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  • 1.
    Abu Hamdeh, Sami
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Clinical Consequences of Axonal Injury in Traumatic Brain Injury2018Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Traumatic brain injury (TBI), mainly caused by road-traffic accidents and falls, is a leading cause of mortality. Survivors often display debilitating motor, sensory and cognitive symptoms, leading to reduced quality of life and a profound economic burden to society. Additionally, TBI is a risk factor for future neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Commonly, TBI is categorized into focal and diffuse injuries, and based on symptom severity into mild, moderate and severe TBI. Diffuse axonal injury (DAI), biomechanically caused by rotational acceleration-deceleration forces at impact, is characterized by widespread axonal injury in superficial and deep white substance. DAI comprises a clinical challenge due to its variable course and unreliable prognostic methods. Furthermore, axonal injury may convey the link to neurodegeneration since molecules associated with neurodegenerative events aggregate in injured axons.

    The aim of this thesis was to study clinical consequences of axonal injury, its detection and pathological features, and potential link to neurodegeneration in severe TBI patients treated at the neurointensive care unit at Uppsala University Hospital. In paper I and IV DAI patients were studied for the relation of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) and poor outcome to axonal injury on magnetic resonance imaging. In paper II, soluble amyloid-beta aggregates (oligomers and protofibrils), characteristic of AD pathology, were investigated in surgically resected brain tissue from severe TBI patients, using highly-selective Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assays. In paper III, brain tissue biopsy samples from TBI patients with either focal injury or DAI were examined for differential proteome profiles using mass spectrometry-based proteomics.

    The results provide evidence that axonal injury, located in the central brain stem, in substantia nigra and the mesencephalic tegmentum, is particularly related to poor outcome and increased ICP during neurointensive care of DAI patients. A novel classification system for prognostication after DAI is proposed. Furthermore, the thesis shows that severe TBI induces rapid accumulation of neurotoxic soluble amyloid-beta oligomers and protofibrils. In addition, DAI initiates unique proteome profiles different from that of focal TBI in structurally normal-appearing brain. These findings have implication for the clinical management of DAI patients, and provide new insight in the neuropathological consequences of axonal injury.

    List of papers
    1. Extended anatomical grading in diffuse axonal injury using MRI: Hemorrhagic lesions in the substantia nigra and mesencephalic tegmentum indicate poor long-term outcome
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Extended anatomical grading in diffuse axonal injury using MRI: Hemorrhagic lesions in the substantia nigra and mesencephalic tegmentum indicate poor long-term outcome
    Show others...
    2017 (English)In: Journal of Neurotrauma, ISSN 0897-7151, E-ISSN 1557-9042, Vol. 5, no 34, p. 341-352Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Clinical outcome after traumatic diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is difficult to predict. In this study, three magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences were used to quantify the anatomical distribution of lesions, to grade DAI according to the Adams grading system, and to evaluate the value of lesion localization in combination with clinical prognostic factors to improve outcome prediction. Thirty patients (mean 31.2 years ±14.3 standard deviation) with severe DAI (Glasgow Motor Score [GMS] <6) examined with MRI within 1 week post-injury were included. Diffusion-weighted (DW), T2*-weighted gradient echo and susceptibility-weighted (SWI) sequences were used. Extended Glasgow outcome score was assessed after 6 months. Number of DW lesions in the thalamus, basal ganglia, and internal capsule and number of SWI lesions in the mesencephalon correlated significantly with outcome in univariate analysis. Age, GMS at admission, GMS at discharge, and low proportion of good monitoring time with cerebral perfusion pressure <60 mm Hg correlated significantly with outcome in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed an independent relation with poor outcome for age (p = 0.005) and lesions in the mesencephalic region corresponding to substantia nigra and tegmentum on SWI (p  = 0.008). We conclude that higher age and lesions in substantia nigra and mesencephalic tegmentum indicate poor long-term outcome in DAI. We propose an extended MRI classification system based on four stages (stage I—hemispheric lesions, stage II—corpus callosum lesions, stage III—brainstem lesions, and stage IV—substantia nigra or mesencephalic tegmentum lesions); all are subdivided by age (≥/<30 years).

    Keywords
    adult brain injury, axonal injury, head trauma, MRI, susceptibility weighted imaging
    National Category
    Clinical Medicine Neurology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-309038 (URN)10.1089/neu.2016.4426 (DOI)000391754800009 ()27356857 (PubMedID)
    Available from: 2016-12-01 Created: 2016-12-01 Last updated: 2018-07-13Bibliographically approved
    2. Rapid amyloid-β oligomer and protofibril accumulation in traumatic brain injury
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Rapid amyloid-β oligomer and protofibril accumulation in traumatic brain injury
    Show others...
    2018 (English)In: Brain Pathology, ISSN 1015-6305, E-ISSN 1750-3639, Vol. 28, no 4, p. 451-462Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) is central to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and associated with progressive neurodegeneration in traumatic brain injury (TBI). We analyzed predisposing factors for Aβ deposition including monomeric Aβ40, Aβ42 and Aβ oligomers/protofibrils, Aβ species with pronounced neurotoxic properties, following human TBI. Highly selective ELISAs were used to analyze N-terminally intact and truncated Aβ40 and Aβ42, as well as Aβ oligomers/protofibrils, in human brain tissue, surgically resected from severe TBI patients (n = 12; mean age 49.5 ± 19 years) due to life-threatening brain swelling/hemorrhage within one week post-injury. The TBI tissues were compared to post-mortem AD brains (n = 5), to post-mortem tissue of neurologically intact (NI) subjects (n = 4) and to cortical biopsies obtained at surgery for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients (iNPH; n = 4). The levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 were not elevated by TBI. The levels of Aβ oligomers/protofibrils in TBI were similar to those in the significantly older AD patients and increased compared to NI and iNPH controls (P < 0.05). Moreover, TBI patients carrying the AD risk genotype Apolipoprotein E epsilon3/4 (APOE ε3/4; n = 4) had increased levels of Aβ oligomers/protofibrils (P < 0.05) and of both N-terminally intact and truncated Aβ42 (P < 0.05) compared to APOE ε3/4-negative TBI patients (n = 8). Neuropathological analysis showed insoluble Aβ aggregates (commonly referred to as Aβ plaques) in three TBI patients, all of whom were APOE ε3/4 carriers. We conclude that soluble intermediary Aβ aggregates form rapidly after TBI, especially among APOE ε3/4 carriers. Further research is needed to determine whether these aggregates aggravate the clinical short- and long-term outcome in TBI.

    Keywords
    Alzheimer's disease, amyloid β oligomers, amyloid-β, traumatic brain injury
    National Category
    Neurosciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-341911 (URN)10.1111/bpa.12532 (DOI)000439749700001 ()28557010 (PubMedID)
    Funder
    The Swedish Brain FoundationSwedish Research CouncilSwedish Institute
    Note

    De två första författarna delar förstaförfattarskapet.

    Available from: 2018-02-15 Created: 2018-02-15 Last updated: 2019-07-03Bibliographically approved
    3. Proteomic differences between focal and diffuse traumatic brain injury in human brain tissue
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Proteomic differences between focal and diffuse traumatic brain injury in human brain tissue
    Show others...
    2018 (English)In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 8, article id 6807Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The early molecular response to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) was evaluated using biopsies of structurally normal-appearing cortex, obtained at location for intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring, from 16 severe TBI patients. Mass spectrometry (MS; label free and stable isotope dimethyl labeling) quantitation proteomics showed a strikingly different molecular pattern in TBI in comparison to cortical biopsies from 11 idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients. Diffuse TBI showed increased expression of peptides related to neurodegeneration (Tau and Fascin, p < 0.05), reduced expression related to antioxidant defense (Glutathione S-transferase Mu 3, Peroxiredoxin-6, Thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase; p < 0.05) and increased expression of potential biomarkers (e.g. Neurogranin, Fatty acid-binding protein, heart p < 0.05) compared to focal TBI. Proteomics of human brain biopsies displayed considerable molecular heterogeneity among the different TBI subtypes with consequences for the pathophysiology and development of targeted treatments for TBI.

    National Category
    Neurosciences Neurology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-341912 (URN)10.1038/s41598-018-25060-0 (DOI)000431113100005 ()29717219 (PubMedID)
    Funder
    The Swedish Brain FoundationVINNOVASwedish Research CouncilLars Hierta Memorial FoundationStiftelsen Gamla Tjänarinnor
    Available from: 2018-02-15 Created: 2018-02-15 Last updated: 2022-09-15Bibliographically approved
    4. Intracranial pressure elevations in diffuse axonal injury are associated with non-hemorrhagic MR lesions in central mesencephalic structures
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Intracranial pressure elevations in diffuse axonal injury are associated with non-hemorrhagic MR lesions in central mesencephalic structures
    Show others...
    (English)In: Article in journal (Other academic) Submitted
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is not well defined. This study investigated the occurrence of increased ICP and whether clinical factors and lesion localization on MRI were associated with increased ICP in DAI patients.

    Methods: Fifty-two severe TBI patients (median 24, range 9-61 years), with ICP-monitoring and DAI on MRI, using T2*-weighted gradient echo, susceptibility-weighted and diffusion-weighted (DW) sequences, were enrolled. Proportion of good monitoring time (GMT) with ICP>20 mmHg during the first 120 hours post-injury was calculated and associations with clinical and MRI-related factors were evaluated using linear regression. 

    Results: All patients had episodes of ICP>20 mmHg. The mean proportion of GMT with ICP>20 mmHg was 5% and 27% of the patients (14/52) had more than 5% of GMT with ICP>20 mmHg. Glasgow Coma Scale motor score at admission (P=0.04) and lesions on DW images in the substantia nigra and mesencephalic tegmentum (SN-T, P=0.001) were associated with the proportion of GMT with ICP>20 mmHg. In multivariate linear regression, lesions on DW images in SN-T (8% of GMT with ICP>20 mmHg, 95% CI 3–13%, P=0.004) and young age (-0.2% of GMT with ICP>20 mmHg, 95% CI -0.07–-0.3%, P=0.0008) were associated with increased ICP.   

    Conclusions: Increased ICP occurs in ~1/3 of severe TBI patients with DAI. Age and lesions on DW images in the central mesencephalon (SN-T) associate with elevated ICP. These findings suggest that MR lesion localization may aid prediction of increased ICP in DAI patients.

    National Category
    Clinical Medicine
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-341913 (URN)
    Available from: 2018-02-15 Created: 2018-02-15 Last updated: 2018-07-13
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  • 2.
    Abu Hamdeh, Sami
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Lytsy, Birgitta
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Ronne-Engström, Elisabeth
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Surgical site infections in standard neurosurgery procedures-a study of incidence, impact and potential risk factors2014In: British Journal of Neurosurgery, ISSN 0268-8697, E-ISSN 1360-046X, Vol. 28, no 2, p. 270-275Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives. Surgical site infections (SSIs) may be devastating for the patient and they carry high economic costs. Studies of SSI after neurosurgery report an incidence of 1 - 11%. However, patient material, follow-up time and definition of SSI have varied. In the present study we prospectively recorded the prevalence of SSI 3 months after standard intracranial neurosurgical procedures. The incidence, impact and risk factors of SSI were analysed. Methods. We included patients admitted during 2010 to our unit for postoperative care after standard neurosurgical procedures. SSI was defined as evident with positive cultures from surgical samples or CSF, and/or purulent discharge during reoperation. Follow-up was done after 3 and 12 months and statistics was obtained after 3 months. The predictive values on the outcome of demographic and clinical factors describing the surgical procedure were evaluated using linear regression. Results. A total of 448 patients were included in the study and underwent a total of 466 procedures. Within 3 and 12 months, 33 and 88 patients, respectively, had died. Of the surviving patients, 20 (4.3% of procedures) developed infections within 3 months and another 3 (4.9% of procedures) within 12 months. Risk factors for SSI were meningioma, longer operation time, craniotomy, dural substitute, and staples in wound closure. Patients with SSI had significantly longer hospital stay. Multivariate analysis showed that factors found significant in univariate analysis frequently occur together. Discussion. We studied the prevalence of SSI after 3 and 12 months in a prospective 1-year material with standard neurosurgical procedures and found it to be 4.3% and 4.9%, respectively. The analysis of the results showed that a combination of parameters indicating a longer and more complicated procedure predicted the development of SSI. Our conclusion is that the prevention of SSI has to be done at many levels, especially with patients undergoing long surgical procedures.

  • 3.
    Abu Hamdeh, Sami
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Marklund, Niklas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Lannsjö, Marianne
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation Medicine. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, centrumbildningar mm, Centre for Research and Development, Gävleborg.
    Howells, Tim
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Raininko, Raili
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology.
    Wikström, Johan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology.
    Enblad, Per
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Extended anatomical grading in diffuse axonal injury using MRI: Hemorrhagic lesions in the substantia nigra and mesencephalic tegmentum indicate poor long-term outcome2017In: Journal of Neurotrauma, ISSN 0897-7151, E-ISSN 1557-9042, Vol. 5, no 34, p. 341-352Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Clinical outcome after traumatic diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is difficult to predict. In this study, three magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences were used to quantify the anatomical distribution of lesions, to grade DAI according to the Adams grading system, and to evaluate the value of lesion localization in combination with clinical prognostic factors to improve outcome prediction. Thirty patients (mean 31.2 years ±14.3 standard deviation) with severe DAI (Glasgow Motor Score [GMS] <6) examined with MRI within 1 week post-injury were included. Diffusion-weighted (DW), T2*-weighted gradient echo and susceptibility-weighted (SWI) sequences were used. Extended Glasgow outcome score was assessed after 6 months. Number of DW lesions in the thalamus, basal ganglia, and internal capsule and number of SWI lesions in the mesencephalon correlated significantly with outcome in univariate analysis. Age, GMS at admission, GMS at discharge, and low proportion of good monitoring time with cerebral perfusion pressure <60 mm Hg correlated significantly with outcome in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed an independent relation with poor outcome for age (p = 0.005) and lesions in the mesencephalic region corresponding to substantia nigra and tegmentum on SWI (p  = 0.008). We conclude that higher age and lesions in substantia nigra and mesencephalic tegmentum indicate poor long-term outcome in DAI. We propose an extended MRI classification system based on four stages (stage I—hemispheric lesions, stage II—corpus callosum lesions, stage III—brainstem lesions, and stage IV—substantia nigra or mesencephalic tegmentum lesions); all are subdivided by age (≥/<30 years).

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 4.
    Abu Hamdeh, Sami
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Marklund, Niklas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Lannsjö, Marianne
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation Medicine.
    Howells, Tim
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Raininko, Raili
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology.
    Wikström, Johan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology.
    Enblad, Per
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    MRI analysis of diffuse axonal injury - Hemorrhagic lesions in the mesencephalon idicate poor long-term outcome2016In: MRI analysis of diffuse axonal injury - Hemorrhagic lesions in the mesencephalon idicate poor long-term outcome, Springer, 2016, Vol. 7, Suppl. 1, article id B-0814Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: Clinical outcome after traumatic diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is difficult to predict. Three MRI techniques were compared in demonstrating acute brain lesions.  Relationship of the anatomical distribution of the lesions in combination with clinical prognostic factors to outcome after 6 months was evaluated.  

    Methods and Materials: Thirty patients, aged 16-60 years (mean 31.2 years) with severe DAI (Glasgow Motor Score = GMS < 6) were examined with MRI at 1.5T within one week after the injury. A diffusion-weighted (DW) sequence (SE-EPI, b value 1000 s/mm2), a T2*-weighted gradient echo (T2*GRE) sequence and a susceptibility-weighted (SWI) sequence were evaluated by two independent reviewers with short and long neuroradiological experiences. Clinical outcome was assessed with Extended Glasgow Outcome Score (GOSE) after ≥ 6 months.

    Results: Interreviewer agreement for DAI classification was very good (ҡ 0.82 – 0.91) with all three sequences. SWI visualized more lesions than the T2*GRE or DW sequence.  In univariate analysis, number of DW lesions in the deep gray matter area including the internal capsules, number of SWI lesions in the mesencephalon, age, and GMS at admission and discharge correlated significantly with poor outcome.  Multivariate analysis only revealed an independent relation with poor outcome for age (p = 0.011) and lesions in the mesencephalic region including crura cerebri, substantia nigra and tegmentum on SWI (p = 0.032).

    Conclusion: SWI is the most sensitive technique to visualize lesions in DAI. Age over 30 years and hemorrhagic mesencephalic lesions anterior to the tectum are indicators of poor long-term outcome in DAI.

  • 5.
    Abu Hamdeh, Sami
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Marklund, Niklas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Lewén, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Howells, Timothy
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Raininko, Raili
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology.
    Wikström, Johan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology.
    Enblad, Per
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Intracranial pressure elevations in diffuse axonal injury are associated with non-hemorrhagic MR lesions in central mesencephalic structuresIn: Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is not well defined. This study investigated the occurrence of increased ICP and whether clinical factors and lesion localization on MRI were associated with increased ICP in DAI patients.

    Methods: Fifty-two severe TBI patients (median 24, range 9-61 years), with ICP-monitoring and DAI on MRI, using T2*-weighted gradient echo, susceptibility-weighted and diffusion-weighted (DW) sequences, were enrolled. Proportion of good monitoring time (GMT) with ICP>20 mmHg during the first 120 hours post-injury was calculated and associations with clinical and MRI-related factors were evaluated using linear regression. 

    Results: All patients had episodes of ICP>20 mmHg. The mean proportion of GMT with ICP>20 mmHg was 5% and 27% of the patients (14/52) had more than 5% of GMT with ICP>20 mmHg. Glasgow Coma Scale motor score at admission (P=0.04) and lesions on DW images in the substantia nigra and mesencephalic tegmentum (SN-T, P=0.001) were associated with the proportion of GMT with ICP>20 mmHg. In multivariate linear regression, lesions on DW images in SN-T (8% of GMT with ICP>20 mmHg, 95% CI 3–13%, P=0.004) and young age (-0.2% of GMT with ICP>20 mmHg, 95% CI -0.07–-0.3%, P=0.0008) were associated with increased ICP.   

    Conclusions: Increased ICP occurs in ~1/3 of severe TBI patients with DAI. Age and lesions on DW images in the central mesencephalon (SN-T) associate with elevated ICP. These findings suggest that MR lesion localization may aid prediction of increased ICP in DAI patients.

  • 6.
    Abu Hamdeh, Sami
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Rollman Waara, Erik
    BioArctic Neurosci AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Möller, Christer
    BioArctic Neurosci AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Söderberg, Linda
    BioArctic Neurosci AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Basun, Hans
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics. BioArctic Neuroscience AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Alafuzoff, Irina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Clinical and experimental pathology.
    Hillered, Lars
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Lannfelt, Lars
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics. BioArctic Neuroscience AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Ingelsson, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics.
    Marklund, Niklas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Rapid amyloid-β oligomer and protofibril accumulation in traumatic brain injury2018In: Brain Pathology, ISSN 1015-6305, E-ISSN 1750-3639, Vol. 28, no 4, p. 451-462Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) is central to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and associated with progressive neurodegeneration in traumatic brain injury (TBI). We analyzed predisposing factors for Aβ deposition including monomeric Aβ40, Aβ42 and Aβ oligomers/protofibrils, Aβ species with pronounced neurotoxic properties, following human TBI. Highly selective ELISAs were used to analyze N-terminally intact and truncated Aβ40 and Aβ42, as well as Aβ oligomers/protofibrils, in human brain tissue, surgically resected from severe TBI patients (n = 12; mean age 49.5 ± 19 years) due to life-threatening brain swelling/hemorrhage within one week post-injury. The TBI tissues were compared to post-mortem AD brains (n = 5), to post-mortem tissue of neurologically intact (NI) subjects (n = 4) and to cortical biopsies obtained at surgery for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients (iNPH; n = 4). The levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 were not elevated by TBI. The levels of Aβ oligomers/protofibrils in TBI were similar to those in the significantly older AD patients and increased compared to NI and iNPH controls (P < 0.05). Moreover, TBI patients carrying the AD risk genotype Apolipoprotein E epsilon3/4 (APOE ε3/4; n = 4) had increased levels of Aβ oligomers/protofibrils (P < 0.05) and of both N-terminally intact and truncated Aβ42 (P < 0.05) compared to APOE ε3/4-negative TBI patients (n = 8). Neuropathological analysis showed insoluble Aβ aggregates (commonly referred to as Aβ plaques) in three TBI patients, all of whom were APOE ε3/4 carriers. We conclude that soluble intermediary Aβ aggregates form rapidly after TBI, especially among APOE ε3/4 carriers. Further research is needed to determine whether these aggregates aggravate the clinical short- and long-term outcome in TBI.

  • 7.
    Abu Hamdeh, Sami
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Shevchenko, Ganna
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry.
    Mi, Jia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry.
    Musunuri, Sravani
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry.
    Bergquist, Jonas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry.
    Marklund, Niklas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Proteomic Differences Between Focal And Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury In Human Brain Tissue2018In: Journal of Neurotrauma, ISSN 0897-7151, E-ISSN 1557-9042, Vol. 35, no 16, p. A238-A239Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 8.
    Abu Hamdeh, Sami
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Shevchenko, Ganna
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry.
    Mi, Jia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry.
    Musunuri, Sravani
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry.
    Bergquist, Jonas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry.
    Marklund, Niklas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Proteomic differences between focal and diffuse traumatic brain injury in human brain tissue2018In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 8, article id 6807Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The early molecular response to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) was evaluated using biopsies of structurally normal-appearing cortex, obtained at location for intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring, from 16 severe TBI patients. Mass spectrometry (MS; label free and stable isotope dimethyl labeling) quantitation proteomics showed a strikingly different molecular pattern in TBI in comparison to cortical biopsies from 11 idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients. Diffuse TBI showed increased expression of peptides related to neurodegeneration (Tau and Fascin, p < 0.05), reduced expression related to antioxidant defense (Glutathione S-transferase Mu 3, Peroxiredoxin-6, Thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase; p < 0.05) and increased expression of potential biomarkers (e.g. Neurogranin, Fatty acid-binding protein, heart p < 0.05) compared to focal TBI. Proteomics of human brain biopsies displayed considerable molecular heterogeneity among the different TBI subtypes with consequences for the pathophysiology and development of targeted treatments for TBI.

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    fulltext
  • 9.
    Agoston, Denes V.
    et al.
    Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Anat, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA.;Karolinska Inst, Dept Neurosci, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Sköld, Mattias K.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery. Karolinska Inst, Dept Neurosci, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Editorial: When Physics Meets Biology; Biomechanics and Biology of traumatic Brain injury2016In: Frontiers in Neurology, E-ISSN 1664-2295, Vol. 7, article id 91Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 10.
    Ahlsten, Gunnar
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Research group (Dept. of women´s and children´s health), Neuropediatrics/Paediatric oncology. Dept of Pediatrics, Uppsala Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Nilsson, Pelle
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery. Dept of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Wesslén, Nils
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery. Dept of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Axelsson, Hans
    Dept of Neuroscience, Neurophysiology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Westbom, L
    Dept of Pediatrics, Univeristy Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
    Dorsal Rhizotomy for Spasticity Management in Cerbral Palsy2018In: Cerebral Palsy / [ed] F. Miller et al, Springer International Publishing AG , 2018, p. 1-10Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) is a neurosurgical procedure for the relief of spasticity interfering with motor function in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). The goal of the treatment is to improve function as well as reduce pain and discomfort related to severely increased spasticity. SDR is an ablative procedure that results in lifelong effects on function in the central nervous system. One must also be aware that performing SDR does not guarantee that other treatments for spasticity or orthopedic corrective procedures can be avoided. For SDR to be an effective treatment, it must be combined with specific physiotherapy over a long period of time. Today there exists a good body of evidence that SDR is an effective means of treating patients with the CP subtype spastic diplegia, as long as selection criteria are rigorously adhered to. The procedure is also safe with little risk of short or long-term complications. Further studies on long-term effects late in adulthood will show if the treatment effects are stable over time.

  • 11.
    Ahlström, Håkan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Radiology.
    Enblad, Per
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Andersson, A
    Lörelius, L-E
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Radiology.
    The spatial distribution of parenterally administered monoclonal antibodies against CEA in a human colorectal tumour xenograft1989In: Acta Oncologica, ISSN 0284-186X, E-ISSN 1651-226X, Vol. 28, no 1, p. 81-86Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A recently developed experimental model consisting of athymic rats carrying human colonic tumours from the cell line LS 174 T in both hind legs was used. 125I-labelled anti-carcinoembryonic (anti-CEA) monoclonal antibodies were injected either intra-arterially after a bolus injection of mannitol, or intra-peritoneally with or without mannitol. On the fourth day the rats were killed and pieces from the tumours and various organs were measured in a well scintillation counter. Tumour pieces were then submitted to autoradiography and immunohistochemistry for examination of the antibody distribution at the cellular level. In all examined tumours injected with anti-CEA antibodies, most of the antibodies were located in the periphery close to fibrovascular septa. It appears, in addition to the specificity of the antibody for the CEA, that the tumour vascular permeability and anatomy are of utmost importance for tumour targeting in this experimental model with the particular antibody used.

  • 12.
    Anderberg, Leif
    et al.
    Lunds universitet.
    Aldskogius, Håkan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neuroanatomy.
    Holtz, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Spinal cord injury: scientific challenges for the unknown future2007In: Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, ISSN 0300-9734, E-ISSN 2000-1967, Vol. 112, no 3, p. 259-288Article, review/survey (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The history of spinal cord injuries starts with the ancient Egyptian medical papyrus known as the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. The papyrus, written about 2500 B. C. by the physician and architect of the Sakkara pyramids Imhotep, describes "crushed vertebra in his neck" as well as symptoms of neurological deterioration. An ailment not to be treated was the massage to the patients at that time. This fatalistic attitude remained until the end of World War II when the first rehabilitation centre focused on the rehabilitation of spinal cord injured patients was opened. Our knowledge of the pathophysiological processes, both the primary as well as the secondary, has increased tremendously. However, all this knowledge has only led to improved medical care but not to any therapeutic method to restore, even partially, the neurological function. Neuroprotection is defined as measures to counteract secondary injury mechanisms and/or limit the extent of damage caused by self-destructive cellular and tissue processes. The co-existence of several distinctly different injury mechanisms after trauma has provided opportunities to explore a large number of potentially neuroprotective agents in animal experiments such as methylprednisolone sodium succinate. The results of this research have been very discouraging and pharmacological neuroprotection for patients with spinal cord injury has fallen short of the expectations created by the extensive research and promising observations in animal experiments. The focus of research has now, instead, been transformed to the field of neural regeneration. This field includes the discovery of regenerating obstacles in the nerve cell and/or environmental factors but also various regeneration strategies such as bridging the gap at the site of injury as well as transplantation of foetal tissue and stem cells. The purpose of this review is to highlight selected experimental and clinical studies that form the basis for undertaking future challenges in the research field of spinal cord injury. We will focus our discussion on methods either preventing the consequences of secondary injury in the acute period ( neuroprotection) and/or various techniques of neural regeneration in the sub-acute and chronic phase and finally expose some thoughts about future avenues within this scientific field.

  • 13.
    Andersson, Gerhard
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Ekvall, Lars
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery.
    Kinnefors, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery.
    Nyberg, Gunnar
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Rask-Andersen, Helge
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery.
    Evaluation of quality of life and symptoms after translabyrinthine acoustic neuroma surgery1997In: The American journal of otology, ISSN 0192-9763, Vol. 18, no 4, p. 421-426Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE:

    This study aimed to describe the consequences of acoustic neuroma surgery in terms of symptoms and quality of life.

    STUDY DESIGN:

    This study was a retrospective case review.

    SETTING:

    The surgery was conducted in Uppsala, Sweden.

    PATIENTS:

    A consecutive sample of acoustic neuroma patients operated on between 1988 and 1994.

    INTERVENTION:

    All patients had been operated on with the translabyrinthine technique.

    MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

    A questionnaire was constructed including questions about the surgery and symptoms. The House and Brackmann scale was used for grading facial function and the Brackmann and Bars scale was used for self-assessment of facial function.

    RESULTS:

    Follow-up data were collected by a postal questionnaire sent out and returned by 141 patients, which yielded a 90% response rate. Normal to moderately impaired facial function (House I-III) was evident in 85.2% of patients, although residual facial problems were reported. Most considered hearing to be worse after surgery (80%), and tinnitus was found in 60% of the sample. Balance problems (45%), dizziness (19%), and headache/pain (22%) were also reported. Work ability was affected in 23%, and 37% reported a continued need for medical consultations, mainly because of facial problems and pain. Most (89%) were pleased with the preoperative information.

    CONCLUSIONS:

    This study showed that few patients with acoustic neuroma had experienced negative social consequences after surgery. Although not linked to the operation, residual symptoms were reported that may necessitate further rehabilitation.

  • 14. Andersson, K.
    et al.
    Manchester, I. R.
    Laurell, Katarina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Cesarini, Kristina Giuliana
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Malm, J.
    Eklund, A.
    Measurement of CSF dynamics with oscillating pressure infusion2013In: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, ISSN 0001-6314, E-ISSN 1600-0404, Vol. 128, no 1, p. 17-23Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction Infusion tests are used to diagnose and select patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) for shunt surgery. The test characterizes cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and estimates parameters of the cerebrospinal fluid system, the pressure-volume index (PVI) and the outflow conductance (Cout). The Oscillating Pressure Infusion (OPI) method was developed to improve the test and reduce the investigation time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the new OPI method by comparing it with an established reference method. Methods Forty-seven patients (age 71.2 +/- 8.9years) with communicating hydrocephalus underwent a preoperative lumbar infusion investigation with two consecutive infusion protocols, reference (42min) and new (20min), that is, 94 infusion tests in total. The OPI method estimated Cout and PVI simultaneously. A real-time analysis of reliability was applied to investigate the possibility of infusion time reduction. Results The difference in Cout between the methods was 1.2 +/- 1.8l/s/kPa (Rout=-0.8 +/- 3.5mmHg/ml/min), P<0.05, n=47. With the reliability analysis, the preset 20min of active infusion could have been even further reduced for 19 patients to between 10 and 19min. PVI was estimated to 16.1 +/- 6.9ml, n=47. Conclusions The novel Oscillating Pressure Infusion method produced real-time estimates of Cout including estimates of reliability that was in good agreement with the reference method and allows for a reduced and individualized investigation time.

  • 15.
    Arnell, Kai
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Women's and Children's Health.
    Cesarini, Kristina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Lagerqvist-Widh, Angela
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Wester, Tomas
    Sjölin, Jan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases.
    Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections in children over a 13-year period: anaerobic cultures and comparison of clinical signs of infection with Propionibacterium acnes and with other bacteria2008In: Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics, ISSN 1933-0707, Vol. 1, no 5, p. 366-72Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECT: Shunt infections represent a major problem with risk for sequelae and even death. The aim in this retrospective study was to analyze the incidence, origin, and clinical presentation of shunt infections, with special reference to the results of cultures for anaerobic organisms performed in addition to the usual tests, to prolonged incubation times, and to infections caused by Propionibacterium acnes. METHODS: The medical records of 237 hydrocephalic children (age range 0-15 years) in whom operations were performed by a pediatric surgeon at Uppsala University Hospital during a 13-year period were reviewed. RESULTS: Thirty-four verified or suspected intraventricular shunt infections and 5 distal catheter infections occurred after 474 operations. Skin bacteria, such as coagulase-negative staphylococci ([CoNS], 19 patients), Staphylococcus aureus (7 patients), and P. acnes (6 patients) predominated. The addition of anaerobic cultures and prolonged incubation times increased the verification of shunt infection by more than one third. Children with P. acnes infection were significantly older, had a lower body temperature, fewer cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leukocytes, a higher CSF/blood glucose ratio, more distal catheter infections, and other sources of infection. Four had an abdominal pseudocyst. Children < 1 year of age and infected with CoNS were more affected than older children with systemic and local symptoms. In children with distal catheter infection and growth of propionibacteria at the time of the distal catheter and valve replacement, no follow-up antibiotic treatment was necessary. CONCLUSIONS: Addition of anaerobic cultures and prolonged incubation times led to an increase in the detection of shunt infections. Infections caused by propionibacteria often result in mild symptoms that may be overlooked if adequate anaerobic cultures are not obtained.

  • 16.
    Arnell, Kai
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Paediatric Surgery.
    Enblad, Per
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Wester, Tomas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Paediatric Surgery.
    Sjölin, Jan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases.
    Treatment of cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections in children using systemic and intraventricular antibiotic therapy in combination with externalization of the ventricular catheter: efficacy in 34 consecutively treated infections2007In: Journal of Neurosurgery, ISSN 0022-3085, E-ISSN 1933-0693, Vol. 107, no 3, p. 213-219Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECT: There are no randomized studies comparing the efficacy of different antibiotic regimens for the treatment of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt infections, and in the studies that have been reported, efficacy data are limited. The aim of this study was therefore to report the authors' experience using a specific protocol for the management of shunt infections in children. Standard treatment included a two-stage procedure involving externalization of the ventricular catheter in combination with intraventricular and systemic administration of antibiotic medication followed by shunt replacement. Intraventricular treatment consisted of daily instillations of vancomycin or gentamicin with trough concentrations held at high levels of 7 to 17 mg/L for both antibiotic agents. METHODS: During a 13-year study period, the authors treated 34 consecutive intraventricular shunt infections in 30 children. Infections with coagulase-negative staphylococci predominated, and Gram-negative bacterial infection occurred in five children. Ten of the children were initially treated with intravenous antibiotic therapy for at least 3 days, but this treatment did not sterilize the CSF. After externalization of the ventricular catheter, high-dose intraventricular treatment was given for a median of 8 days (range 3-17 days) before shunt replacement. RESULTS: The CSF was found to be sterile (cultures were negative for bacteria) in one of three, seven of eight, 20 of 20, and six of six cases after 1, 2, 3, and more than 3 days' treatment, respectively. In no case was any subsequent culture positive after a negative result had been obtained. Clinical symptoms resolved in parallel with the sterilization of the CSF. There were no relapses or deaths during the 6-month follow-up period, and there have been none as of April 2007. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the ventricular catheter being left in place and the short duration of therapy, the treatment regimen described by the authors resulted in quick sterilization of the CSF, a low relapse rate, and survival of all patients in this series.

  • 17.
    Axelson, Hans W.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology.
    Hesselager, Göran
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Flink, Roland
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology.
    Successful localization of the Broca area with short-train pulses instead of "Penfield" stimulation.2009In: Seizure, ISSN 1059-1311, E-ISSN 1532-2688, Vol. 18, no 5, p. 374-375Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Direct electrical stimulation of functional cortical areas is a standard procedure in epilepsy and glioma surgery. Many previous studies support that stimulation of the motor cortex with short-train pulses is a less epileptogenic alternative to the 50–60 Hz ‘Penfield’ technique. However, whether the short-train stimulation is useful also in mapping of speech areas is unclear. In this case report we present a patient with oligodendroglioma near the Broca area. Extraoperative electrical stimulation via a subdural grid electrode was primarily performed to locate the speech area. The cortex was stimulated with short-train pulses (5 pulses, 0.5 pulse duration and 3 ms interpulse interval) in addition to 1–3 s 50 Hz stimulation.The patient had speech arrest from both types of stimulation techniques during a naming task. It was however critical that the short (14.5 ms) train stimulation was synchronized with the presentation of the naming objects. If not, there was no speech arrest. Despite this possible pitfall, this case has encouraged us to further try short-train stimulation in attempts to reduce stimulus-triggered seizures during mapping of eloquent areas.

  • 18.
    Axelson, Hans
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology.
    Winkler, Tomas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology.
    Flygt, Johanna
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Djupsjö, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Hånell, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Marklund, Niklas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Plasticity of the contralateral motor cortex following focal traumatic brain injury in the rat2013In: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, ISSN 0922-6028, E-ISSN 1878-3627, Vol. 31, no 1, p. 73-85Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: Recovery is limited following traumatic brain injury (TBI) since injured axons regenerate poorly and replacement of lost cells is minimal. Behavioral improvements could instead be due to plasticity of uninjured brain regions. We hypothesized that plasticity of the uninjured hemisphere occurs contralateral to a focal TBI in the adult rat. Thus, we performed cortical mapping of the cortex contralateral to the TBI using intracortical microstimulation (ICMS). Methods: A focal TBI was induced using the weight-drop technique (n = 5) and sham-injured animals were used as controls (n = 4). At five weeks post-injury, ICMS was used to map the motor area contralateral to the injury. Motor responses were detected by visual inspection and electromyography (EMG). Results: In sham- and brain-injured animals, numerous fore- and hindlimb motor responses contralateral to the stimulation (ipsilateral to the injury) were obtained. Compared to sham-injured controls, there was a markedly increased (p < 0.05) number of fore- and hindlimb responses ipsilateral to the stimulation after TBI. Conclusion: Following focal TBI in the rat, our data suggest reorganization of cortical and/or subcortical regions in the uninjured hemisphere contralateral to a focal TBI leading to an altered responsiveness to ICMS. Although we cannot exclude that these changes are maladaptive, it is plausible that this plasticity process positively influences motor recovery after TBI.

  • 19.
    Bakalkin, Georgy
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Watanabe, Hiroyuki
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Kononenko, Olga
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Medicinsk genetik och genomik.
    Stålhandske, Lada
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Marklund, Niklas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    TBI induced spinal cord plasticity: The endogenous opioid system mediates trauma effects on motor reflexes2016In: Brain Injury, ISSN 0269-9052, E-ISSN 1362-301X, Vol. 30, no 5-6, p. 712-712Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 20.
    Bartek, Jiri, Jr.
    et al.
    Karolinska Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Stockholm, Sweden;Karolinska Inst, Dept Clin Neurosci, Stockholm, Sweden;Karolinska Inst, Dept Med, Stockholm, Sweden;Copenhagen Univ Hosp, Rigshosp, Dept Neurosurg, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Forander, Petter
    Karolinska Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Thurin, Erik
    Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Dept Neurol, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Wangerid, Theresa
    Capio St Goran Hosp, Dept Neurol, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Henriksson, Roger
    Reg Canc Ctr Stockholm Gotland, Stockholm, Sweden;Univ Umea, Dept Radiat Sci & Oncol, Umea, Sweden.
    Hesselager, Göran
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Jakola, Asgeir Store
    Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Gothenburg, Sweden;Univ Gothenburg, Inst Neurosci & Physiol, Sahlgrenska Acad, Gothenburg, Sweden;St Olavs Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Trondheim, Norway.
    Short-Term Surgical Outcome for Vestibular Schwannoma in Sweden: A Nation-Wide Registry Study2019In: Frontiers in Neurology, E-ISSN 1664-2295, Vol. 10, article id 43Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Vestibular Schwannoma (VS) is a benign neoplasm arising from the 8th cranial nerve, with surgery one of the treatment modalities. In a nation-wide registry study, we describe the baseline, treatment characteristics, and short-term outcome in patients surgically treated for VS.

    Methods: We performed a nationwide study with data from the Swedish Brain Tumor Registry (SBTR) for all adults diagnosed with VS 2009-2015. Patient symptoms, tumor characteristics, and postoperative complications were analyzed.

    Results: In total 348 patients underwent surgery for VS. Mean age was 50.6 +/- 14.5 years and 165 patients (47.4%) were female. The most common symptom was focal neurological deficit (92.0%), with only 25 (7.2%) being asymptomatic prior to surgery, and 217 (63.6%) had no restriction in activity. Following surgery, 100 (28.7%) patients developed new deficit(s). In terms of postoperative complications; 11 (3.2%) had a hematoma, 35 (10.1%) an infection, 10 (2.9%) a venous thromboembolism, and 23 (6.6%) had a reoperation due to complication. There were no deaths within 30-days after surgery. When grouped according to tumor size (<4 vs. >= 4 cm), those with >= 4 cm tumors were more often males (p = 0.02), had more often ICP related symptoms (p = 0.03) and shorter time from imaging to surgery (p < 0.01). Analysis of the younger (<65 years) vs. elderly (>= 65 years) revealed no difference in outcome except increased 1-year mortality (p = 0.002) in elderly.

    Conclusion: In this nation-wide registry-study, we benchmark the 30-day complication rate after VS surgery as collected by the SBTR. Further, we present the current neurosurgical outcome data from both VS smaller than 40 mm compared to larger tumors, as well as younger vs. elderly VS patients. Since surgical decision making is a careful consideration of short term risk vs. long term benefit, this information can be useful in clinical decision making.

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  • 21.
    Bartek, Jiri, Jr.
    et al.
    Copenhagen Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Rigshosp, Copenhagen, Denmark;Karolinska Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Karolinskavagen, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Laugesen, Christian
    Copenhagen Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Rigshosp, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Mirza, Sadia
    Karolinska Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Karolinskavagen, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Forsse, Axel
    Odense Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Odense, Denmark.
    Petersen, Michael Anders
    Odense Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Odense, Denmark.
    Corell, Alba
    Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Dyhrfort, Philip Wilhelm
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery. Uppsala Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Redebrandt, Henrietta Nittby
    Lund Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Lund, Sweden.
    Reen, Linus
    Lund Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Lund, Sweden.
    Zolfaghari, Shaian
    Lund Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Lund, Sweden.
    Tobieson, Lovisa
    Linkoping Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Linkoping, Sweden.
    Carlsvard, Bjoern
    Linkoping Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Linkoping, Sweden.
    Bergholt, Bo
    Arhus Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Aarhus, Denmark.
    Bashir, Asma
    Arhus Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Aarhus, Denmark.
    Soerensen, Preben
    Alborg Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Aalborg, Denmark.
    Bilgin, Arzu
    Alborg Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Aalborg, Denmark.
    Johansson, Conny
    Umea Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Umea, Sweden.
    Lindvall, Peter
    Umea Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Umea, Sweden.
    Förander, Petter
    Uppsala Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Bellander, Bo-Michael
    Karolinska Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Karolinskavagen, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Springborg, Jacob B.
    Copenhagen Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Rigshosp, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Jakola, Asgeir S.
    Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Gothenburg, Sweden;Sahlgrens Acad, Inst Neurosci & Physiol, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Scandinavian Multicenter Acute Subdural Hematoma (SMASH) Study: Study Protocol for a Multinational Population-Based Consecutive Cohort2019In: Neurosurgery, ISSN 0148-396X, E-ISSN 1524-4040, Vol. 84, no 3, p. 799-803Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND

    Traumatic acute subdural hematomas (ASDHs) are associated with high rate of morbidity and mortality, especially in elderly individuals. However, recent reports indicate that the morbidity and mortality rates might have improved.

    OBJECTIVE

    To evaluate postoperative (30-d) mortality in younger vs elderly (70 yr) patients with ASDH. Comparing younger and elderly patients, the secondary objectives are morbidity patterns of care and 6 mo outcome according to Glasgow outcome scale (GOS). Finally, in patients with traumatic ASDH, we aim to provide prognostic variables.

    METHODS

    This is a large-scale population-based Scandinavian study including all neurosurgical departments in Denmark and Sweden. All adult (18 yr) patients surgically treated between 2010 and 2014 for a traumatic ASDH in Denmark and Sweden will be included. Identification at clinicaltrials.gov is NCT03284190.

    EXPECTED OUTCOMES

    We expect to provide data on potential differences between younger vs elderly patients in terms of mortality and morbidity. We hypothesize that elderly patients selected for surgery have a similar pattern of care as compared with younger patients. We will provide functional outcome in terms of GOS at 6 mo in younger vs elderly patients undergoing ASDH evacuation. Finally, clinical useful prognostic factors for favorable (GOS 4-5) vs unfavorable (GOS 1-3) will be identified.

    DISCUSSION

    An improved understanding of the clinical outcome, treatment and resource allocation, clinical course, and the prognostic factors of traumatic ASDH will allow neurosurgeons to make better treatment decisions.

  • 22.
    Bartley, Andreas
    et al.
    Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Bla Straket 5, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.;Univ Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Acad, Dept Clin Neurosci, Inst Neurosci & Physiol, Box 430, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden..
    Jakola, Asgeir S.
    Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Bla Straket 5, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.;Univ Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Acad, Dept Clin Neurosci, Inst Neurosci & Physiol, Box 430, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.;St Olavs Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, N-7006 Trondheim, Norway..
    Bartek, Jiri, Jr.
    Karolinska Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Solna, Sweden.;Karolinska Inst, Sect Neurosurg, Dept Clin Neurosci, Stockholm, Sweden.;Rigshosp, Dept Neurosurg, Copenhagen Univ Hosp, Copenhagen, Denmark..
    Sundblom, Jimmy
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Förander, Petter
    Karolinska Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Solna, Sweden.;Karolinska Inst, Sect Neurosurg, Dept Clin Neurosci, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Marklund, Niklas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Tisell, Magnus
    Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Bla Straket 5, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.;Univ Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Acad, Dept Clin Neurosci, Inst Neurosci & Physiol, Box 430, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden..
    The Swedish study of Irrigation-fluid temperature in the evacuation of Chronic subdural hematoma (SIC!): study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial2017In: Trials, E-ISSN 1745-6215, Vol. 18, article id 471Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is one of the most common conditions encountered in neurosurgical practice. Recurrence, observed in 5-30% of patients, is a major clinical problem. The temperature of the irrigation fluid used during evacuation of the hematoma might theoretically influence recurrence rates since irrigation fluid at body temperature (37 degrees C) may beneficially influence coagulation and cSDH solubility when compared to irrigation fluid at room temperature. Should no difference in recurrence rates be observed when comparing irrigation-fluid temperatures, there is no need for warmed fluids during surgery. Our main aim is to investigate the effect of irrigation-fluid temperature on recurrence rates and clinical outcomes after cSDH evacuation using a multicenter randomized controlled trial design.

    Methods: The study will be conducted in three neurosurgical departments with population-based catchment areas using a similar surgical strategy. In total, 600 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria will randomly be assigned to either intraoperative irrigation with fluid at body temperature or room temperature. The power calculation is based on a retrospective study performed at our department showing a recurrence rate of 5% versus 12% when comparing irrigation fluid at body temperature versus fluid at room temperature (unpublished data). The primary endpoint is recurrence rate of cSDH analyzed at 6 months post treatment. Secondary endpoints are mortality rate, complications and health-related quality of life.

    Discussion: Irrigation-fluid temperature might influence recurrence rates in the evacuation of chronic subdural hematomas. We present a study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial investigating our hypothesis that irrigation fluid at body temperature is superior to room temperature in reducing recurrence rates following evacuation of cSDH.

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  • 23.
    Basma, Jaafar
    et al.
    St Vincents Infirm Med Ctr, Arkansas Neurosci Inst, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA..
    Latini, Francesco
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery. St Vincents Infirm Med Ctr, Arkansas Neurosci Inst, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA.;S Anna Univ Hosp, Dept Neurosci & Rehabil, Div Neurosurg, Ferrara, Italy..
    Ryttlefors, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery. St Vincents Infirm Med Ctr, Arkansas Neurosci Inst, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA..
    Abuelem, Tarek
    St Vincents Infirm Med Ctr, Arkansas Neurosci Inst, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA..
    Krisht, Ali Fadl
    St Vincents Infirm Med Ctr, Arkansas Neurosci Inst, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA..
    Minimizing Collateral Brain Injury Using a Protective Layer of Fibrin Glue: Technical Note2015In: World Neurosurgery, ISSN 1878-8750, E-ISSN 1878-8769, Vol. 84, no 6, p. 2030-2036Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Neurosurgical procedures expose the brain surface to a constant risk of collateral injury. We describe a technique where the brain surface is covered with a protective layer of fibrin glue and discuss its advantages. METHODS: A thin layer of fibrin glue was applied on the brain surface after its exposure in 34 patients who underwent different craniotomies for tumoral and vascular lesions. Data of 35 more patients who underwent standard microsurgical technique were collected as a control group. Cortical and pial injuries were evaluated using an intra-operative visual scale. Eventual abnormal signals at the early postoperative T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (T2FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences were evaluated in oncological patients. RESULTS: Total pial injury was noted in 63% of cases where fibrin glue was not used. In cases where fibrin glue was applied, a significantly lower percentage of 26% (P < 0.01) had pial injuries. Only 9% had injuries in areas covered with fibrin glue (P < 0.0001). Early postoperative T2FLAIR MRI confirmed the differences of altered signal around the surgical field in the two populations. CONCLUSION: We propose beside an appropriate and careful microsurgical technique the possible use of fibrin glue as alternative, safe, and helpful protection during complex microsurgical dissections. Its intrinsic features allow the neurosurgeon to minimize the cortical manipulation preventing minor collateral brain injury.

  • 24. Basma, Jaafar
    et al.
    Ryttlefors, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Latini, Francesco
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Pravdenkova, Svetlana
    Krisht, Ali
    Mobilization of the Transcavernous Oculomotor Nerve During Basilar Aneurysm Surgery: Biomechanical Bases for Better Outcome2014In: Neurosurgery, ISSN 0148-396X, E-ISSN 1524-4040, Vol. 10, no 1, p. 106-114Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: The transcavernous approach adds a significant exposure advantage in basilar aneurysm surgery. However, one of its frequently reported side effects is postoperative oculomotor nerve palsy. OBJECTIVE: To present the technique of mobilizing the oculomotor nerve throughout its intracranial course and to analyze its consequences on the nerve tension and clinical outcome. METHODS: The oculomotor nerve is mobilized from its mesencephalic origin to the superior orbital fissure. Its degree of mobility, related to the imposed pulling force, was measured in 11 cadaveric nerves. Tension was mathematically deduced and compared before and after mobilizing of the cavernous segment. One hundred four patients treated for basilar aneurysms with the orbitozygomatic pretemporal transcavernous approach were followed up for a 1-year period and evaluated for postoperative oculomotor nerve palsy. RESULTS: Releasing the transcavernous segment compared to cisternal mobilization alone resulted in a significant increase in freedom of mobility from 4 to 7.9 mm (P < .001) and in a significant decrease in tension from 0.8 to 0.5 N (P = .006). Ninety-nine percent of aneurysms treated with this technique were amenable to neck clipping, and a total of 84% of patients had a good postoperative outcome (modified Rankin Scale score, 0-2). All patients showed direct postoperative palsy; however, 97% had a complete recovery by 9 months. Only 3 patients had a persistent diplopia on medial gaze, which was corrected with prism glasses. CONCLUSION: Mobilization of the transcavernous oculomotor nerve results in better maneuverability and less tension on the nerve, which lead to successful surgical treatment and favorable oculomotor outcome.

  • 25.
    Baunsgaard, Carsten Bach
    et al.
    Univ Copenhagen, Rigshosp, Clin Spinal Cord Injuries, Havnevej 25, DK-3100 Hornbaek, Denmark.
    Nissen, Ulla Vig
    Univ Copenhagen, Rigshosp, Clin Spinal Cord Injuries, Havnevej 25, DK-3100 Hornbaek, Denmark.
    Brust, Anne Katrin
    SPC, Nottwil, Switzerland.
    Frotzler, Angela
    SPC, Nottwil, Switzerland.
    Ribeill, Cornelia
    Ulm Univ, SCI Ctr Orthopaed Dept, Ulm, Germany.
    Kalke, Yorck-Bernhard
    Ulm Univ, SCI Ctr Orthopaed Dept, Ulm, Germany.
    Leon, Natacha
    FLM, Madrid, Spain.
    Gomez, Belen
    FLM, Madrid, Spain.
    Samuelsson, Kersti
    Linkoping Univ, Dept Rehabil Med, Linkoping, Sweden;Linkoping Univ, Dept Med & Hlth Sci, Linkoping, Sweden.
    Antepohl, Wolfram
    Linkoping Univ, Dept Rehabil Med, Linkoping, Sweden;Linkoping Univ, Dept Med & Hlth Sci, Linkoping, Sweden.
    Holmstrom, Ulrika
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery. Uppsala Univ Hosp, Spinal Cord Rehabil Unit, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Marklund, Niklas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery. Uppsala Univ Hosp, Spinal Cord Rehabil Unit, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Glott, Thomas
    Sunnaas Rehabil Hosp, Nesoddtangen, Norway.
    Opheim, Arve
    Sunnaas Rehabil Hosp, Nesoddtangen, Norway;Univ Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Acad, Inst Neurosci & Physiol, Rehabil Med, Gothenburg, Sweden;Reg Vastra Gotaland, Habilitat & Hlth, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Benito Penalva, Jesus
    Neurorehabil Hosp, Inst Guttmann, Barcelona, Spain.
    Murillo, Narda
    Neurorehabil Hosp, Inst Guttmann, Barcelona, Spain.
    Nachtegaal, Janneke
    Heliomare Rehabil Ctr, Wijk Aan Zee, Netherlands.
    Faber, Willemijn
    Heliomare Rehabil Ctr, Wijk Aan Zee, Netherlands.
    Biering-Sorensen, Fin
    Univ Copenhagen, Rigshosp, Clin Spinal Cord Injuries, Havnevej 25, DK-3100 Hornbaek, Denmark.
    Exoskeleton Gait Training After Spinal Cord Injury: An Exploratory Study on Secondary Health Conditions2018In: Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, ISSN 1650-1977, E-ISSN 1651-2081, Vol. 50, no 9, p. 806-813Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: To explore changes in pain, spasticity, range of motion, activities of daily living, bowel and lower urinary tract function and quality of life of individuals with spinal cord injury following robotic exoskeleton gait training.

    Design: Prospective, observational, open-label multicentre study. Methods: Three training sessions per week for 8 weeks using an Ekso GT robotic exoskeleton (Ekso Bionics). Included were individuals with recent (<1 year) or chronic (>1 year) injury, paraplegia and tetraplegia, complete and incomplete injury, men and women.

    Results: Fifty-two participants completed the training protocol. Pain was reported by 52% of participants during the week prior to training and 17% during training, but no change occurred longitudinally. Spasticity decreased after a training session compared with before the training session (p< 0.001), but not longitudinally. Chronically injured participants increased Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM III) from 73 to 74 (p= 0.008) and improved life satisfaction (p= 0.036) over 8 weeks of training. Recently injured participants increased SCIM III from 62 to 70 (p<0.001), but no significant change occurred in life satisfaction. Range of motion, bowel and lower urinary function did not change over time.

    Conclusion: Training seemed not to provoke new pain. Spasticity decreased after a single training session. SCIM III and quality of life increased longitudinally for subsets of participants.

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  • 26.
    Baunsgaard, Carsten Bach
    et al.
    Univ Copenhagen, Rigshosp, Clin Spinal Cord Injuries, Copenhagen, Denmark..
    Nissen, Ulla Vig
    Univ Copenhagen, Rigshosp, Clin Spinal Cord Injuries, Copenhagen, Denmark..
    Brust, Anne Katrin
    SPC, Nottwil, Switzerland..
    Frotzler, Angela
    SPC, Nottwil, Switzerland..
    Ribeill, Cornelia
    Ulm Univ, SCI Ctr, Orthopaed Dept, Ulm, Germany..
    Kalke, Yorck-Bernhard
    Ulm Univ, SCI Ctr, Orthopaed Dept, Ulm, Germany..
    Leon, Natacha
    FLM, Madrid, Spain..
    Gomez, Belen
    FLM, Madrid, Spain..
    Samuelsson, Kersti
    Linkoping Univ, Dept Rehabil Med, Linkoping, Sweden.;Linkoping Univ, Dept Med & Hlth Sci, Linkoping, Sweden..
    Antepohl, Wolfram
    Linkoping Univ, Dept Rehabil Med, Linkoping, Sweden.;Linkoping Univ, Dept Med & Hlth Sci, Linkoping, Sweden..
    Holmström, Ulrika
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Marklund, Niklas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Glott, Thomas
    Sunnaas Rehabil Hosp, Nesoddtangen, Norway..
    Opheim, Arve
    Sunnaas Rehabil Hosp, Nesoddtangen, Norway.;Univ Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Acad, Inst Neurosci & Physiol, Rehabil Med, Gothenburg, Sweden..
    Benito, Jesus
    Neurorehabil Hosp, Inst Guttmann, Barcelona, Spain..
    Murillo, Narda
    Neurorehabil Hosp, Inst Guttmann, Barcelona, Spain..
    Nachtegaal, Janneke
    Heliomare Rehabil Ctr, Wijk Aan Zee, Netherlands..
    Faber, Willemijn
    Heliomare Rehabil Ctr, Wijk Aan Zee, Netherlands..
    Biering-Sorensen, Fin
    Univ Copenhagen, Rigshosp, Clin Spinal Cord Injuries, Copenhagen, Denmark..
    Gait training after spinal cord injury: safety, feasibility and gait function following 8 weeks of training with the exoskeletons from Ekso Bionics2018In: Spinal Cord, ISSN 1362-4393, E-ISSN 1476-5624, Vol. 56, no 2, p. 106-116Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Study design: Prospective quasi-experimental study, pre-and post-design.

    Objectives: Assess safety, feasibility, training characteristics and changes in gait function for persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) using the robotic exoskeletons from Ekso Bionics.

    Setting: Nine European rehabilitation centres.

    Methods: Robotic exoskeleton gait training, three times weekly over 8 weeks. Time upright, time walking and steps in the device (training characteristics) were recorded longitudinally. Gait and neurological function were measured by 10 Metre Walk Test (10 MWT), Timed Up and Go (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury (WISCI) II and Lower Extremity Motor Score (LEMS).

    Results: Fifty-two participants completed the training protocol. Median age: 35.8 years (IQR 27.5-52.5), men/women: N = 36/16, neurological level of injury: C1-L2 and severity: AIS A-D (American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale). Time since injury (TSI) < 1 year, N = 25; > 1 year, N = 27. No serious adverse events occurred. Three participants dropped out following ankle swelling (overuse injury). Four participants sustained a Category II pressure ulcer at contact points with the device but completed the study and skin normalized. Training characteristics increased significantly for all subgroups. The number of participants with TSI < 1 year and gait function increased from 20 to 56% (P=0.004) and 10MWT, TUG, BBS and LEMS results improved (P < 0.05). The number of participants with TSI > 1 year and gait function, increased from 41 to 44% and TUG and BBS results improved (P < 0.05).

    Conclusions: Exoskeleton training was generally safe and feasible in a heterogeneous sample of persons with SCI. Results indicate potential benefits on gait function and balance.

  • 27.
    Bergen, K.
    et al.
    Karolinska Inst, Dept Neurosci, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Frodin, M.
    Karolinska Inst, Dept Neurosci, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
    von Gertten, C.
    Karolinska Inst, Dept Clin Neurosci, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Sandberg-Nordqvist, A. -C
    Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet.
    Sköld, Mattias K.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery. Karolinska Inst, Dept Neurosci, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Neurite Growth and Polarization on Vitronectin Substrate after in Vitro Trauma is not Enhanced after IGF Treatment2018In: Brain Sciences, ISSN 2076-3425, E-ISSN 2076-3425, Vol. 8, no 8, article id 151Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Following traumatic brain injuries (TBI), insulin-like growth factor (IGF) is cortically widely upregulated. This upregulation has a potential role in the recovery of neuronal tissue, plasticity, and neurotrophic activity, though the molecular mechanisms involved in IGF regulation and the exact role of IGF after TBI remain unclear. Vitronectin (VN), an extracellular matrix (ECM) molecule, has recently been shown to be of importance for IGF-mediated cellular growth and migration. Since VN is downregulated after TBI, we hypothesized that insufficient VN levels after TBI impairs the potential beneficial activity of IGF. To test if vitronectin and IGF-1/IGFBP-2 could contribute to neurite growth, we cultured hippocampal neurons on +/- vitronectin-coated coverslips and them treated with +/- IGF-1/IGF binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2). Under same conditions, cell cultures were also subjected to in vitro trauma to investigate differences in the posttraumatic regenerative capacity with +/- vitronectin-coated coverslips and with +/- IGF-1/IGFBP-2 treatment. In both the control and trauma situations, hippocampal neurons showed a stronger growth pattern on vitronectin than on the control substrate. Surprisingly, the addition of IGF-1/IGFBP-2 showed a decrease in neurite growth. Since neurite growth was measured as the number of neurites per area, we hypothesized that IGF-1/IGFBP-2 contributes to the polarization of neurons and thus induced a less dense neurite network after IGF-1/IGFBP-2 treatment. This hypothesis could not be confirmed and we therefore conclude that vitronectin has a positive effect on neurite growth in vitro both under normal conditions and after trauma, but that addition of IGF-1/IGFBP-2 does not have a positive additive effect.

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  • 28.
    Berntsson, Shala Ghaderi
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurology.
    Falk, Anna
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Radiology.
    Savitcheva, Irina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    Godau, Andrea
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Radiology.
    Zetterling, Maria
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Hesselager, Göran
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Alafuzoff, Irina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Molecular and Morphological Pathology.
    Larsson, Elna-Marie
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Radiology.
    Smits, Anja
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurology.
    Perfusion and diffusion MRI combined with (11)C-methionine PET in the preoperative evaluation of suspected adult low-grade gliomas2013In: Journal of Neuro-Oncology, ISSN 0167-594X, E-ISSN 1573-7373, Vol. 114, no 2, p. 241-249Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Perfusion and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (pMRI, dMRI) are valuable diagnostic tools for assessing brain tumors in the clinical setting. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of pMRI and dMRI with (11)C-methionine positron emission tomography (MET PET) in suspected low-grade gliomas (LGG) prior to surgery. Twenty-four adults with suspected LGG were enrolled in an observational study and examined by MET PET, pMRI and dMRI. Histological tumor diagnosis was confirmed in 23/24 patients (18 gliomas grade II, 5 gliomas grade III). The maximum relative cerebral blood volume (rCBVmax) and the minimum mean diffusivity (MDmin) were measured in tumor areas with highest MET uptake (hotspot) on PET by using automated co-registration of MRI and PET scans. A clearly defined hotspot on PET was present in all 23 tumors. Regions with rCBVmax corresponded with hotspot regions in all tumors, regions with MDmin corresponded with hotspot regions in 20/23 tumors. The correlation between rCBVmax (r = 0.19, P = 0.38) and MDmin (r = -0.41, P = 0.053) with MET uptake in the hotspot was not statistically significant. Taken into account the difficulties of measuring perfusion abnormalities in non-enhancing gliomas, this study demonstrates that co-registered MET PET and pMRI facilitates the identification of regions with rCBVmax. Furthermore, the lack of a clear positive correlation between tumor metabolism in terms of MET uptake and tumor vascularity measured as rCBVmax suggests that combined pMRI/PET provides complementary baseline imaging data in these tumors.

  • 29.
    Berntsson, Shala Ghaderi
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurology.
    Holtz, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Melberg, Atle
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurology.
    Does intrathecal baclofen have a place in the treatment of painful spasms in friedreich ataxia2013In: Case Reports in Neurology, E-ISSN 1662-680X, Vol. 5, no 3, p. 201-203Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present the case of a 50-year-old female patient with Friedreich ataxia (FA) who was treated successfully with an intrathecal baclofen (ITB)-delivering pump for painful spasms. To our knowledge, this is the second reported case of FA where ITB relieved painful and disabling spasms. We suggest that ITB should be considered in the treatment of disabling spasms in patients with FA.

  • 30.
    Biglarnia, Alireza
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Transplantation Surgery.
    Emanuelsson, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Transplantation Surgery.
    Quach, My
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Transplantation Surgery.
    Clausen, Fredrik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Larsson, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Molecular and Morphological Pathology.
    Schneider, Mårten K. J.
    Tufveson, Gunnar
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Transplantation Surgery.
    Lorant, Tomas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Transplantation Surgery.
    The free radical scavenger S-PBN significantly prolongs DSG-mediated graft survival in experimental xenotransplantation2012In: Xenotransplantation, ISSN 0908-665X, E-ISSN 1399-3089, Vol. 19, no 3, p. 166-176Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Nitrones such as 2-sulfo-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (S-PBN) are known to trap and stabilize free radicals and to reduce inflammation. Recently, S-PBN was shown to reduce infiltration of T lymphocytes and the expression of adhesion molecules on the endothelium in experimental traumatic brain injury. We hypothesized that S-PBN could reduce infiltration of T lymphocytes during cell-mediated xenograft rejection and thereby increase graft survival. The concordant mouse-to-rat heart transplantation model was used to test the hypothesis. In this model, grafts undergo acute humoral xenograft rejection (AHXR) almost invariably on day 3 and succumb to cell-mediated rejection on approximately day 8 if AHXR is inhibited by treatment with 15-deoxyspergualin (DSG). Material and methods: Hearts from Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice were transplanted to the neck vessels of Lewis rats. Recipients were treated with S-PBN (n = 9), DSG (n = 9), S-PBN and DSG in combination (n = 10) or left untreated (n = 9) for survival studies. S-PBN was given daily intraperitoneally at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight (BW) on day -1 to 30, and DSG was given daily intraperitoneally at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW on day -1 to 4 and 5 mg/kg BW on day 5 to 21. Nine additional recipients were given S-PBN only on days -1 and 0 in combination with continuous DSG treatment. Grafts were monitored until they stopped beating. Additional recipients were treated with S-PBN (n = 5), DSG (n = 5), S-PBN and DSG in combination (n = 6) or left untreated (n = 5) for morphological, immunohistochemical and flow cytometry analyses on days 2 and 6 after transplantation. Results: S-PBN treatment in combination with DSG resulted in increased median graft survival compared to DSG treatment alone (14 vs. 7 days; P = 0.019). Lower number of T lymphocytes on day 6 (P = 0.019) was observed by ex vivo propagation and flow cytometry when combining S-PBN with DSG, whereas immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated a significant reduction in the number of infiltrated CD4+, but not TCR+, cells. S-PBN treatment alone had no impact on graft survival compared to untreated rats (3 vs. 3 days). No differences were seen in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression or in morphology between the groups. Conclusion: The combination of S-PBN and DSG treatment increases xenograft survival. The main effect of S-PBN appears to be in direct connection with the transplantation. Because of its low toxicity, S-PBN could become useful in combination with other immunosuppressants to reduce cell-mediated xenograft rejection.

  • 31.
    Blomquist, Erik
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Experimental and Clinical Oncology.
    Ronne Engström, Elisabeth
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Borota, Ljubisa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Radiology.
    Gál, Gyula
    Nilsson, Kristina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Experimental and Clinical Oncology.
    Lewén, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Montelius, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Medical Radiation Science.
    Grusell, Erik
    Isacsson, Ulf
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Medical Radiation Science.
    Enblad, Per
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Positive correlation between occlusion rate and nidus size of proton beam treated brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)2016In: Acta Oncologica, ISSN 0284-186X, E-ISSN 1651-226X, Vol. 55, no 1, p. 105-112Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Proton beam radiotherapy of arteriovenous malformations (AVM) in the brain has been performed in Uppsala since 1991. An earlier study based on the first 26 patients concluded that proton beam can be used for treating large and medium sized AVMs that were considered difficult to treat with photons due to the risk of side effects. In the present study we analyzed the result from treating the subsequent 65 patients.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review of the patients' medical records, treatment protocols and radiological results was done. Information about gender, age, presenting symptoms, clinical course, the size of AVM nidus and rate of occlusion was collected. Outcome parameters were the occlusion of the AVM, clinical outcome and side effects.

    RESULTS: The rate of total occlusion was overall 68%. For target volume 0-2cm(3) it was 77%, for 3-10 cm(3) 80%, for 11-15 cm(3) 50% and for 16-51 cm(3) 20%. Those with total regress of the AVM had significantly smaller target volumes (p < 0.009) higher fraction dose (p < 0.001) as well as total dose (p < 0.004) compared to the rest. The target volume was an independent predictor of total occlusion (p = 0.03). There was no difference between those with and without total occlusion regarding mean age, gender distribution or symptoms at diagnosis. Forty-one patients developed a mild radiation-induced brain edema and this was more common in those that had total occlusion of the AVM. Two patients had brain hemorrhages after treatment. One of these had no effect and the other only partial occlusion from proton beams. Two thirds of those presenting with seizures reported an improved seizure situation after treatment.

    CONCLUSION: Our observations agree with earlier results and show that proton beam irradiation is a treatment alternative for brain AVMs since it has a high occlusion rate even in larger AVMs.

  • 32.
    Boije, Maria
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Cancer and Vascular Biology.
    Jiang, Yiwen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Cancer and Vascular Biology.
    Hesselager, Göran
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Alafuzoff, Irina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology.
    Uhrbom, Lene
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Cancer and Vascular Biology.
    Upregulation of SOX5 can be linked to proneural glioblastoma and perturbs glioma cell proliferationManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 33.
    Borota, Ljubisa
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology.
    Jangland, Lars
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology. Department of Medical Physics, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Åslund, Per-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology. Department of Medical Physics, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Ronne-Engström, Elisabeth
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Nyberg, Christoffer
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Mahmoud, Ehab
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology.
    Sakaguchi, Takuya
    Patz, Andreas
    Spot fluoroscopy: a novel innovative approach to reduce radiation dose in neurointerventional procedures2017In: Acta Radiologica, ISSN 0284-1851, E-ISSN 1600-0455, Vol. 58, no 5, p. 600-608Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Increased interest in radiation dose reduction in neurointerventional procedures has led to the development of a method called "spot fluoroscopy" (SF), which enables the operator to collimate a rectangular or square region of interest anywhere within the general field of view. This has potential advantages over conventional collimation, which is limited to symmetric collimation centered over the field of view.

    PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of SF on the radiation dose.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-five patients with intracranial aneurysms were treated with endovascular coiling. SF was used in 16 patients and conventional fluoroscopy in 19. The following parameters were analyzed: the total fluoroscopic time, the total air kerma, the total fluoroscopic dose-area product, and the fluoroscopic dose-area product rate. Statistical differences were determined using the Welch's t-test.

    RESULTS: The use of SF led to a reduction of 50% of the total fluoroscopic dose-area product (CF = 106.21 Gycm(2), SD = 99.06 Gycm(2) versus SF = 51.80 Gycm(2), SD = 21.03 Gycm(2), p = 0.003884) and significant reduction of the total fluoroscopic dose-area product rate (CF = 1.42 Gycm(2)/min, SD = 0.57 Gycm(2)/s versus SF = 0.83 Gycm(2)/min, SD = 0.37 Gycm(2)/min, p = 0.00106). The use of SF did not lead to an increase in fluoroscopy time or an increase in total fluoroscopic cumulative air kerma, regardless of collimation.

    CONCLUSION: The SF function is a new and promising tool for reduction of the radiation dose during neurointerventional procedures.

  • 34.
    Borota, Ljubisa
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Radiology.
    Mahmoud, Ehab
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Radiology.
    Nyberg, Christoffer
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Ekberg, Tomas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery.
    Combined percutaneous and transarterial devascularisation of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma with protection of internal carotid artery: A modification of the technique2015In: Interventional Neuroradiology, ISSN 1591-0199, E-ISSN 2385-2011, Vol. 21, no 3, p. 390-396Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Juvenile nasal angiofibroma (JNA) is a hypervascularised, benign, but locally aggressive tumour that grows in the posterior, upper part of the nasal cavity and invades surrounding anatomical structures. The treatment of choice is surgical removal, but complete resection of the tumour can be hampered because of profuse perioperative bleeding. Preoperative embolisation of the tumour has been proposed as an effective method for prevention of perioperative bleeding, thereby shortening of the time of the operation. In this report of five cases, we describe successful preoperative devascularisation of the tumour by applying a modified method of direct intratumoural injection of the liquid embolic agent Onyx combined with protection of the internal carotid artery. The control of bleeding during the embolisation and occlusion of the maxillary or sphenopalatine artery was achieved by using a bi-luminal balloon catheter. Such use of the dual-lumen catheter in treatment of JNA has not been reported so far in the medical literature.

  • 35.
    Borota, Ljubisa
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology.
    Mahmoud, Ehab
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology.
    Nyberg, Christoffer
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Lewén, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Enblad, Per
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Ronne-Engström, Elisabeth
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Dual lumen balloon catheter - An effective substitute for two single lumen catheters in treatment of vascular targets with challenging anatomy2018In: Journal of clinical neuroscience, ISSN 0967-5868, E-ISSN 1532-2653, Vol. 51, p. 91-99, article id S0967-5868(17)31621-1Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study was to describe our experience in the treatment of various pathological conditions of the cranial and spinal blood vessels and hypervascularized lesions using dual lumen balloon catheters. Twenty-five patients were treated with endovascular techniques: two with vasospasm of cerebral blood vessels caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage, one with a hypervascularized metastasis in the vertebral body, two with spinal dural fistula, four with cerebral dural fistula, three with cerebral arteriovenous malformations, and 13 with aneurysms. The dual lumen balloon catheters were used for remodeling of the coil mesh, injection of various liquid embolic agents, particles and nimodipine, for the prevention of reflux and deployment of coils and stents. The diameter of catheterized blood vessels varied from 0.7 mm to 4 mm. Two complications occurred: perforation of an aneurysm in one case and gluing of the tip of balloon catheter by embolic material in another case. All other interventions were uneventful, and therapeutic goals were achieved in all cases except in the case with gluing of the tip of balloon catheter. The balloons effectively prevented reflux regardless of the type of the embolic material and diameter of blood vessel. The results of our study show that dual lumen balloon catheters allow complex interventions in the narrow cerebral and spinal blood vessels where the safe use of two single lumen catheters is either limited or impossible.

  • 36. Braisch, Ulrike
    et al.
    Ekwall, Camilla
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Physiotherapy.
    Sundblom, Jimmy
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Coleman, A.
    Identification of symbol digit modality test score extremes in Huntington's disease2019In: American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, ISSN 1552-4841, E-ISSN 1552-485X, Vol. 180, no 3, p. 232-245Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Studying individuals with extreme phenotypes could facilitate the understanding of disease modification by genetic or environmental factors. Our aim was to identify Huntington's disease (HD) patients with extreme symbol digit modality test (SDMT) scores. We first examined in HD the contribution of cognitive measures of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) in predicting clinical endpoints. The language-independent SDMT was used to identify patients performing very well or very poorly relative to their CAG and age cohort. We used data from REGISTRY and COHORT observational study participants (5,603 HD participants with CAG repeats above 39 with 13,868 visits) and of 1,006 healthy volunteers (with 2,241 visits), included to identify natural aging and education effects on cognitive measures. Separate Cox proportional hazards models with CAG, age at study entry, education, sex, UHDRS total motor score and cognitive (SDMT, verbal fluency, Stroop tests) scores as covariates were used to predict clinical endpoints. Quantile regression for longitudinal language-independent SDMT data was used for boundary (2.5% and 97.5% quantiles) estimation and extreme score analyses stratified by age, education, and CAG repeat length. Ten percent of HD participants had an extreme SDMT phenotype for at least one visit. In contrast, only about 3% of participants were consistent SDMT extremes at two or more visits. The thresholds for the one-visit and two-visit extremes can be used to classify existing and new individuals. The identification of these phenotype extremes can be useful in the search for disease modifiers.

  • 37.
    Cai, Yixiao
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Applied Materials Sciences.
    Edin, Fredrik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery.
    Jin, Zhe
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology.
    Alexsson, Andrei
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology.
    Gudjonsson, Olafur
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Liu, Wei
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery.
    Rask-Andersen, Helge
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery.
    Karlsson, Mikael
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Applied Materials Sciences.
    Li, Hao
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery.
    Strategy towards independent electrical stimulation from cochlear implants: Guided auditory neuron growth on topographically modified nanocrystalline diamond2016In: Acta Biomaterialia, ISSN 1742-7061, E-ISSN 1878-7568, Vol. 31, p. 211-220Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cochlear implants (CI) have been used for several decades to treat patients with profound hearing loss. Nevertheless, results vary between individuals, and fine hearing is generally poor due to the lack of discrete neural stimulation from the individual receptor hair cells. A major problem is the deliverance of independent stimulation signals to individual auditory neurons. Fine hearing requires significantly more stimulation contacts with intimate neuron/electrode interphases from ordered axonal re-growth, something current CI technology cannot provide.

    Here, we demonstrate the potential application of micro-textured nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) surfaces on CI electrode arrays. Such textured NCD surfaces consist of micrometer-sized nail-head-shaped pillars (size 5 5 lm2) made with sequences of micro/nano-fabrication processes, including sputtering, photolithography and plasma etching.

    The results show that human and murine inner-ear ganglion neurites and, potentially, neural progenitor cells can attach to patterned NCD surfaces without an extracellular matrix coating. Microscopic methods revealed adhesion and neural growth, specifically along the nail-head-shaped NCD pillars in an ordered manner, rather than in non-textured areas. This pattern was established when the inter-NCD pillar distance varied between 4 and 9 lm.

    The findings demonstrate that regenerating auditory neurons show a strong affinity to the NCD pillars, and the technique could be used for neural guidance and the creation of new neural networks. Together with the NCD’s unique anti-bacterial and electrical properties, patterned NCD surfaces could provide designed neural/electrode interfaces to create independent electrical stimulation signals in CI electrode arrays for the neural population.

  • 38. Cao, Y.
    et al.
    Sköld, Mattias K.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Malm, E.
    Sonden, A.
    Risling, M.
    Hypothermia and in Vitro High-Energy Trauma2014In: Journal of Neurotrauma, ISSN 0897-7151, E-ISSN 1557-9042, Vol. 31, no 12, p. A105-A105Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 39.
    Cao, Yuli
    et al.
    Karolinska Inst, Dept Neurosci, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Risling, Marten
    Karolinska Inst, Dept Neurosci, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Malm, Elisabeth
    Karolinska Inst, Dept Neurosci, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Sonden, Anders
    Karolinska Inst Sodersjukhuset, Dept Clin Sci & Educ, Sect Surg, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Bolling, Magnus Frödin
    Karolinska Inst, Dept Neurosci, Stockholm, Sweden.;Karolinska Inst, Dept Oncol Pathol, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Sköld, Mattias K.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery. Karolinska Inst, Dept Neurosci, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Cellular High-Energy Cavitation Trauma - Description of a Novel In Vitro Trauma Model in Three Different Cell Types2016In: Frontiers in Neurology, E-ISSN 1664-2295, Vol. 7, article id UNSP 10Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The mechanisms involved in traumatic brain injury have yet to be fully characterized. One mechanism that, especially in high-energy trauma, could be of importance is cavitation. Cavitation can be described as a process of vaporization, bubble generation, and bubble implosion as a result of a decrease and subsequent increase in pressure. Cavitation as an injury mechanism is difficult to visualize and model due to its short duration and limited spatial distribution. One strategy to analyze the cellular response of cavitation is to employ suitable in vitro models. The flyer-plate model is an in vitro high-energy trauma model that includes cavitation as a trauma mechanism. A copper fragment is accelerated by means of a laser, hits the bottom of a cell culture well causing cavitation, and shock waves inside the well and cell medium. We have found the flyer-plate model to be efficient, reproducible, and easy to control. In this study, we have used the model to analyze the cellular response to microcavitation in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma, Caco-2, and C6 glioma cell lines. Mitotic activity in neuroblastoma and glioma was investigated with BrdU staining, and cell numbers were calculated using automated time-lapse imaging. We found variations between cell types and between different zones surrounding the lesion with these methods. It was also shown that the injured cell cultures released S-100B in a dose-dependent manner. Using gene expression microarray, a number of gene families of potential interest were found to be strongly, but differently regulated in neuroblastoma and glioma at 24 h post trauma. The data from the gene expression arrays may be used to identify new candidates for biomarkers in cavitation trauma. We conclude that our model is useful for studies of trauma in vitro and that it could be applied in future treatment studies.

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  • 40.
    Cesarini, Kristina G.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    The European board qualification in neurosurgery (EBQNS)2007In: Acta Neurochirurgica, ISSN 0001-6268, E-ISSN 0942-0940, Vol. 149, no 10, p. 1084-1085Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 41. Citerio, Giuseppe
    et al.
    Piper, Ian
    Chambers, Iain R.
    Galli, Davide
    Enblad, Per
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Kiening, Karl
    Ragauskas, Arminas
    Sahuquillo, Juan
    Gregson, Barbara
    Multicenter clinical assessment of the raumedic Neurovent-P intracranial pressure sensor: A report by the brainIT group2008In: Neurosurgery, ISSN 0148-396X, E-ISSN 1524-4040, Vol. 63, no 6, p. 1152-1158Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the robustness and zero-drift of an intracranial pressure sensor, Neurovent-P (Raumedic AG, Munchberg, Germany), when used in the clinical environment. METHODS: A prospective multicenter trial, conforming to the International Organization for Standardization 14155 Standard, was conducted in 6 European BrainIT centers between July 2005 and December 2006. Ninety-nine catheters were used. The study was observational, followed by a centralized sensor bench test after catheter removal. RESULTS: The mean recorded value before probe insertion was 0.17 +/- 1.1 mm Hg. Readings outside the range 1 mm Hg were recorded in only 3 centers on a total of 15 catheters. Complications were minimal and mainly related to the insertion bolt. The mean recorded pressure value at removal was 0.8 +/- 2.2 mm Hg. No relationship was identified between postremoval reading and length of monitoring. The postremoval bench test indicated the probability of a system failure, defined as a drift of more than 3 mm Hg, at a range between 12 and 17%. CONCLUSION: The Neurovent-P catheter performed well in clinical use in terms of robustness. The majority of technical complications were associated with the bolt fixation technology. Adverse events were rare and clinically nonsignificant. Despite the earlier reported excellent bench test zero-drift rates, under the more demanding clinical conditions, zero-drift rate remains a concern with catheter tip strain gauge technology. This performance is similar, and not superior, to other intracranial pressure devices.

  • 42.
    Clausen, Fredrik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Animal models of traumatic brain injury2016In: Experimental Neurosurgery in Animal Models / [ed] Miroslaw Janowski, New York: Springer-Verlag New York, 2016, p. 1-12Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been the core of the research on the molecular, cellular, and functional effects of the disease. To be able to simulate the heterogeneous aspects of TBI several models have been designed. This chapter aims to describe the three most commonly used experimental models of TBI in rodents.

  • 43.
    Clausen, Fredrik
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Delayed Cell Death after Traumatic Brain Injury: Role of Reactive Oxygen Species2004Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability TBI survivors often suffer from severe disturbances of cognition, memory and emotions. Improving the treatment is of great importance, but as of yet no specific neuroprotective treatment has been found. After TBI there are changes in ion homeostasis and protein regulation, causing generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overproduction of ROS can lead to damage cellmembranes, proteins and DNA and secondary cell death. In the present thesis experimental TBI in rats were used to study the effects of the ROS scavengers α-phenyl-N-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN) and 2-sulfophenyl-N-tert-butyl-nitrone (S-PBN) on morphology, function, intracellular signalling and apoptosis.

    Posttreatment with PBN and S-PBN resulted in attenuation of tissue loss after TBI and S-PBN improved cognitive function evaluated in the Morris water maze (MWM). Pretreatment with PBN protected hippocampal morphology, which correlated to better MWM-performance after TBI.

    To detect ROS-generation in vivo, a method using 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) microdialysis in the injured cortex was refined. 4-HBA reacts with ROS to form 3,4-DHBA, which can be quantified using HPLC, revealing that ROS-formation was increased for 90 minutes after TBI. It was possible to attenuate the formation significantly with PBN and S-PBN treatment.

    The activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is generally considered beneficial for cell survival. However, persistent ERK activation was found in the injured cortex after TBI, coinciding with apoptosis-like cell death 24 h after injury. Pretreatment with the MEK-inhibitor U0126 and S-PBN significantly decreased ERK activation and reduced apoptosis-like cell death. Posttreatment with U0126 or S-PBN showed robust protection of cortical tissue.

    To conclude: ROS-mediated mechanisms play an important role in secondary cell death following TBI. The observed effects of ROS in intracellular signalling may be important for defining new targets for neuroprotective intervention.

    List of papers
    1. Intracranial Pressure Changes During Fluid Percussion, Controlled Cortical Impact and Weight Drop Injury in Rats
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Intracranial Pressure Changes During Fluid Percussion, Controlled Cortical Impact and Weight Drop Injury in Rats
    Article in journal (Refereed) Submitted
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-91890 (URN)
    Available from: 2004-05-12 Created: 2004-05-12Bibliographically approved
    2. Free Radical Scavenger Posttreatment Improves Functional and Morphological Outcome after Fluid Percussion Injury in the Rat
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Free Radical Scavenger Posttreatment Improves Functional and Morphological Outcome after Fluid Percussion Injury in the Rat
    2001 In: Journal of Neurotrauma, Vol. 18, no 8, p. 821-32Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-91891 (URN)
    Available from: 2004-05-12 Created: 2004-05-12Bibliographically approved
    3. Monitoring of Reactive Oxygen Species Production after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats with Microdialysis and the 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid Trapping Method
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Monitoring of Reactive Oxygen Species Production after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats with Microdialysis and the 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid Trapping Method
    2001 In: Journal of Neurotrauma, Vol. 18, no 11, p. 1217-27Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-91892 (URN)
    Available from: 2004-05-12 Created: 2004-05-12Bibliographically approved
    4. Effects of the Nitrone Radical Scavengers PBN and S-PBN on In Vivo Trapping of Reactive Oxygen Species after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects of the Nitrone Radical Scavengers PBN and S-PBN on In Vivo Trapping of Reactive Oxygen Species after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats
    2001 In: Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, Vol. 21, no 11, p. 1259-67Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-91893 (URN)
    Available from: 2004-05-12 Created: 2004-05-12Bibliographically approved
    5.
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>
    Show others...
    Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-91894 (URN)
    Available from: 2004-05-12 Created: 2004-05-12Bibliographically approved
    6. Oxygen Free Radical Dependent Activation of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase (ERK) Mediates Apoptosis-like Cell Death after Traumatic Brain Injury
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Oxygen Free Radical Dependent Activation of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase (ERK) Mediates Apoptosis-like Cell Death after Traumatic Brain Injury
    Show others...
    Article in journal (Refereed) Submitted
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-91895 (URN)
    Available from: 2004-05-12 Created: 2004-05-12Bibliographically approved
    Download full text (pdf)
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  • 44.
    Clausen, Fredrik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Exploring a new approach to treating brain injury: Anti-inflammatory effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields2012In: Neuroscience Letters, ISSN 0304-3940, E-ISSN 1872-7972, Vol. 519, no 1, p. 1-3Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 45.
    Clausen, Fredrik
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Dahlin, Andreas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Microsystems Technology.
    Chu, Jiangtao
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Microsystems Technology.
    Kaller, Bodil
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    During, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Marklund, Niklas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Hillered, Lars
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Novel Microdialysis Method to Study The Acute Cytokine Response to Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury in the Rat2014In: Journal of Neurotrauma, ISSN 0897-7151, E-ISSN 1557-9042, Vol. 31, no 5, p. A19-A19Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 46.
    Clausen, Fredrik
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Erlandsson, Anna
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Combination of Growth Factor Treatment and Scaffold Deposition Following Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury Show a Temporary Effect on Cellular Regeneration2013In: Glia, ISSN 0894-1491, E-ISSN 1098-1136, Vol. 61, p. S196-S196Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 47.
    Clausen, Fredrik
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Hansson, Hans-Arne
    Gothenburg Univ, Biomed, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Reduced Intracranial Pressure After Treatment With Anti-Secretory Factor 16 In A Rat Model Of Traumatic Brain Injury2018In: Journal of Neurotrauma, ISSN 0897-7151, E-ISSN 1557-9042, Vol. 35, no 16, p. A195-A196Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 48.
    Clausen, Fredrik
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Hansson, Hans-Arne
    Univ Gothenburg, Inst Biomed, Gothenburg, Sweden..
    Raud, Johan
    Lantmannen AS Faktor AB, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Marklund, Niklas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Intranasal Administration of the Antisecretory Peptide AF-16 Reduces Edema and Improves Cognitive Function Following Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury in the Rat2017In: Frontiers in Neurology, E-ISSN 1664-2295, Vol. 8, article id 39Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A synthetic peptide with antisecretory activity, antisecretory factor (AF)-16, improves injury-related deficits in water and ion transport and decreases intracranial pressure after experimental cold lesion injury and encephalitis although its role in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is unknown. AF-16 or an inactive reference peptide was administrated intranasally 30 min following midline fluid percussion injury (mFPI; n = 52), a model of diffuse mild-moderate TBI in rats. Sham-injured (n = 14) or naive (n = 24) animals were used as controls. The rats survived for either 48 h or 15 days post-injury. At 48 h, the animals were tested in the Morris water maze (MWM) for memory function and their brains analyzed for cerebral edema. Here, mFPI-induced brain edema compared to sham or naive controls that was significantly reduced by AF-16 treatment (p < 0.05) although MWM performance was not altered. In the 15-day survival groups, the MWM learning and memory abilities as well as histological changes were analyzed. AF-16-treated brain-injured animals shortened both MWM latency and swim path in the learning trials (p < 0.05) and improved probe trial performance compared to brain-injured controls treated with the inactive reference peptide. A modest decrease by AF-16 on TBI-induced changes in hippocampal glial acidic fibrillary protein (GFAP) staining (p = 0.11) was observed. AF-16 treatment did not alter any other immunohistochemical analyses (degenerating neurons, beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP), and Olig2). In conclusion, intranasal AF-16-attenuated brain edema and enhanced visuospatial learning and memory following diffuse TBI in the rat. Intranasal administration early post-injury of a promising neuroprotective substance offers a novel treatment approach for TBI.

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  • 49.
    Clausen, Fredrik
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Hillered, Lars
    Intracranial Pressure Changes During Fluid Percussion, Controlled Cortical Impact and Weight Drop Injury in RatsArticle in journal (Refereed)
  • 50.
    Clausen, Fredrik
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Hillered, Lars
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Gustafsson, Jan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Women's and Children's Health.
    Cerebral glucose metabolism after traumatic brain injury in the rat studied by C-13-glucose and microdialysis2011In: Acta Neurochirurgica, ISSN 0001-6268, E-ISSN 0942-0940, Vol. 153, no 3, p. 653-658Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), a disturbed cerebral glucose metabolism contributes to secondary brain damage. To study local cerebral glucose metabolism after TBI, we delivered C-13-labeled glucose into brain tissue by microdialysis (MD). MD probes were inserted bilaterally into the parietal cortex of rat brain, one probe in the shear stress zone of the injury and the other at the corresponding contralateral coordinates. A moderately severe controlled cortical contusion was used to model TBI. Dialysate concentrations of glucose, pyruvate, lactate, and glycerol were measured, and following derivatization, C-13 enrichments of the compounds were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We found that C-13-labeled glucose was rapidly converted into C-13-lactate and C-13-glycerol. In the hours following TBI, concentrations and C-13 enrichments of lactate and glycerol increased. The findings confirm the occurrence of anaerobic local glucose metabolism early after TBI. Only a small fraction of the glycerol was newly synthesized, suggesting that the hypothesis that most of the released glycerol after TBI comes from degradation of membrane phospholipids still holds. We conclude that the combination of microdialysis and stable isotope technique is a useful tool for investigating local glucose metabolism following brain injury.

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