbade inom hälso- och sjukvård eller förvaltning och administration inom landsting och kommuner (24 %). Aktuell läkemedelsinformation söktes av majoriteten av användarna (78 %) och mer än hälften (77 %) tyckte att det var lätt att hitta på webbsajten. Intervjurespondenterna saknade information om syftet med Sil Online men tyckte att det var en informativ sajt med unik information om licensläkemedel och listor med landstingens rekommenderade läkemedel. Tydligare instruktioner skulle förbättra användarvänlighet och marknadsföring skulle vidga användarkretsen.

    Konklusion: Sil Online upplevs vara en användarvänlig och informativ webbsajt. Studien visar att det finns potential för utveckling inom presentation och marknadsföring av webbsajten.

  • 25.
    Abood, Ekhlas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Identifying Medication History Errors at Iraqi Hospital Admissions Using The Swedish-LIMM model2016Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 40 credits / 60 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Abstract

    Background and Objective: An accurate medication history list is an integral part of the patient assessment at hospital admission. The objective of the study was to describe the frequency, type, and predictors of unintentional medication errors and to evaluate the quality of the clinical pharmacy services focusing on the acceptance of the recommendations made by the clinical pharmacist.

    Setting and methods: A descriptive study was conducted at two internal medicine wards at Baghdad Teaching Hospital in Iraq using Lund Integrated Medicines Management (LIMM)-based medication reconciliation. The study pharmacist conducted medication interviews for patients shortly after hospital admission to obtain the most accurate pre-admission medication history list. This list was compared with the medication list in the patient’s medical chart. Intended addition, withdrawal of a drug, or changes to the dose/ dosage form in the patient’s medical list was considered as medication discrepancies. However, medication discrepancies were considered as medication errors based on no identified clinical reason.

    Results: A total of 114 patients were included in this study. Over two-thirds of the study patients (73.7%) experienced 215 medication errors identified by a clinical pharmacist conducting medication reconciliation. Most errors were omission (87.9%). Cardiovascular agents followed by NSAID were commonly in error (53%) and (10.2%) respectively. In a logistic regression model, age (odds ratio (OR), 1.055: 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.010 - 1.102), female gender (OR, 3.468: 95% CI 1.232- 9.761) and number of medications at admission (OR, 0.810: 95% CI 0.681-0.963) were predictors for medication history errors at admission.

    Conclusions: Medication errors at the time of hospital admission are common and undetected.  A structured approach like the LIMM-based medication reconciliation at Iraqi hospital is needed to detect these errors.

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    Abstract
  • 26.
    Abosedera, Dalia A.
    et al.
    Univ Sadat City, Environm Studies & Res Inst, Dept Nat Resources, Sadat City, Egypt..
    Emara, S. A.
    Univ Sadat City, Fac Vet Med, Dept Cytol & Histol, Sadat City, Egypt..
    Tamam, Omar A. S.
    Univ Sadat City, Environm Studies & Res Inst, Dept Nat Resources, Sadat City, Egypt..
    Badr, Osama M.
    Univ Sadat City, Anim Biotechnol Dept, Genet Engn & Biotechnol Inst GEBRI, Sadat City, Egypt..
    Khalifa, Shaden A. M.
    Stockholm Univ, Wenner Gren Inst, Dept Mol Biosci, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden..
    El-Seedi, Hesham
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Farmakognosi. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences. BJiangsu Univ, Int Res Ctr Food Nutr & Safety, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, Peoples R China.;Jiangsu Univ, Jiangsu Educ Dept, Int Joint Res Lab Intelligent Agr & Agriprod Proc, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, Peoples R China.;Menoufia Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Chem, Menoufia 32511, Egypt..
    Refaey, Mohamed S.
    Univ Sadat City, Fac Pharm, Dept Pharmacognosy, Menoufia 32897, Egypt..
    Metabolomic profile and in vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of Asphodelus microcarpus against human malignant melanoma cells A3752022In: Arabian Journal of Chemistry, ISSN 1878-5352, E-ISSN 1878-5379 , Vol. 15, no 10, article id 104174Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Melanoma is a huge worldwide health problem that must be handled more effectively with better therapeutic options. As a result, new treatment drugs are required to treat this condition. The goal of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic activity of the anthraquinone-rich fractions obtained from Asphodelus microcarpus against human melanoma cell A375. On these melanoma cell lines; the cytotoxicity of these fractions had never been studied before. Liquid chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance was used to determine the chemical profiles of these fractions. The cytotoxicity of the fractions studied was determined by measuring cell viability and calculating IC50 values. Both ethyl acetate (EtOAC) and the precipitate fractions (PPT) exhibited selective cytotoxicity on human melanoma A 375 cell line with IC50 values of 83 and 65 mu g/mL, respectively. The antiproliferative properties of EtOAc fraction and PPT were supported by a noticeable decrease in cell numbers during the G2/M cell cycle arrest. Our findings suggest that the anthraquinone content of A. microcarpus tubers is responsible for its anti-proliferative and apoptotic properties and that further in vivo investigations should be conducted to establish the viability of using them to treat human melanomas.

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    fulltext
  • 27.
    Abouzid, Mohamed
    et al.
    Poznan Univ Med Sci, Dept Phys Pharm & Pharmacokinet, 6 Swiecickiego St, PL-60781 Poznan, Poland..
    El-Sherif, Dina M.
    Natl Inst Oceanog & Fisheries, NIOF, Cairo, Egypt..
    Al Naggar, Yahya
    Tanta Univ, Fac Sci, Zool Dept, Tanta 31527, Egypt.;Martin Luther Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Biol, Gen Zool, Hoher Weg 8, D-06120 Halle, Saale, Germany..
    Alshehri, Mohammed M.
    Jazan Univ, Phys Therapy Dept, Jazan, Southern Region, Saudi Arabia..
    Alothman, Shaima
    Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman Univ, Lifestyle & Hlth Res Ctr, Hlth Sci Res Ctr, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia..
    El-Seedi, Hesham
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences. Jiangsu Univ, Int Res Ctr Food Nutr & Safety, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, Peoples R China.;Jiangsu Univ, Jiangsu Educ Dept, Int Joint Res Lab Intelligent Agr & Agriprod Proc, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, Peoples R China..
    Trabelsi, Rayhana
    EHS Matern & Pediat, Touggourt, Algeria..
    Ibrahim, Osama Mohamed
    Cairo Univ, Fac Pharm, Cairo, Egypt.;Univ Sharjah, Coll Pharm, Sharjah, U Arab Emirates..
    Temraz, Esraa Hamouda
    Menoufia Univ, Fac Med, Menoufia, Egypt..
    Buimsaedah, Ahmad
    Aljala Hosp, Benghazi, Libya..
    Aziz, Ibrahim Adel
    Al Neelian Univ, Fac Med, Khartoum, Sudan..
    Alwan, Muhammad
    Aleppo Univ, Fac Med, Aleppo, Syria..
    Al Hasan, Nuha Hadi Jasim
    Univ Basrah, Coll Engn, Dept Engn Mat, Basrah, Iraq..
    Ragab, Heba Nasser
    Fayoum Univ, Fac Med, Al Fayyum, Egypt..
    Koraiem, Abdullah Muhammed
    Al Azhar Univ, Fac Pharm, Cairo 11884, Egypt..
    Ahmed, Mareb H.
    Univ Mosul, Mosul Med Coll, Mosul, Iraq..
    Temraz, Heba Hamouda
    Menoufia Univ, Fac Med, Menoufia, Egypt..
    Madeeh, Alyaa Khaled
    Fayoum Univ, Fac Med, Al Fayyum, Egypt..
    Alshareif, Mohanned Osama
    Islamic Univ Gaza, Fac Med, Gaza, Palestine..
    Elkhafeefi, Fatimah Saad
    Aljala Hosp, SHO Gen Surg Dept, Benghazi, Libya..
    Badis, Imed-Eddine
    Tlemcen Fac Med, Tilimsen, Algeria..
    Abdelslam, Asmaa E.
    Al Azhar Univ, Fac Med Girls, Cairo, Egypt..
    Ali, Almajdoub Ali Mohammed
    Brega Gen Hosp BGH, Brega, Libya..
    Kotni, Nour El Imene
    Univ Oran, Fac Med, Sch Med & Hlth Care, Oran City, Algeria..
    Amer, Thuraya
    Al Turath Univ Coll, Radiog Tech Dept, Baghdad, Iraq..
    Investigating the current environmental situation in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region during the third wave of COVID-19 pandemic: urban vs. rural context2022In: BMC Public Health, E-ISSN 1471-2458, Vol. 22, no 1, article id 177Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background

    Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to a massive global socio-economic tragedy that has impacted the ecosystem. This paper aims to contextualize urban and rural environmental situations during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region.

    Results

    An online survey was conducted, 6770 participants were included in the final analysis, and 64% were females. The majority of the participants were urban citizens (74%). Over 50% of the urban residents significantly (p < 0.001) reported a reduction in noise, gathering in tourist areas, and gathering in malls and restaurants. Concerning the pollutants, most urban and rural areas have reported an increase in masks thrown in streets (69.49% vs. 73.22%, resp.; p = 0.003). Plastic bags and hospital waste also increased significantly with the same p-value of < 0.001 in urban areas compared with rural ones. The multifactorial logistic model for urban resident predictors achieved acceptable discrimination (AUROC = 0.633) according to age, crowdedness, noise and few pollutants.

    Conclusion

    The COVID-19 pandemic had a beneficial impact on the environment and at the same time, various challenges regarding plastic and medical wastes are rising which requires environmental interventions.

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  • 28.
    Abrahamsson, Robert
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Post Authorization Safety Studies (PASS) & Patient Support Programs (PSP): Läkemedelsföretagens säkerhetsverktyg efter lansering2015Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Introduktion: I juli 2012 uppdaterades regelverken för farmakovigilans inom Europa och flera förändringar gjordes i de bestämmelser som rör säkerhetsstudier på godkända läkemedel. En sammanställning av dessa behövdes för att lyfta fram viktiga bestämmelser och ge en tydligare överblick av de myndighetskrav som berör PASS (Post-Authorization Safety Studies) och PSP (Patient Support Programs).

     

    Syfte: Projektet syftar till att analysera och tolka regelverk och riktlinjer gällande PASS och PSP inom Europa samt utreda vad som gäller för PASS i de skandinaviska länderna. Detta för att lyfta fram viktiga bestämmelser och underlätta tolkningen för berörda företag.

     

    Material och metoder: Huvuddelen av projektet bestod av en litteraturstudie där fokus låg på lagar och riktlinjer inom Europa. Informationsinhämtning skedde även genom intervjuer med personal på Bayer AB och Läkemedelsverket. Jämförelser har sedan gjorts mellan svenska, norska och danska regelverk.

     

    Resultat: Myndighetskraven för PASS och PSP skiljer sig åt i vissa avseenden. Etikgodkännande krävs för PASS men inte för PSP och slutrapporten från en PASS granskas av läkemedelsmyndighet medan PSP inte ger någon slutrapport. För PASS krävs i Sverige och Norge ett etikgodkännande vilket inte krävs i Danmark. I Danmark ska dokumentation om studien skickas till läkemedelsmyndigheten om Danmark är referensland eller rapportör för produkten. I Sverige och Norge krävs ingen kommunikation med läkemedelsmyndigheten.

     

    Konklusion: PASS syftar till att studera säkerheten hos läkemedel medan PSP primärt är ett stöd för patientvården i vilket vissa säkerhetsaspekter kan fångas upp sekundärt. Trots att regelverken rörande farmakovigilans gäller för samtliga EU-länder har olika tolkningar gjorts i de skandinaviska länderna och de lokala regelverken skiljer sig åt i vissa avseenden.

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    fulltext
  • 29.
    Abrantes, João A.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Pharmacometric Approaches to Improve Dose Individualization Methods in Hemophilia A2019Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Hemophilia A is a bleeding disorder caused by the lack of functional coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). The overall aim of this thesis was to improve dose individualization of FVIII replacement therapy in hemophilia A using pharmacometric approaches.

    A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model of FVIII activity following the administration of moroctocog alfa was developed based on data from a large heterogeneous cohort of moderate to severe hemophilia A patients. Body weight, age, neutralizing anti-FVIII inhibitors, race, and analytical assay were found to be significant predictors of FVIII activity PK. In addition, large inter-individual variability (IIV) and inter-occasion variability (IOV) was identified highlighting the need for dose individualization.

    High magnitudes of IOV are known to impair model-based therapeutic drug monitoring. Using a population PK model of FVIII activity, several approaches to handle IOV in Bayesian forecasting of individual PK parameters were assessed across a wide range of features. Considering IOV in Bayesian forecasting, but ignoring IOV in dose calculation, led to the most precise individualized doses, in particular, when sparse data was used.

    The dose-exposure-response relationship of FVIII replacement therapy remains unclear. A parametric repeated time-to-categorical event (RTTCE) model was developed to characterize the relationship between the dose of octocog alfa, plasma FVIII activity, bleeding frequency and severity, and covariates, using data from clinical trials. The bleeding hazard was found to decrease throughout time and to be affected by plasma FVIII activity and number of previous bleeds. Unexplained IIV in the bleeding hazard was found to be large.

    Bayesian forecasting based on the RTTCE model was used to predict the future occurrence of bleeds, and to contrast the predicted outcome using individual i) PK, ii) bleeding, and iii) PK, bleeding and covariate information, from data collected in clinical trials. The results support that individual bleed information can inform the optimization of prophylactic dosing regimens in severe hemophilia A patients.

    In summary, the pharmacometric approaches presented provide a valuable quantitative framework to improve dose individualization in hemophilia A. Furthermore, enhanced dosing has the potential to reduce bleeding frequency and to lower the high costs associated to treatment.

    List of papers
    1. Elucidation of Factor VIII Activity Pharmacokinetics: A Pooled Population Analysis in Patients With Hemophilia A Treated With Moroctocog Alfa
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Elucidation of Factor VIII Activity Pharmacokinetics: A Pooled Population Analysis in Patients With Hemophilia A Treated With Moroctocog Alfa
    Show others...
    2017 (English)In: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, ISSN 0009-9236, E-ISSN 1532-6535, Vol. 102, no 6, p. 977-988Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    This study investigated the disposition of coagulation factor VIII activity in 754 patients with moderate to severe hemophilia A following the administration of moroctocog alfa, a B-domain deleted recombinant factor VIII. Data analyzed included patients aged 1 day to 73 years enrolled in 13 studies conducted over a period of 20 years in 25 countries. A two-compartment population pharmacokinetic model with a baseline model described the pooled data well. Body size, age, inhibitors, race, and analytical assay were identified as significant predictors of factor VIII disposition. In addition, simulations of prophylactic dosing schedules in several pediatric cohorts showed large variability and suggest that younger patients would require higher weight-adjusted doses than adolescents to achieve target factor VIII trough activity when receiving every other day or twice weekly dosing.

    National Category
    Pharmacology and Toxicology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-342208 (URN)10.1002/cpt.716 (DOI)000414921800026 ()28437834 (PubMedID)
    Available from: 2018-02-20 Created: 2018-02-20 Last updated: 2019-04-05Bibliographically approved
    2. Handling interoccasion variability in model-based dose individualization using therapeutic drug monitoring data
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Handling interoccasion variability in model-based dose individualization using therapeutic drug monitoring data
    2019 (English)In: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, ISSN 0306-5251, E-ISSN 1365-2125, Vol. 85, no 6, p. 1326-1336Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS: This study aims to assess approaches to handle interoccasion variability (IOV) in a model-based therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) context, using a population pharmacokinetic model of coagulation factor VIII as example.

    METHODS: We assessed five model-based TDM approaches: empirical Bayes estimates (EBEs) from a model including IOV, with individualized doses calculated based on individual parameters either (i) including or (ii) excluding variability related to IOV; and EBEs from a model excluding IOV by (iii) setting IOV to zero, (iv) summing variances of interindividual variability (IIV) and IOV into a single IIV term, or (v) re-estimating the model without IOV. The impact of varying IOV magnitudes (0-50%) and number of occasions/observations was explored. The approaches were compared with conventional weight-based dosing. Predictive performance was assessed with the prediction error (PE) percentiles.

    RESULTS: When IOV was lower than IIV, the accuracy was good for all approaches (50th percentile of the PE [P50] <7.4%), but the precision varied substantially between IOV magnitudes (P97.5 61-528%). Approach (ii) was the most precise forecasting method across a wide range of scenarios, particularly in case of sparse sampling or high magnitudes of IOV. Weight-based dosing led to less precise predictions than the model-based TDM approaches in most scenarios.

    CONCLUSIONS: Based on the studied scenarios and theoretical expectations, the best approach to handle IOV in model-based dose individualisation is to include IOV in the generation of the EBEs, but exclude the portion of unexplained variability related to IOV in the individual parameters used to calculate the future dose.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    John Wiley & Sons, 2019
    Keywords
    NONMEM, pharmacokinetics, population analysis, therapeutic drug monitoring
    National Category
    Pharmacology and Toxicology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-381215 (URN)10.1111/bcp.13901 (DOI)000468974200029 ()30767254 (PubMedID)
    Available from: 2019-04-05 Created: 2019-04-05 Last updated: 2019-06-24Bibliographically approved
    3. Relationship between factor VIII activity, bleeds and individual characteristics in severe hemophilia A patients
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Relationship between factor VIII activity, bleeds and individual characteristics in severe hemophilia A patients
    Show others...
    (English)In: Article in journal (Refereed) Submitted
    National Category
    Pharmacology and Toxicology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-381216 (URN)
    Available from: 2019-04-05 Created: 2019-04-05 Last updated: 2019-04-05
    4. Bayesian Forecasting Utilizing Bleeding Information to Support Dose Individualization of Factor VIII
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Bayesian Forecasting Utilizing Bleeding Information to Support Dose Individualization of Factor VIII
    Show others...
    2019 (English)In: CPT: Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology (PSP), E-ISSN 2163-8306, Vol. 8, no 12, p. 894-903Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Bayesian forecasting for dose individualization of prophylactic factor VIII replacement therapy using pharmacokinetic samples is challenged by large interindividual variability in the bleeding risk. A pharmacokinetic‐repeated time‐to‐event model‐based forecasting approach was developed to contrast the ability to predict the future occurrence of bleeds based on individual (i) pharmacokinetic, (ii) bleeding, and (iii) pharmacokinetic, bleeding and covariate information using observed data from the Long‐Term Efficacy Open‐Label Program in Severe Hemophilia A Disease (LEOPOLD) clinical trials (172 severe hemophilia A patients taking prophylactic treatment). The predictive performance assessed by the area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves was 0.67 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.65–0.69), 0.78 (95% CI, 0.76–0.80), and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.77–0.81) for patients ≥ 12 years when using pharmacokinetics, bleeds, and all data, respectively, suggesting that individual bleed information adds value to the optimization of prophylactic dosing regimens in severe hemophilia A. Further steps to optimize the proposed tool for factor VIII dose adaptation in the clinic are required.

    National Category
    Pharmacology and Toxicology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-381217 (URN)10.1002/psp4.12464 (DOI)000493314600001 ()31668021 (PubMedID)
    Available from: 2019-04-05 Created: 2019-04-05 Last updated: 2020-12-17Bibliographically approved
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  • 30.
    Abrantes, João A.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Jönsson, Siv
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Karlsson, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Nielsen, Elisabet I.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Handling interoccasion variability in model-based dose individualization using therapeutic drug monitoring data2019In: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, ISSN 0306-5251, E-ISSN 1365-2125, Vol. 85, no 6, p. 1326-1336Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS: This study aims to assess approaches to handle interoccasion variability (IOV) in a model-based therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) context, using a population pharmacokinetic model of coagulation factor VIII as example.

    METHODS: We assessed five model-based TDM approaches: empirical Bayes estimates (EBEs) from a model including IOV, with individualized doses calculated based on individual parameters either (i) including or (ii) excluding variability related to IOV; and EBEs from a model excluding IOV by (iii) setting IOV to zero, (iv) summing variances of interindividual variability (IIV) and IOV into a single IIV term, or (v) re-estimating the model without IOV. The impact of varying IOV magnitudes (0-50%) and number of occasions/observations was explored. The approaches were compared with conventional weight-based dosing. Predictive performance was assessed with the prediction error (PE) percentiles.

    RESULTS: When IOV was lower than IIV, the accuracy was good for all approaches (50th percentile of the PE [P50] <7.4%), but the precision varied substantially between IOV magnitudes (P97.5 61-528%). Approach (ii) was the most precise forecasting method across a wide range of scenarios, particularly in case of sparse sampling or high magnitudes of IOV. Weight-based dosing led to less precise predictions than the model-based TDM approaches in most scenarios.

    CONCLUSIONS: Based on the studied scenarios and theoretical expectations, the best approach to handle IOV in model-based dose individualisation is to include IOV in the generation of the EBEs, but exclude the portion of unexplained variability related to IOV in the individual parameters used to calculate the future dose.

  • 31.
    Abrantes, João A.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Nielsen, Elisabet I.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences. Uppsala Univ, Dept Pharmaceut Biosci, Uppsala, Sweden..
    Korth-Bradley, J.
    Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, PA USA..
    Harnisch, L.
    Pfizer Ltd, Global Clin Pharmacol, Sandwich, Kent, England..
    Jönsson, Siv
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Elucidation of Factor VIII Activity Pharmacokinetics: A Pooled Population Analysis in Patients With Hemophilia A Treated With Moroctocog Alfa2017In: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, ISSN 0009-9236, E-ISSN 1532-6535, Vol. 102, no 6, p. 977-988Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study investigated the disposition of coagulation factor VIII activity in 754 patients with moderate to severe hemophilia A following the administration of moroctocog alfa, a B-domain deleted recombinant factor VIII. Data analyzed included patients aged 1 day to 73 years enrolled in 13 studies conducted over a period of 20 years in 25 countries. A two-compartment population pharmacokinetic model with a baseline model described the pooled data well. Body size, age, inhibitors, race, and analytical assay were identified as significant predictors of factor VIII disposition. In addition, simulations of prophylactic dosing schedules in several pediatric cohorts showed large variability and suggest that younger patients would require higher weight-adjusted doses than adolescents to achieve target factor VIII trough activity when receiving every other day or twice weekly dosing.

  • 32.
    Abrantes, João A.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Solms, Alexander
    Bayer, Berlin, Germany.
    Garmann, Dirk
    Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany.
    Nielsen, Elisabet I.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Jönsson, Siv
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Karlsson, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Bayesian Forecasting Utilizing Bleeding Information to Support Dose Individualization of Factor VIII2019In: CPT: Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology (PSP), E-ISSN 2163-8306, Vol. 8, no 12, p. 894-903Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Bayesian forecasting for dose individualization of prophylactic factor VIII replacement therapy using pharmacokinetic samples is challenged by large interindividual variability in the bleeding risk. A pharmacokinetic‐repeated time‐to‐event model‐based forecasting approach was developed to contrast the ability to predict the future occurrence of bleeds based on individual (i) pharmacokinetic, (ii) bleeding, and (iii) pharmacokinetic, bleeding and covariate information using observed data from the Long‐Term Efficacy Open‐Label Program in Severe Hemophilia A Disease (LEOPOLD) clinical trials (172 severe hemophilia A patients taking prophylactic treatment). The predictive performance assessed by the area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves was 0.67 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.65–0.69), 0.78 (95% CI, 0.76–0.80), and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.77–0.81) for patients ≥ 12 years when using pharmacokinetics, bleeds, and all data, respectively, suggesting that individual bleed information adds value to the optimization of prophylactic dosing regimens in severe hemophilia A. Further steps to optimize the proposed tool for factor VIII dose adaptation in the clinic are required.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 33.
    Abrantes, João A.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Solms, Alexander
    Garmann, Dirk
    Nielsen, Elisabet I.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Jönsson, Siv
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Karlsson, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Relationship between factor VIII activity, bleeds and individual characteristics in severe hemophilia A patients2020In: Haematologica, ISSN 0390-6078, E-ISSN 1592-8721, Vol. 105, no 5, p. 1443-1453Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Pharmacokinetic-based prophylaxis of replacement factor VIII products has been encouraged in the past years, but the exposure (factor VIII activity)-response (bleeding frequency) relationship remains unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize the relationship between factor VIII dose, plasma factor VIII activity, bleeding patterns and individual characteristics in severe hemophilia A patients. Pooled pharmacokinetic and bleeding data during prophylactic treatment with BAY 81-8973 (octocog alfa) were obtained from the three LEOPOLD trials. The population pharmacokinetics of factor VIII activity and longitudinal bleeding frequency, as well as bleeding severity, were described using nonlinear mixed effects modelling in NONMEM. In total, 183 patients (median age 22 years [range, 1-61]; weight 60 kg [11-124]) contributed with 1535 plasma factor VIII activity observations, 633 bleeds and 11 patient/study characteristics (median observation period 12 months [3.1-13.1]). A parametric repeated time-to-categorical bleed model, guided by plasma factor VIII activity from a 2-compartment population pharmacokinetic model, described the time to the occurrence of bleeds and their severity. Bleeding probability decreased with time of study, and a bleed was not found to affect the time of the next bleed. Several covariate effects were identified, including the bleeding history in the 12-month pre-study period increasing the bleeding hazard. However, unexplained inter-patient variability for the phenotypic bleeding pattern remained large (111%CV). Further studies to translate the model into a tool for dose individualization that considers the individual bleeding risk are required. Research based on a post-hoc analysis of the LEOPOLD studies (ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers NCT01029340, NCT01233258 and NCT01311648).

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 34.
    Abrantes, João
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Solms, Alexander
    Bayer, Berlin, Germany.
    Garmann, Dirk
    Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany.
    Nielsen, Elisabet I.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Jönsson, Siv
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Karlsson, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy.
    Relationship between factor VIII activity, bleeds and individual characteristics in severe hemophilia A patientsIn: Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 35. Abt, G
    et al.
    Vaghef, H
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Gebhart, E
    Dahlgren, CV
    Hellman, B
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    The role of N-acetylcysteine as a putative radioprotective agent on X-ray-induced DNA damage as evaluated by alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis1997In: MUTATION RESEARCH-DNA REPAIR, Vol. 384, p. 55-Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 36.
    Abu Hamdeh, Sami
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Enblad: Neurosurgery.
    Ciuculete, Diana-Maria
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Schiöth: Functional Pharmacology.
    Sarkisyan, Daniil
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Bakalkin, Georgy
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Ingelsson, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics.
    Schiöth, Helgi B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Schiöth: Functional Pharmacology. Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia..
    Marklund, Niklas
    Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Skåne University Hospital Lund University, Lund, Sweden .
    Differential DNA methylation of the genes for amyloid precursor protein, tau and neurofilaments in human traumatic brain injury2021In: Journal of Neurotrauma, ISSN 0897-7151, E-ISSN 1557-9042, Vol. 38, no 12, p. 1679-1688Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an established risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders and dementias. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, may alter the expression of genes without altering the DNA sequence in response to environmental factors. We hypothesized that DNA methylation changes may occur in the injured human brain and be implicated in the neurodegenerative aftermath of TBI. The DNA methylation status of genes related to neurodegeneration, e.g. amyloid beta precursor protein (APP), microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT), neurofilament heavy (NEFH), neurofilament medium (NEFM) and neurofilament light (NEFL), was analyzed in fresh, surgically resected human brain tissue from 17 severe TBI patients and compared with brain biopsy samples from 19 patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). We also performed an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) comparing TBI patients to iNPH controls. Thirty-eight CpG sites in the APP, MAPT, NEFH and NEFL genes were differentially methylated by TBI. Among the top 20 differentially methylated CpG sites, 11 were in the APP gene. In addition, the EWAS evaluating 828 888 CpG sites revealed 308 differentially methylated CpG sites in genes related to cellular/anatomical structure development, cell differentiation and anatomical morphogenesis. These preliminary findings provide the first evidence of an altered DNA methylome in the injured human brain and may have implications for the neurodegenerative disorders associated at long-term with TBI. 

  • 37.
    Abualqumssan, Tala
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Extemporeformulering till den pediatriska populationen för oral administrering2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Sammanfattning 

    Introduktion

    Den pediatriska populationen utesluts ofta från kliniska prövningar av läkemedel. Vilket i sin tur har lett till att marknadsförda läkemedel är avsedda för vuxenbruk, och därför ofta finns i olämpliga läkemedelsformer, doser eller innehållande olämpliga hjälpämne för barn. Detta innebär ett stort behov för mer barnanpassat läkemedel, vilket kan åstadkommas genom extemporetillverkning av läkemedel till barn.  

    Syfte

    Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att undersöka faktorer som övervägs vid extemporeformulering av flytande läkemedelsformer till barn för oral administrering, samt att redogöra för alternativ till flytande läkemedelsformer till barn. 

    Resultat/Slutsats

    Den vanligaste läkemedelsformen som extemporetillverkas till barn är orala lösningar/suspensioner, som eliminerar problem hos barn såsom sväljningssvårigheter. Orala lösningar/suspensioner innebär dock vissa utmaningar när det gäller behovet av hjälpämne för att erhålla en god, smaklig och stabil beredning, men även dess dosering, som behöver göras med ett administreringshjälpmedel kan vara problematiskt. 

    Läkemedelsformen munsönderfallande filmer (Orodispersible films, ODFs) har visat sig vara en god introduktion till extemporetillverkningen och anses vara särskilt lämpliga för extemporetillverkning till barn. Filmerna är lätt att inta och kommer i avdelade doser anpassade till barnet. 

  • 38.
    Abualreesh, Heba
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Farmakognosi. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Screening for antibacterial metabolites in marine sponges collected from the coastline of Sri Lanka.2021Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Natural products and their derivatives have and are still used by humans for various health ailments due to their rich sources of drug discovery. New biologically active compounds from natural products play a key role in drug development. Marine sponges and their associated microbes contain a lot of bioactive compounds that are potential for drug development. These compounds produce chemical compounds with useful pharmaceutical properties such as antitumor, anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. The main focus of this project was on the antibacterial activity of six different sponge specimens. The aim was to screen the antibacterial activity of the sponge specimen’s extracts. In order to do so, a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration assay was performed to screen the sponge's antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Analytical HPLC was used for separation and Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) was used for determining the effect of salts towards the inhibition of anti-bacterial activity for two selected extracts. Ethanolic extract of Stylissa massa showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus. SPE would be a rapid purification step to remove the salts present in sponges at a high concentration but it has not shown a significant effect on the inhibition of antibacterial activity. However, further separation and purification need to be done to be able to completely screen for all the six different sponge specimens.

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  • 39. Abu-Bakar, A'edah
    et al.
    Arthur, Dionne M.
    Wikman, Anna S.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Rahnasto, Minna
    Juvonen, Risto O.
    Vepsalainen, Jouko
    Raunio, Hannu
    Ng, Jack C.
    Lang, Matti A.
    Metabolism of bilirubin by human cytochrome P450 2A62012In: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, ISSN 0041-008X, E-ISSN 1096-0333, Vol. 261, no 1, p. 50-58Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The mouse cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A5 has recently been shown to function as hepatic "Bilirubin Oxidase" (Abu-Bakar, A., et al., 2011. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 257, 14-22). To date, no information is available on human CYP isoforms involvement in bilirubin metabolism. In this paper we provide novel evidence for human CYP2A6 metabolising the tetrapyrrole bilirubin. Incubation of bilirubin with recombinant yeast microsomes expressing the CYP2A6 showed that bilirubin inhibited CYP2A6-dependent coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity to almost 100% with an estimated K-i of 2.231 mu M. Metabolite screening by a high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry indicated that CYP2A6 oxidised bilirubin to biliverdin and to three other smaller products with m/z values of 301,315 and 333. Molecular docking analyses indicated that bilirubin and its positively charged intermediate interacted with key amino acid residues at the enzyme's active site. They were stabilised at the site in a conformation favouring biliverdin formation. By contrast, the end product, biliverdin was less fitting to the active site with the critical central methylene bridge distanced from the CYP2A6 haem iron facilitating its release. Furthermore, bilirubin treatment of HepG2 cells increased the CYP2A6 protein and activity levels with no effect on the corresponding mRNA. Co-treatment with cycloheximide (CHX), a protein synthesis inhibitor, resulted in increased half-life of the CYP2A6 compared to cells treated only with CHX. Collectively, the observations indicate that the CYP2A6 may function as human "Bilirubin Oxidase" where bilirubin is potentially a substrate and a regulator of the enzyme.

  • 40. Abu-Bakar, A'edah
    et al.
    Arthur, Dionne Maioha
    Aganovic, Simona
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Ng, Jack C.
    Lang, Matti A.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Inducible bilirubin oxidase: A novel function for the mouse cytochrome P450 2A52011In: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, ISSN 0041-008X, E-ISSN 1096-0333, Vol. 257, no 1, p. 14-22Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We have previously shown that bilirubin (BR), a breakdown product of haem, is a strong inhibitor and a high affinity substrate of the mouse cytochrome P450 2A5 (CYP2A5). The antioxidant BR, which is cytotoxic at high concentrations, is potentially useful in cellular protection against oxygen radicals if its intracellular levels can be strictly controlled. The mechanisms that regulate cellular BR levels are still obscure. In this paper we provide preliminary evidence for a novel function of CYP2A5 as hepatic "BR oxidase''. A high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry screening showed that recombinant yeast microsomes expressing the CYP2A5 oxidise BR to biliverdin, as the main metabolite, and to three other smaller products with m/z values of 301,315 and 333. The metabolic profile is significantly different from that of chemical oxidation of BR. In chemical oxidation the smaller products were the main metabolites. This suggests that the enzymatic reaction is selective, towards biliverdin production. Bilirubin treatment of primary hepatocytes increased the CYP2A5 protein and activity levels with no effect on the corresponding mRNA. Co-treatment with cycloheximide (CHX), a protein synthesis inhibitor, resulted in increased half-life of the CYP2A5 compared to cells treated only with CHX. Collectively, the observations suggest that the CYP2A5 is potentially an inducible "BR oxidase" where BR may accelerate its own metabolism through stabilization of the CYP2A5 protein. It is possible that this metabolic pathway is potentially part of the machinery controlling intracellular BR levels in transient oxidative stress situations, in which high amounts of BR are produced.

  • 41. Abu-Bakar, A'edah
    et al.
    Lämsä, Virpi
    Arpiainen, Satu
    Moore, Michael R.
    Lang, Matti A.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry.
    Hakkola, Jukka
    Regulation of CYP2A5 gene by the transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 22007In: Drug Metabolism And Disposition, ISSN 0090-9556, E-ISSN 1521-009X, Vol. 35, no 5, p. 787-794Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We have previously shown that cadmium, a metal that alters cellular redox status, induces CYP2A5 expression in nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 wild-type (Nrf2(-/-)) mice but not in the knockout (Nrf2(-/-)) mice. In the present studies, the potential role of Nrf2 in cadmium-mediated regulation of Cyp2a5 gene was investigated in mouse primary hepatocytes. Cadmium chloride (CdCl2) caused a time-dependent induction of the CYP2A5 at mRNA, protein, and activity levels, with a substantial increase observed within 3 h of exposure. Immunoblotting showed cadmium-dependent nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 within 1 h of exposure. Cotransfection of mouse primary hepatocytes with Cyp2a5 promoter-luciferase reporter plasmids and Nrf2 expression plasmid resulted in a 3-fold activation of Cyp2a5 promoter-mediated transcription relative to the control. Deletion analysis of the promoter localized the Nrf2 responsive region to an area from -2656 to -2339 base pair. Computer-based sequence analysis identified two putative stress response elements (StRE) within the region at positions -2514 to -2505 and -2386 to -2377. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that interaction of the more proximal StRE with Nrf2 was stimulated by CdCl2. Finally, site-directed mutagenesis of the proximal StRE in Cyp2a5 promoter-luciferase reporter plasmids abolished Nrf2 mediated induction. Collectively, the results indicate that Nrf2 activates Cyp2a5 transcription by directly binding to the StRE in the 5'-flanking region of the gene. This acknowledges Cyp2a5 as the first phase I xenobiotic-metabolizing gene identified under the control of the StRE-Nrf2 pathway with a potential role in adaptive response to cellular stress.

  • 42. Abu-Bakar, A'edah
    et al.
    Moore, Michael R
    Lang, Matti A
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Evidence for induced microsomal bilirubin degradation by cytochrome P450 2A5.2005In: Biochem Pharmacol, ISSN 0006-2952, Vol. 70, no 10, p. 1527-35Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 43.
    Abu-Bakar, Aedah
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences. Biokemi.
    Satarug, Soisungwan
    NCRET, UQ.
    Marks, Goeffrey
    NCRET, UQ.
    Lang, Matti
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences. Biokemi.
    Acute cadmium chloride administration induces hepatic and renal CYP2A5 mRNA, protein and activity in the mouse: involvement of transcription factor Nrf22004In: Tox letters, Vol. 148, p. 199-210Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 44.
    Abulfathi, Ahmed A.
    et al.
    Stellenbosch Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Div Clin Pharmacol, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Assawasuwannakit, Piyanan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Donald, Peter R.
    Stellenbosch Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Paediat & Child Hlth, Desmond Tutu TB Ctr, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Diacon, Andreas H.
    Task Appl Sci, Bellville, South Africa.;Stellenbosch Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Reuter, Helmuth
    Stellenbosch Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Div Clin Pharmacol, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Svensson, Elin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences. Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Med Ctr, Radboud Inst Hlth Sci, Dept Pharm, Nijmegen, Netherlands..
    Probability of mycobactericidal activity of para-aminosalicylic acid with novel dosing regimens2020In: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, ISSN 0031-6970, E-ISSN 1432-1041, Vol. 76, no 11, p. 1557-1565Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) is currently one of the add-on group C medicines recommended by the World Health Organization for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment. At the recommended doses (8-12 g per day in two to three divided doses) of the widely available slow-release PAS formulation, studies suggest PAS exposures are lower than those reached with older PAS salt formulations and do not generate bactericidal activity. Understanding the PASER dose-exposure-response relationship is crucial for dose optimization. The objective of our study was to establish a representative population pharmacokinetics model for PASER and evaluate the probability of bactericidal and bacteriostatic target attainment with different dosing regimens.

    Methods To this end, we validated and optimized a previously published population pharmacokinetic model on an extended dataset. The probability of target attainment was evaluated for once-daily doses of 12 g, 14 g, 16 g and 20 g PASER.

    Results The final optimized model included the addition of variability in bioavailability and allometric scaling with body weight on disposition parameters. Peak PAS concentrations over minimum inhibitory concentration of 100, which is required for bactericidal activity are achieved in 53%, 65%, 72% and 84% of patients administered 12, 14, 16 and 20 g once-daily PASER, respectively, when MIC is 1 mg/L. For the typical individual, the exposure remained above 1 mg/L for >= 98% of the dosing interval in all the evaluated PASER regimens.

    Conclusion The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters linked to bactericidal activity should be determined for 14 g, 16 g and 20 g once-daily doses of PASER.

  • 45.
    Abulfathi, Ahmed A.
    et al.
    Univ Florida, Ctr Pharmacometr & Syst Pharmacol, Dept Pharmaceut, Orlando, FL 32827 USA.;Univ Maiduguri, Coll Med Sci, Dept Clin Pharmacol & Therapeut, Maiduguri, Nigeria.;Stellenbosch Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Div Clin Pharmacol, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Chaba, Linda A.
    Strathmore Univ, Strathmore Inst Math Sci, Nairobi, Kenya..
    Svensson, Elin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences. Radboud Univ Nijmegen Med Ctr, Radboud Inst Hlth Sci, Dept Pharm, Nijmegen, Netherlands..
    Pillai, Goonaseelan C.
    Univ Cape Town, Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Div Clin Pharmacol, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Rosenkranz, Bernd
    Stellenbosch Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Div Clin Pharmacol, Cape Town, South Africa.;Fundisa African Acad Med Dev Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Pharmacometrics - tools to assure optimal medicine use in low- and middle-income countries: Editorial2022In: Frontiers in Pharmacology, E-ISSN 1663-9812, Vol. 13, article id 1034807Article in journal (Other academic)
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  • 46.
    Abulfathi, Ahmed A.
    et al.
    Stellenbosch Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Div Clin Pharmacol, Stellenbosch, South Africa.;Univ Maiduguri, Coll Med Sci, Dept Clin Pharmacol & Therapeut, Maiduguri, Nigeria..
    de Jager, Veronique
    Task Appl Sci, Bellville, South Africa..
    van Brakel, Elana
    Task Appl Sci, Bellville, South Africa..
    Reuter, Helmuth
    Stellenbosch Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Div Clin Pharmacol, Stellenbosch, South Africa..
    Gupte, Nikhil
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Med, Ctr TB Res, Baltimore, MD USA..
    Vanker, Naadira
    Task Appl Sci, Bellville, South Africa..
    Barnes, Grace L.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Med, Ctr TB Res, Baltimore, MD USA..
    Nuermberger, Eric
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Med, Ctr TB Res, Baltimore, MD USA..
    Dorman, Susan E.
    Med Univ South Carolina, Dept Med, Charleston, SC USA..
    Diacon, Andreas H.
    Task Appl Sci, Bellville, South Africa.;Stellenbosch Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Stellenbosch, South Africa..
    Dooley, Kelly E.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Div Clin Pharmacol, Dept Med, Ctr TB Res, Baltimore, MD USA.;Johns Hopkins Univ, Div Infect Dis, Dept Med, Ctr TB Res, Baltimore, MD USA..
    Svensson, Elin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences. Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Radboud Inst Hlth Sci, Dept Pharm, Med Ctr, Nijmegen, Netherlands..
    The Population Pharmacokinetics of Meropenem in Adult Patients With Rifampicin-Sensitive Pulmonary Tuberculosis2021In: Frontiers in Pharmacology, E-ISSN 1663-9812, Vol. 12, article id 637618Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Meropenem is being investigated for repurposing as an anti-tuberculosis drug. This study aimed to develop a meropenem population pharmacokinetics model in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and identify covariates explaining inter-individual variability.

    Methods: Patients were randomized to one of four treatment groups: meropenem 2 g three times daily plus oral rifampicin 20 mg/kg once daily, meropenem 2 g three times daily, meropenem 1 g three times daily, and meropenem 3 g once daily. Meropenem was administered by intravenous infusion over 0.5-1 h. All patients also received oral amoxicillin/clavulanate together with each meropenem dose, and treatments continued daily for 14 days. Intensive plasma pharmacokinetics sampling over 8 h was conducted on the 14th day of the study. Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was used for data analysis. The best model was chosen based on likelihood metrics, goodness-of-fit plots, and parsimony. Covariates were tested stepwise.

    Results: A total of 404 concentration measurements from 49 patients were included in the analysis. A two-compartment model parameterized with clearance (CL), inter-compartmental clearance (Q), and central (V1) and peripheral (V2) volumes of distribution fitted the data well. Typical values of CL, Q, V1, and V2 were 11.8 L/h, 3.26 L/h, 14.2 L, and 3.12 L, respectively. The relative standard errors of the parameter estimates ranged from 3.8 to 35.4%. The covariate relations included in the final model were creatinine clearance on CL and allometric scaling with body weight on all disposition parameters. An effect of age on CL as previously reported could not be identified.

    Conclusion: A two-compartment model described meropenem population pharmacokinetics in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis well. Covariates found to improve model fit were creatinine clearance and body weight but not rifampicin treatment. The final model will be used for an integrated pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics analysis linking meropenem exposure to early bactericidal activity.

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  • 47.
    Abulfathi, Ahmed A.
    et al.
    Stellenbosch Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Div Clin Pharmacol, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Donald, Peter R.
    Stellenbosch Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Paediat & Child Hlth, Desmond Tutu TB Ctr, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Adams, Kim
    Stellenbosch Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Div Clin Pharmacol, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Svensson, Elin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences. Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Med Ctr, Radboud Inst Hlth Sci, Dept Pharm, Nijmegen, Netherlands..
    Diacon, Andreas H.
    Task Appl Sci, Bellville, South Africa.;Stellenbosch Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Reuter, Helmuth
    Stellenbosch Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Div Clin Pharmacol, Cape Town, South Africa..
    The pharmacokinetics of para-aminosalicylic acid and its relationship to efficacy and intolerance2020In: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, ISSN 0306-5251, E-ISSN 1365-2125, Vol. 86, no 11, p. 2123-2132Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Following its introduction as an antituberculosis agent close to 75 years ago, the use of para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) has been limited by gastrointestinal intolerance and multiple formulations were produced in attempts to reduce its occurrence. More recently, an enteric-coated, granular, slow-release PAS formulation (PASER) was introduced and is now in wide-spread use for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. The current PASER dosing regimen is based on recommendations derived from older studies using a variety of different PAS formulations and relegate PAS to a role as an exclusively bacteriostatic agent. However, there is ample evidence that if sufficiently high serum concentrations are reached, PAS can be bactericidal and that intolerance following once daily dosing, that aids the achievement of such concentrations, is no worse than that following intermittent daily dosing. In particular, prevention of resistance to companion drugs appears to be dependent on the size of the single dose, and hence the peak concentrations, and not on maintaining serum levels consistently above minimum inhibitory concentration. We present a narrative review of the development of PAS formulations, dosing practices, and published data regarding pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and the relationship of PAS dosage to intolerance and efficacy. Our conclusions suggests that we are at present not using PAS to its maximum ability to contribute to regimen efficacy and protect companion drugs.

  • 48.
    Abulfathi, Ahmed Aliyu
    et al.
    Stellenbosch Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Div Clin Pharmacol, Dept Med, POB 241, ZA-8000 Cape Town, South Africa.
    Decloedt, Eric H.
    Stellenbosch Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Div Clin Pharmacol, Dept Med, POB 241, ZA-8000 Cape Town, South Africa.
    Svensson, Elin M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences. Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Med Ctr, Radboud Inst Hlth Sci, Dept Pharm, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
    Diacon, Andreas H.
    Task Appl Sci, Bellville, South Africa;Stellenbosch Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Cape Town, South Africa.
    Donald, Peter
    Stellenbosch Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Paediat & Child Hlth & Desmond Tutu TB Ctr, Cape Town, South Africa.
    Reuter, Helmuth
    Stellenbosch Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Div Clin Pharmacol, Dept Med, POB 241, ZA-8000 Cape Town, South Africa.
    Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Rifampicin in Human Tuberculosis2019In: Clinical Pharmacokinetics, ISSN 0312-5963, E-ISSN 1179-1926, Vol. 58, no 9, p. 1103-1129Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The introduction of rifampicin (rifampin) into tuberculosis (TB) treatment five decades ago was critical for shortening the treatment duration for patients with pulmonary TB to 6months when combined with pyrazinamide in the first 2months. Resistance or hypersensitivity to rifampicin effectively condemns a patient to prolonged, less effective, more toxic, and expensive regimens. Because of cost and fears of toxicity, rifampicin was introduced at an oral daily dose of 600mg (8-12mg/kg body weight). At this dose, clinical trials in 1970s found cure rates of >= 95% and relapse rates of < 5%. However, recent papers report lower cure rates that might be the consequence of increased emergence of resistance. Several lines of evidence suggest that higher rifampicin doses, if tolerated and safe, could shorten treatment duration even further. We conducted a narrative review of rifampicin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in adults across a range of doses and highlight variables that influence its pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics. Rifampicin exposure has considerable inter- and intra-individual variability that could be reduced by administration during fasting. Several factors including malnutrition, HIV infection, diabetes mellitus, dose size, pharmacogenetic polymorphisms, hepatic cirrhosis, and substandard medicinal products alter rifampicin exposure and/or efficacy. Renal impairment has no influence on rifampicin pharmacokinetics when dosed at 600mg. Rifampicin maximum (peak) concentration (C-max) > 8.2 mu g/mL is an independent predictor of sterilizing activity and therapeutic drug monitoring at 2, 4, and 6h post-dose may aid in optimizing dosing to achieve the recommended rifampicin concentration of >= 8 mu g/mL. A higher rifampicin C-max is required for severe forms TB such as TB meningitis, with C-max >= 22 mu g/mL and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) from time zero to 6h (AUC(6)) >= 70 mu g.h/mL associated with reduced mortality. More studies are needed to confirm whether doses achieving exposures higher than the current standard dosage could translate into faster sputum conversion, higher cure rates, lower relapse rates, and less mortality. It is encouraging that daily rifampicin doses up to 35mg/kg were found to be safe and well-tolerated over a period of 12weeks. High-dose rifampicin should thus be considered in future studies when constructing potentially shorter regimens. The studies should be adequately powered to determine treatment outcomes and should include surrogate markers of efficacy such as C-max/MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and AUC/MIC.

  • 49.
    Acharya, Chayan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Hooker, Andrew C.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Turkyilmaz, Gulbeyaz Yildiz
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences. Ege Univ, Fac Pharm, Dept Biopharmaceut & Pharmacokinet, TR-35100 Izmir, Turkey..
    Jönsson, Siv
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Karlsson, Mats O.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    A diagnostic tool for population models using non-compartmental analysis: The ncappc package for R2016In: Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, ISSN 0169-2607, E-ISSN 1872-7565, Vol. 127, p. 83-93Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background and objective: Non-compartmental analysis (NCA) calculates pharmacokinetic (PK) metrics related to the systemic exposure to a drug following administration, e.g. area under the concentration time curve and peak concentration. We developed a new package in R, called ncappc, to perform (i) a NCA and (ii) simulation-based posterior predictive checks (ppc) for a population PK (PopPK) model using NCA metrics. Methods: The nca feature of ncappc package estimates the NCA metrics by NCA. The ppc feature of ncappc estimates the NCA metrics from multiple sets of simulated concentration time data and compares them with those estimated from the observed data. The diagnostic analysis is performed at the population as well as the individual level. The distribution of the simulated population means of each NCA metric is compared with the corresponding observed population mean. The individual level comparison is performed based on the deviation of the mean of any NCA metric based on simulations for an individual from the corresponding NCA metric obtained from the observed data. The ncappc package also reports the normalized prediction distribution error (NPDE) of the simulated NCA metrics for each individual and their distribution within a population. Results: The ncappc produces two default outputs depending on the type of analysis performed, i.e., NCA and PopPK diagnosis. The PopPK diagnosis feature of ncappc produces 8 sets of graphical outputs to assess the ability of a population model to simulate the concentration time profile of a drug and thereby evaluate model adequacy. In addition, tabular outputs are generated showing the values of the NCA metrics estimated from the observed and the simulated data, along with the deviation, NPDE, regression parameters used to estimate the elimination rate constant and the related population statistics. Conclusions: The ncappc package is a versatile and flexible tool-set written in R that successfully estimates NCA metrics from concentration time data and produces a comprehensive set of graphical and tabular output to summarize the diagnostic results including the model specific outliers. The output is easy to interpret and to use in evaluation of a population PK model. ncappc is freely available on CRAN (http://crantoprojectorg/web/packages/ncappc/index.html/) and GitHub (https://github.comicacha0227/ncappc/). 

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  • 50. Ackermann, Paul
    et al.
    Spetea, Mariana
    Nylander, Ingrid
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Ploj, Karolina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Ahmed, Mahmood
    Kreicbergs, Andris
    An opioid system in connective tissue: A study of Achilles tendon in the rat2001In: Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, ISSN 0022-1554, E-ISSN 1551-5044, Vol. 49, no 11, p. 1387-1395Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The occurrence of endogenous opioids and their receptors in rat achilles tendon was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), radioimmunoassay (RIA), and in vitro binding assays. The investigation focused on four enkephalins, dynorphin B, and nociceptin/orphanin FQ. Nerve fibers immunoreactive to all enkephalins (Met-enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Lys, Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe) were consistently found in the loose connective tissue and the paratenon, whereas dynorphin B and nociceptin/orphanin FQ could not be detected. The majority of enkephalin-positive nerve fibers exhibited varicosities predominantly seen in blood vessel walls. Measurable levels of Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe and nociceptin/orphanin FQ were found in tendon tissue using RIA, whereas dynorphin B could not be detected. In addition to the endogenous opioids identified, delta -opioid receptors on nerve fibers were also detected by IHC. Binding assays to characterize the opioid binding sites showed that they were specific and saturable for [H-3]-naloxone (K-d 7.01 +/- 0.98 nM; B-max 23.52 +/- 2.23 fmol/mg protein). Our study demonstrates the occurrence of an opioid system in rat achilles tendon, which may be assumed to be present also in other connective tissues of the locomotor apparatus. This system may prove to be a useful target for pharmacological therapy in painful and inflammatory conditions by new drugs acting selectively in the periphery.

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