Defect of compactness for non-compact imbeddings of Banach spaces can be expressed in the form of a profile decomposition. Let X be a Banach space continuously imbedded into a Banach space Y, and let D be a group of linear isometric operators on X. A profile decomposition in X, relative to D and Y, for a bounded sequence (x(k))(k is an element of N) subset of X is a sequence (S-k)(k is an element of N), such that (x(k) - S-k)(k is an element of N) is a convergent sequence in Y, and, furthermore, S-k has the particular form S-k = Sigma(n is an element of N)g(k)((n))W((n)) with g(k)((n)) is an element of D and w((n)) is an element of X. This paper extends the profile decomposition proved by Solimini [10] for Sobolev spaces (H) over dot(1,P)(R-N) with 1 < p < N to the non-reflexive case p = 1. Since existence of "concentration profiles" w((n)) relies on weak-star compactness, and the space (H) over dot(1,1) is not a conjugate of a Banach space, we prove a corresponding result for a larger space of functions of bounded variation. The result extends also to spaces of bounded variation on Lie groups.
We show that the Moser functional J(u) = integral Omega(e(4 pi u2) - 1) dx on the set B = {u is an element of H-0(1)(Omega) : parallel to del u parallel to(2) <= 1}, where Omega subset of R-2 is a bounded domain, fails to be weakly continuous only in the following exceptional case. Define g(s)w(r) = s(-1/2)w(r(s)) for s > 0. If u(k) -> u in B while lim inf J(u(k)) > J(u), then, with some s(k) -> 0, u(k) = g(sk) [(2 pi)(-1/2) min {1, log1/vertical bar x vertical bar}], up to translations and up to a remainder vanishing in the Sobolev norm. In other words, the weak continuity fails only on translations of concentrating Moser functions. The proof is based on a profile decomposition similar to that of Solimini [16], but with different concentration operators, pertinent to the two-dimensional case.
We study the growth of two competing infection types on graphs generated by the configuration model with a given degree sequence. Starting from two vertices chosen uniformly at random, the infection types spread via the edges in the graph in that an uninfected vertex becomes type 1 (2) infected at rate lambda(1) (lambda(2)) times the number of nearest neighbors of type 1 (2). Assuming (essentially) that the degree of a randomly chosen vertex has finite second moment, we show that if lambda(1) = lambda(2), then the fraction of vertices that are ultimately infected by type 1 converges to a continuous random variable V is an element of (0,1), as the number of vertices tends to infinity. Both infection types hence occupy a positive (random) fraction of the vertices. If lambda(1) not equal lambda(2), on the other hand, then the type with the larger intensity occupies all but a vanishing fraction of the vertices. Our results apply also to a uniformly chosen simple graph with the given degree sequence.
We study a model of competition between two types evolving as branching random walks on Z(d). The two types are represented by red and blue balls, respectively, with the rule that balls of different colour annihilate upon contact. We consider initial configurations in which the sites of Z(d) contain one ball each which are independently coloured red with probability p and blue otherwise. We address the question of fixation, referring to the sites and eventually settling for a given colour or not. Under a mild moment condition on the branching rule, we prove that the process will fixate almost surely for p not equal 1/2 and that every site will change colour infinitely often almost surely for the balanced initial condition p = 1/2.
We study survival among two competing types in two settings: a planar growth model related to two-neighbor bootstrap percolation, and a system of urns with graph-based interactions. In the planar growth model, uncolored sites are given a color at rate 0, 1 or infinity, depending on whether they have zero, one, or at least two neighbors of that color. In the urn scheme, each vertex of a graph G has an associated urn containing some number of either blue or red balls ( but not both). At each time step, a ball is chosen uniformly at random from all those currently present in the system, a ball of the same color is added to each neighboring urn, and balls in the same urn but of different colors annihilate on a one-for-one basis. We show that, for every connected graph G and every initial configuration, only one color survives almost surely. As a corollary, we deduce that in the two-type growth model on Z(2), one of the colors only infects a finite number of sites with probability one. We also discuss generalizations to higher dimensions and multi-type processes, and list a number of open problems and conjectures.
We prove that the probability of crossing a large square in quenched Voronoi percolation converges to 1/2 at criticality, confirming a conjecture of Benjamini, Kalai and Schramm from 1999. The main new tools are a quenched version of the box-crossing property for Voronoi percolation at criticality, and an Efron Stein type bound on the variance of the probability of the crossing event in terms of the sum of the squares of the influences. As a corollary of the proof, we moreover obtain that the quenched crossing event at criticality is almost surely noise sensitive.
Consider a monotone Boolean function f : {0, 1}(n) -> {0, 1} and the canonical monotone coupling {eta(p) : p is an element of [0, 1]} of an element in {0, 1}(n) chosen according to product measure with intensity p is an element of [0, 1]. The random point p is an element of [0, 1] where f (eta(p)) flips from 0 to 1 is often concentrated near a particular point, thus exhibiting a threshold phenomenon. For a sequence of such Boolean functions, we peer closely into this threshold window and consider, for large n, the limiting distribution (properly normalized to be nondegenerate) of this random point where the Boolean function switches from being 0 to 1. We determine this distribution for a number of the Boolean functions which are typically studied and pay particular attention to the functions corresponding to iterated majority and percolation crossings. It turns out that these limiting distributions have quite varying behavior. In fact, we show that any nondegenerate probability measure on R arises in this way for some sequence of Boolean functions.
We study the phase transition of random radii Poisson Boolean percolation: Around each point of a planar Poisson point process, we draw a disc of random radius, independently for each point. The behavior of this process is well understood when the radii are uniformly bounded from above. In this article, we investigate this process for unbounded (and possibly heavy tailed) radii distributions. Under mild assumptions on the radius distribution, we show that both the vacant and occupied sets undergo a phase transition at the same critical parameter.c. Moreover, For. <.c, the vacant set has a unique unbounded connected component and we give precise bounds on the one-arm probability for the occupied set, depending on the radius distribution. At criticality, we establish the box-crossing property, implying that no unbounded component can be found, neither in the occupied nor the vacant sets. We provide a polynomial decay for the probability of the one-arm events, under sharp conditions on the distribution of the radius. For. >.c, the occupied set has a unique unbounded component and we prove that the one-arm probability for the vacant decays exponentially fast. The techniques we develop in this article can be applied to other models such as the Poisson Voronoi and confetti percolation.
We study a variant of Gilbert's disc model, in which discs are positioned at the points of a Poisson process in R-2 with radii determined by an underlying stationary and ergodic random field phi: R-2 -> [0, infinity), independent of the Poisson process. This setting, in which the random field is independent of the point process, is often referred to as geostatistical marking. We examine how typical properties of interest in stochastic geometry and percolation theory, such as coverage probabilities and the existence of long-range connections, differ between Gilbert's model with radii given by some random field and Gilbert's model with radii assigned independently, but with the same marginal distribution. Among our main observations we find that complete coverage of R(2 )does not necessarily happen simultaneously, and that the spatial dependence induced by the random field may both increase as well as decrease the critical threshold for percolation.
In this short paper we prove a quantitative version of the Khintchine-Groshev Theorem with congruence conditions. Our argument relies on a classical argument of Schmidt on counting generic lattice points, which in turn relies on a certain variance bound on the space of lattices.
We investigate the number of permutations that occur in random labellings of trees. This is a generalisation of the number of subpermutations occurring in a random permutation. It also generalises some recent results on the number of inversions in randomly labelled trees (Cai et al. in Combin Probab Comput 28(3):335-364, 2019). We consider complete binary trees as well as random split trees a large class of random trees of logarithmic height introduced by Devroye (SIAM J Comput 28(2):409-432, 1998. 10.1137/s0097539795283954). Split trees consist of nodes (bags) which can contain balls and are generated by a random trickle down process of balls through the nodes. For complete binary trees we show that asymptotically the cumulants of the number of occurrences of a fixed permutation in the random node labelling have explicit formulas. Our other main theorem is to show that for a random split tree, with probability tending to one as the number of balls increases, the cumulants of the number of occurrences are asymptotically an explicit parameter of the split tree. For the proof of the second theorem we show some results on the number of embeddings of digraphs into split trees which may be of independent interest.
First passage percolation on is a model for describing the spread of an infection on the sites of the square lattice. The infection is spread via nearest neighbor sites and the time dynamic is specified by random passage times attached to the edges. In this paper, the speed of the growth and the shape of the infected set is studied by aid of large-scale computer simulations, with focus on continuous passage time distributions. It is found that the most important quantity for determining the value of the time constant, which indicates the inverse asymptotic speed of the growth, is , where are i.i.d. passage time variables. The relation is linear for a large class of passage time distributions. Furthermore, the directional time constants are seen to be increasing when moving from the axis towards the diagonal, so that the limiting shape is contained in a circle with radius defined by the speed along the axes. The shape comes closer to the circle for distributions with larger variability.
We state Asymptotic Expansion and Growth Rate conjectures for the Witten-Reshetikhin-Turaev invariants of arbitrary framed links in 3-manifolds, and we prove these conjectures for the natural links in mapping tori of finite-order automor-phisms of marked surfaces. Our approach is based upon geometric quantisation of the moduli space of parabolic bundles on the surface, which we show coincides with the construction of the Witten-Reshetikhin-Turaev invariants using conformal field theory, as was recently completed by Andersen and Ueno. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
By methods similar to those used by L. Jeffrey [L. C. Jeffrey, Chern-Simons-Witten invariants of lens spaces and torus bundles, and the semiclassical approximation, Commun. Math. Phys. 147 (1992) 563-604], we compute the quantum SU(N)-invariants for mapping tori of trace 2 homeomorphisms of a genus 1 surface when N = 2, 3 and discuss their asymptotics. In particular, we obtain directly a proof of a version of Witten's asymptotic expansion conjecture for these 3-manifolds. We further prove the growth rate conjecture for these 3-manifolds in the SU(2) case, where we also allow the 3-manifolds to contain certain knots. In this case we also discuss trace -2 homeomorphisms, obtaining - in combination with Jeffrey's results - a proof of the asymptotic expansion conjecture for all torus bundles.
The greedy tree G(D) and the M-tree M(D) are known to be extremal among trees with degree sequence D with respect to various graph invariants. This paper provides a general theorem that covers a large family of invariants for which G(D) or M(D) is extremal. Many known results, for example on the Wiener index, the number of subtrees, the number of independent subsets and the number of matchings follow as corollaries, as do some new results on invariants such as the number of rooted spanning forests, the incidence energy and the solvability. We also extend our results on trees with fixed degree sequence D to the set of trees whose degree sequence is majorised by a given sequence D, which also has a number of applications.
Using the method of spectral decimation and a modified version of Kirchhoff's matrix-tree theorem, a closed form solution to the number of spanning trees on approximating graphs to a fully symmetric self-similar structure on a finitely ramified fractal is given in theorem 3.4. We show how spectral decimation implies the existence of the asymptotic complexity constant and obtain some bounds for it. Examples calculated include the Sierpinski gasket, a non-post critically finite analog of the Sierpinski gasket, the Diamond fractal, and the hexagasket. For each example, the asymptotic complexity constant is found.
We consider self-loops and multiple edges in the configuration model as the size of the graph tends to infinity. The interest in these random variables is due to the fact that the configuration model, conditioned on being simple, is a uniform random graph with prescribed degrees. Simplicity corresponds to the absence of self-loops and multiple edges. We show that the number of self-loops and multiple edges converges in distribution to two independent Poisson random variables when the second moment of the empirical degree distribution converges. We also provide estimations on the total variation distance between the numbers of self-loops and multiple edges and their limits, as well as between the sum of these values and the Poisson random variable to which this sum converges to. This revisits previous works of Bollobas, of Janson, of Wormald and others. The error estimates also imply sharp asymptotics for the number of simple graphs with prescribed degrees. The error estimates follow from an application of the Stein-Chen method for Poisson convergence, which is a novel method for this problem. The asymptotic independence of self-loops and multiple edges follows from a Poisson version of the Cramer-Wold device using thinning, which is of independent interest. When the degree distribution has infinite second moment, our general results break down. We can, however, prove a central limit theorem for the number of self-loops, and for the multiple edges between vertices of degrees much smaller than the square root of the size of the graph. Our results and proofs easily extend to directed and bipartite configuration models.
A limiting property of the nearest-neighbor recurrence coefficients for multiple orthogonal polynomials from a Nevai class is investigated. Namely, assuming that the nearest-neighbor coefficients have a limit along rays of the lattice, we describe it in terms of the solution of a system of partial differential equations. In the case of two orthogonality measures the differential equations become ordinary. For Angelesco systems, the result is illustrated numerically.
A sequence of geometric random variables of length n is a sequence of n independent and identically distributed geometric random variables (Gamma(1), Gamma(2), ..., Gamma(n)) where P (Gamma(j) = i) = pq(i-1) for 1 <= j <= n with p + q = 1. We study the number of distinct adjacent two letter patterns in such sequences. Initially we directly count the number of distinct pairs in words of short length. Because of the rapid growth of the number of word patterns we change our approach to this problem by obtaining an expression for the expected number of distinct pairs in words of length n. We also obtain the asymptotics for the expected number as n -> infinity.
We give a simplified and direct proof of the Kato square root estimate for parabolic operators with elliptic part in divergence form and coefficients possibly depending on space and time in a merely measurable way. The argument relies on the nowadays classical reduction to a quadratic estimate and a Carleson-type inequality. The precise organization of the estimates is different from earlier works. In particular, we succeed in separating space and time variables almost completely despite the non-autonomous character of the operator. Hence, we can allow for degenerate ellipticity dictated by a spatial A2-weight, which has not been treated before in this context.
We consider second order degenerate parabolic equations with real, measurable, and time-dependent coefficients. We allow for degenerate ellipticity dictated by a spatial A_2-weight. We prove the existence of a fundamental solution and derive Gaussian bounds. Our construction is based on the original work of Kato \cite{Kato}.
We solve the Kato square root problem for parabolic operators whose coefficients can be written as the sum of a complex part, which is elliptic, and a real anti-symmetric part which is in BMO. In particular, we allow for unbounded coefficients.
We introduce a first order strategy to study boundary value problems of parabolic systems with second order elliptic part in the upper half-space. This involves a parabolic Dirac operator at the boundary. We allow for measurable time dependence and some transversal dependence in the coefficients. We obtain layer potential representations for solutions in some classes and prove new well-posedness and perturbation results. As a byproduct, we prove for the first time a Kato estimate for the square root of parabolic operators with time dependent coefficients. This considerably extends prior results obtained by one of us under time and transversal independence. A major difficulty compared to a similar treatment of elliptic equations is the presence of non-local fractional derivatives in time.
We study parabolic operators $\cH = \partial_t-\div_{\lambda,x} A(x,t)\nabla_{\lambda,x}$ in the parabolic upper half space $\mathbb R^{n+2}_+=\{(\lambda,x,t):\ \lambda>0\}$. We assume that the coefficients are real, bounded, measurable, uniformly elliptic, but not necessarily symmetric. We prove that the associated parabolic measure is absolutely continuous with respect to the surface measure on $\mathbb R^{n+1}$ in the sense defined by $A_\infty(\mathrm{d} x\d t)$. Our argument also gives a simplified proof of the corresponding result for elliptic measure.
This paper is the second installment in a series of papers concerning the boundary behavior of solutions to the p-parabolic equations. In this paper we are interested in the short time behavior of the solutions, which is in contrast with much of the literature, where all results require a waiting time. We prove a dichotomy about the decay-rate of non-negative solutions vanishing on the lateral boundary in a cylindrical C-1,C-1 domain. Furthermore we connect this dichotomy to the support of the boundary type Riesz measure related to the p-parabolic equation in NTA-domains, which has consequences for the continuation of solutions.
In this paper we propose a definition of "parabolic NTA" for solutions to the degenerate p-parabolic equation. Given this definition we prove the Carleson estimate, originally proved for this equation in Avelin et al. (J Eur Math Soc, 2015) for cylindrical domains. Moreover we study a non-optimal, stronger "outer corkscrew" condition, such that we obtain Holder continuity up to the boundary, for non-negative solutions vanishing on a part of the boundary.
We study the boundary behavior of non-negative solutions to a class of degenerate/singular parabolic equations, whose prototype is the parabolic p-Laplace equation. Assuming that such solutions continuously vanish on some distinguished part of the lateral part S-T of a Lipschitz cylinder, we prove Carleson-type estimates, and deduce some consequences under additional assumptions on the equation or the domain. We then prove analogous estimates for non-negative solutions to a class of degenerate/singular parabolic equations of porous medium type.
We show that bounded pseudoconvex domains that are Hölder continuous for all α < 1 are hyperconvex, extending the well-known result by Demailly (Math. Z. 184 1987) beyond Lipschitz regularity.
We extend a result by Fornaaess and Wiegerinck [Ark. Mat. 1989;27:257-272] on plurisubharmonic Mergelyan type approximation to domains with boundaries locally given by graphs of continuous functions.
In this paper, we develop a Galerkin-type approximation, with quantitative error estimates, for weak solutions to the Cauchy problem for kinetic Fokker-Planck equations in the domain (0,T)×D×Rd, where D is either Td or Rd. Our approach is based on a Hermite expansion in the velocity variable only, with a hyperbolic system that appears as the truncation of the Brinkman hierarchy, as well as ideas from $\href{arXiv:1902.04037v2}{Alb+21}$ and additional energy-type estimates that we have developed. We also establish the regularity of the solution based on the regularity of the initial data and the source term.
This paper concerns the boundary behavior of solutions of certain fully nonlinear equations with a general drift term. We elaborate on the non-homogeneous generalized Harnack inequality proved by the second author in [26], to prove a generalized Carleson estimate. We also prove boundary Holder continuity and a boundary Harnack type inequality.
We establish boundary estimates for non-negative solutions to the $p$-parabolic equation in the degenerate range $p>2$. Our main results include new parabolic intrinsic Harnack chains in cylindrical NTA-domains together with sharp boundary decay estimates. If the underlying domain is $C^{1,1}$-regular, we establish a relatively complete theory of the boundary behavior, including boundary Harnack principles and Hölder continuity of the ratios of two solutions, as well as fine properties of associated boundary measures. There is an intrinsic waiting time phenomena present which plays a fundamental role throughout the paper. In particular, conditions on these waiting times rule out well-known examples of explicit solutions violating the boundary Harnack principle.
We prove a comparison principle for the porous medium equation in more general open sets in Rn+1 than space-time cylinders. We apply this result in two related contexts: we establish a connection between a potential theoretic notion of the obstacle problem and a notion based on a variational inequality. We also prove the basic properties of the PME capacity, in particular that there exists a capacitary extremal which gives the capacity for compact sets.
Weak supersolutions to the porous medium equation are defined by means of smooth test functions under an integral sign. We show that non-negative weak supersolutions become lower semicontinuous after redefinition on a set of measure zero. This shows that weak supersolutions belong to a class of supersolutions defined by a comparison principle.
In this paper, we prove that, in the deep limit, the stochastic gradient descent on a ResNet type deep neural network, where each layer shares the same weight matrix, converges to the stochastic gradient descent for a Neural ODE and that the corresponding value/loss functions converge. Our result gives, in the context of minimization by stochastic gradient descent, a theoretical foundation for considering Neural ODEs as the deep limit of ResNets. Our proof is based on certain decay estimates for associated Fokker-Planck equations.
This paper deals with different characterizations of sets of nonlinear parabolic capacity zero, with respect to the parabolic p-Laplace equation. Specifically we prove that certain interior polar sets can be characterized by sets of zero nonlinear parabolic capacity. Furthermore we prove that zero capacity sets are removable for bounded supersolutions and that sets of zero capacity have a relation to a certain parabolic Hausdorff measure.
In this article we consider existence and uniqueness of the solutions to a large class of stochastic partial differential equations of the form partial derivative(t)u = L(x)u+ b(t, u)+ s(t, u) (over dot(W)), driven by a Gaussian noise. W, white in time, and with spatial correlations given by a generic covariance gamma. We provide natural conditions under which classical Picard iteration procedure provides a unique solution. We illustrate the applicability of our general result by providing several interesting particular choices for the operator L-x under which our existence and uniqueness results hold. In particular, we show that Dalang condition given in [5] is sufficient in the case of many parabolic and hypoelliptic operators L-x.
We show that if Ω⊂Rn+1, n≥1, is a uniform domain (also known as a 1-sided NTA domain), i.e., a domain which enjoys interior Corkscrew and Harnack Chain conditions, then uniform rectifiability of the boundary of Ω implies the existence of exterior corkscrew points at all scales, so that in fact, Ω is a chord-arc domain, i.e., a domain with an Ahlfors-David regular boundary which satisfies both interior and exterior corkscrew conditions, and an interior Harnack chain condition. We discuss some implications of this result for theorems of F. and M. Riesz type, and for certain free boundary problems.
Let M be an n-dimensional complex manifold. A holomorphic function f : M -> C is said to be semi-Bloch if for every lambda is an element of C the function g(lambda) = exp(lambda f(z)) is normal on M. We characterize semi-Bloch functions on infinitesimally Kobayashi non-degenerate M in geometric as well as analytic terms. Moreover, we show that on such manifolds, semi-Bloch functions are normal.
We consider the generalization of the Polya urn scheme with possibly infinitely many colors, as introduced in [37], [4], [5], and [6]. For countably many colors, we prove almost sure convergence of the urn configuration under theuniform ergodicityassumption on the associated Markov chain. The proof uses a stochastic coupling of the sequence of chosen colors with abranching Markov chainon a weightedrandom recursive treeas described in [6], [31], and [26]. Using this coupling we estimate the covariance between any two selected colors. In particular, we re-prove the limit theorem for the classical urn models with finitely many colors.
We consider solutions to nonlinear elliptic equations with measure data and general growth and ellipticity conditions of degenerate type, as considered in Lieberman (Commun Partial Differ Equ 16:311-361, 1991); we prove pointwise gradient bounds for solutions in terms of linear Riesz potentials. As a direct consequence, we get optimal conditions for the continuity of the gradient.
We prove a Harnack inequality for minimisers of a class of non-autonomous functionals with non-standard growth conditions. They are characterised by the fact that their energy density switches between two types of different degenerate phases.
We show that a stochastic (Markov) operator S acting on a Schatten class C-1 satisfies the Noether condition (i.e. S' (A) = A and S' (A(2)) = A(2), where A is an element of C-infinity is a Hermitian and bounded operator on a fixed separable and complex Hilbert space (H, <.,.>)), if and only if S(E-A(G)XEA(G)) = E-A (G)S(X)E-A (G) for any state X is an element of C-1 and all Borel sets G subset of R, where E-A (G) denotes the orthogonal projection coming from the spectral resolution A = integral(sigma(A)) zE(A)(dz). Similar results are obtained for stochastic one-parameter continuous semigroups.
We consider the weak convergence of iterates of so-called centred quadratic stochastic operators. These iterations allow us to study the discrete time evolution of probability distributions of vector-valued traits in populations of inbreeding or hermaphroditic species, whenever the offspring's trait is equal to an additively perturbed arithmetic mean of the parents' traits. It is shown that for the existence of a weak limit, it is sufficient that the distributions of the trait and the perturbation have a finite variance or have tails controlled by a suitable power function. In particular, probability distributions from the domain of attraction of stable distributions have found an application, although in general the limit is not stable.
This paper is devoted to the study of the problem of prevalence in the classof quadratic stochastic operators acting on the L1 space for the uniform topology.We obtain that the set of norm quasi-mixing quadratic stochastic operators is a denseand open set in the topology induced by a very natural metric. This shows the typicallong-term behaviour of iterates of quadratic stochastic operators.
We consider loop-erased random walk (LERW) running between two boundary points of a square grid approximation of a planar simply connected domain. The LERW Green's function is the probability that the LERW passes through a given edge in the domain. We prove that this probability, multiplied by the inverse mesh size to the power 3/4, converges in the lattice size scaling limit to (a constant times) an explicit conformally covariant quantity which coincides with the Green's function. The proof does not use SLE techniques and is based on a combinatorial identity which reduces the problem to obtaining sharp asymptotics for two quantities: the loop measure of random walk loops of odd winding number about a branch point near the marked edge and a "spinor" observable for random walk started from one of the vertices of the marked edge.