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  • 1.
    Agåker, Marcus
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Andersson, Joakim
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Englund, Carl-Johan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Rausch, J.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Surface and Interface Science.
    Rubensson, Jan-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Nordgren, Joseph
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Spectroscopy in the vacuum-ultraviolet2011In: Nature Photonics, ISSN 1749-4885, Vol. 5, no 5, p. 248-248Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 2.
    Agåker, Marcus
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Rubensson, Jan-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Double Core Excitations in Lithium Halides2007In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 75, no 4, p. 045112-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering spectra of LiF , LiCl , LiBr , and LiI excited in the vicinity of the Li double core hole resonances are presented. All lithium halides show similar phenomenology, including scattering via states where both excited electrons are localized during the scattering process, as well as states where one electron delocalizes. Also transitions that involve additional band excitations are observed. A strong influence of the chemical surrounding is found, and it is discussed in terms of the ionic character of the chemical bond.

  • 3. Andersson, E.
    et al.
    Linusson, P.
    Fritzsche, S.
    Hedin, Lage
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Eland, John H. D.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Karlsson, Leif
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Rubensson, Jan-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Feifel, Raimund
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Formation of Kr3+ via core-valence doubly ionized intermediate states2012In: Physical Review A. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, ISSN 1050-2947, E-ISSN 1094-1622, Vol. 85, no 3, p. 032502-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The time-of-flight photoelectron-photoion coincidence technique has been used to study single-photon 3d(9)4p(5) core-valence double ionization of Kr and subsequent Auger decay to triply charged states associated with the 4s(2)4p(3) and 4s(1)4p(4) configurations. The photon energy used was h nu = 150 eV. Multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculations were performed both for the doubly ionized intermediate states and the triply ionized final states. The intermediate states of Kr2+ are observed between 120 and 125 eV, whereas the final states of Kr3+ are observed between 74- and 120-eV ionization energy. Assignments of all structures are made based on the present numerical results. The calculated Auger rates give a detailed explanation of the relative line strengths observed.

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  • 4.
    Andersson, Egil
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Multi-Electron Coincidence Studies of Atoms and Molecules2010Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis concerns multi-ionization coincidence measurements of atoms and small molecules using a magnetic bottle time-of-flight (TOF) spectrometer designed for multi-electron coincidence studies. Also, a time-of-flight mass spectrometer has been used together with the TOF electron  spectrometer for electron-ion coincidence measurements. The multi-ionization processes have been studied by employing a pulsed discharge lamp in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral region and synchrotron radiation in the soft X-ray region. The designs of the spectrometers are described in some detail, and several timing schemes suitable for the light sources mentioned above are presented.

    Studies have been performed on krypton, molecular oxygen, carbon disulfide and a series of alcohol molecules. For the latter, double ionization spectra have been recorded and new information has been obtained on the dicationic states. A recently found rule-of-thumb  and quantum chemical calculations have been used to quantify the effective distance of the two vacancies in the dications of these molecules.

    For Kr, O2, and CS2, single-photon core-valence spectra have been obtained at the synchrotron radiation facility BESSY II in Berlin and interpreted on the basis of quantum chemical calculations. These spectra show a remarkable similarity to conventional valence photoelectron spectra.

    Spectra of triply charged ions were recorded, also at BESSY II, for Kr and CS2 by measuring, in coincidence, all three electrons ejected. The complex transition channels leading to tricationic states were mapped in substantial detail for Kr. It was found that for 3d-ionized krypton, the tricationic states are dominantly populated by cascade Auger decays via distinct intermediate states whose energies have been determined. The triple ionization spectra of CS2 from the direct double Auger effect via S2p, S2s and C1s hole states contain several resolved features and show selectivity based on the initial charge localisation and on the identity of the initial state.

    List of papers
    1. Multielectron coincidence study of the double Auger decay of 3d-ionized krypton
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multielectron coincidence study of the double Auger decay of 3d-ionized krypton
    Show others...
    2010 (English)In: Physical Review A. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, ISSN 1050-2947, E-ISSN 1094-1622, Vol. 82, no 4, p. 043418-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Multielectron coincidence data for triple ionization of krypton have been recorded above the 3d ionization threshold at two photon energies (140 and 150 eV). Three principal transition pathways have been observed, two involving double Auger transitions from Kr+, and one involving single Auger transitions from Kr2+ created by direct single-photon double ionization. The decay of the 3d(9) D-2(5/2,3/2) states in Kr+ has been analyzed in some detail and is found to be strongly dominated by cascade processes where two electrons with well-defined energies are emitted. The decay paths leading to the 4s(2)4p(3) S-4, D-2, and P-2 states of Kr3+ are analyzed and energies of seven intermediate states in Kr2+ are given. A preliminary investigation of the decay paths from Kr+ 3d (9)4p(5)nl shake-up states has also been carried out.

    National Category
    Physical Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-122568 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevA.82.043418 (DOI)000283114900005 ()
    Available from: 2010-04-14 Created: 2010-04-14 Last updated: 2017-12-12Bibliographically approved
    2. Formation of Kr3+ via core-valence doubly ionized intermediate states
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Formation of Kr3+ via core-valence doubly ionized intermediate states
    Show others...
    2012 (English)In: Physical Review A. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, ISSN 1050-2947, E-ISSN 1094-1622, Vol. 85, no 3, p. 032502-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The time-of-flight photoelectron-photoion coincidence technique has been used to study single-photon 3d(9)4p(5) core-valence double ionization of Kr and subsequent Auger decay to triply charged states associated with the 4s(2)4p(3) and 4s(1)4p(4) configurations. The photon energy used was h nu = 150 eV. Multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculations were performed both for the doubly ionized intermediate states and the triply ionized final states. The intermediate states of Kr2+ are observed between 120 and 125 eV, whereas the final states of Kr3+ are observed between 74- and 120-eV ionization energy. Assignments of all structures are made based on the present numerical results. The calculated Auger rates give a detailed explanation of the relative line strengths observed.

    National Category
    Physical Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-172032 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevA.85.032502 (DOI)000301104400014 ()
    Available from: 2012-04-02 Created: 2012-04-01 Last updated: 2017-12-07Bibliographically approved
    3. Double photoionization of alcohol molecules
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Double photoionization of alcohol molecules
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    2009 (English)In: Physical Review A. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, ISSN 1050-2947, E-ISSN 1094-1622, Vol. 80, no 3, p. 032516-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The double valence photoionization spectra of methanol, ethanol, and n-propyl alcohol have been recorded using a time-of-flight photoelectron-photoelectron coincidence technique. The spectra show a well-defined onset followed by broad rounded bands. The lowest vertical double ionization energies have been determined for all molecules and are found to be 32.1, 29.6, and 28.2 eV, respectively. These energies have been applied along with single ionization energies from conventional photoelectron spectra to investigate a recently derived rule of thumb for determination of the lowest double ionization energy in molecules. Many-electron ab initio calculations have been performed on the dicationic ground states in good agreement with the experimental values. For methanol, also excited dicationic states have been calculated up to about 40 eV and used for a detailed interpretation of the experimental spectrum.

    National Category
    Physical Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-114304 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevA.80.032516 (DOI)000270383900088 ()
    Available from: 2010-02-12 Created: 2010-02-12 Last updated: 2017-12-12Bibliographically approved
    4. Single-photon core-valence double ionization of molecular oxygen
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Single-photon core-valence double ionization of molecular oxygen
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    2008 (English)In: Physical Review A. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, ISSN 1050-2947, E-ISSN 1094-1622, Vol. 78, no 2, p. 023409-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Single-photon core-valence double ionization of molecular oxygen has been studied using a magnetic bottle time-of-flight electron coincidence spectrometer. The K-1V-1 double ionization electron spectrum of O-2 is reported and is assigned with the aid of ab initio calculations. A direct comparison of the core-valence double ionization electron spectra with the conventional valence band photoelectron spectrum is made. The lowest core-valence double ionization energy is found to be 571.6 eV and is associated with a (3)Pi dicationic state.

    Keywords
    Autoionization, photoionization, and photodetachment, Oscillator and band strengths, lifetimes, transition moments, and Franck-Condon factors, Electronic excitation and ionization of molecules; intermediate molecular states
    National Category
    Physical Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-107900 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevA.78.023409 (DOI)000259263500009 ()
    Note
    Part BAvailable from: 2009-09-01 Created: 2009-08-31 Last updated: 2017-12-13Bibliographically approved
    5. Core-valence double photoionization of the CS2 molecule
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Core-valence double photoionization of the CS2 molecule
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    2010 (English)In: Journal of Chemical Physics, ISSN 0021-9606, E-ISSN 1089-7690, Vol. 133, no 9, p. 094305-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Double photoionization spectra of the CS2 molecule have been recorded using the TOF-PEPECO technique in combination with synchrotron radiation at the photon energies h nu=220, 230, 240, 243, and 362.7 eV. The spectra were recorded in the S 2p and C 1s inner-shell ionization regions and reflect dicationic states formed out of one inner-shell vacancy and one vacancy in the valence region. MCSCF calculations were performed to model the energies of the dicationic states. The spectra associated with a S 2p vacancy are well structured and have been interpreted in some detail by comparison to conventional S 2p and valence photoelectron spectra. The lowest inner-shell-valence dicationic state is observed at the vertical double ionization energy 188.45 eV and is associated with a (2p(3/2))(-1)(2 pi(g))(-1) double vacancy. The spectrum connected to the C 1s vacancy shows a distinct line at 310.8 eV, accompanied by additional broad features at higher double ionization energies. This line is associated with a (C 1s)(-1)(2 pi(g))(-1) double vacancy.

    Keywords
    carbon compounds, inner-shell ionisation, molecule-photon collisions, photoionisation, SCF calculations
    National Category
    Physical Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-122570 (URN)10.1063/1.3469812 (DOI)000281742900011 ()
    Available from: 2010-04-20 Created: 2010-04-14 Last updated: 2022-01-28Bibliographically approved
    6. Spectra of the triply charged ion CS[sub 2][sup 3+] and selectivity in molecular Auger effects
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Spectra of the triply charged ion CS[sub 2][sup 3+] and selectivity in molecular Auger effects
    Show others...
    2010 (English)In: Journal of Chemical Physics, ISSN 0021-9606, E-ISSN 1089-7690, Vol. 132, no 10, p. 104311-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Spectra of triply charged carbon disulphide have been obtained by measuring, in coincidence, all three electrons ejected in its formation by photoionization. Measurements of the CS23+ ion in coincidence with the three electrons identify the energy range where stable trications are formed. A sharp peak in this energy range is identified as the 2Π ground state at 53.1±0.1 eV, which is the lowest electronic state according to ab initio molecular orbital calculations. Triple ionization by the double Auger effect is provisionally divided, on the basis of the pattern of energy sharing between the two Auger electrons into contributions from direct and cascade Auger processes. The spectra from the direct double Auger effect via S 2p, S 2s, and C 1s hole states contain several resolved features and show selectivity based on the initial charge localization and on the identity of the initial state. Triple ionization spectra from single Auger decay of S 2p -based core-valence states CS22+ show retention of the valence holes in this Auger process. Related ion-electron coincidence measurements give the triple ionization yields and the breakdown patterns in triple photoionization at selected photon energies from 90 eV to above the inner shell edges.

    Keywords
    ab initio calculations, Auger effect, carbon compounds, molecule-photon collisions, orbital calculations, photoionisation, positive ions, time of flight spectra
    National Category
    Physical Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-121766 (URN)10.1063/1.3352549 (DOI)000275589700025 ()
    Available from: 2010-03-30 Created: 2010-03-30 Last updated: 2022-01-28Bibliographically approved
    Download full text (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 5.
    Andersson, Egil
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Fritzsche, Stephan
    Linusson, Per
    Hedin, Lage
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Eland, John H. D.
    Rubensson, Jan-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Karlsson, Leif
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Feifel, Raimund
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Multielectron coincidence study of the double Auger decay of 3d-ionized krypton2010In: Physical Review A. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, ISSN 1050-2947, E-ISSN 1094-1622, Vol. 82, no 4, p. 043418-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Multielectron coincidence data for triple ionization of krypton have been recorded above the 3d ionization threshold at two photon energies (140 and 150 eV). Three principal transition pathways have been observed, two involving double Auger transitions from Kr+, and one involving single Auger transitions from Kr2+ created by direct single-photon double ionization. The decay of the 3d(9) D-2(5/2,3/2) states in Kr+ has been analyzed in some detail and is found to be strongly dominated by cascade processes where two electrons with well-defined energies are emitted. The decay paths leading to the 4s(2)4p(3) S-4, D-2, and P-2 states of Kr3+ are analyzed and energies of seven intermediate states in Kr2+ are given. A preliminary investigation of the decay paths from Kr+ 3d (9)4p(5)nl shake-up states has also been carried out.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 6.
    Andersson, Egil
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Niskanen, Johannes
    Hedin, Lage
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Eland, John H. D.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Linusson, Per
    Karlsson, Leif
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Rubensson, Jan-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Carravetta, V.
    Ågren, Hans
    Feifel, Raimund
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Core-valence double photoionization of the CS2 molecule2010In: Journal of Chemical Physics, ISSN 0021-9606, E-ISSN 1089-7690, Vol. 133, no 9, p. 094305-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Double photoionization spectra of the CS2 molecule have been recorded using the TOF-PEPECO technique in combination with synchrotron radiation at the photon energies h nu=220, 230, 240, 243, and 362.7 eV. The spectra were recorded in the S 2p and C 1s inner-shell ionization regions and reflect dicationic states formed out of one inner-shell vacancy and one vacancy in the valence region. MCSCF calculations were performed to model the energies of the dicationic states. The spectra associated with a S 2p vacancy are well structured and have been interpreted in some detail by comparison to conventional S 2p and valence photoelectron spectra. The lowest inner-shell-valence dicationic state is observed at the vertical double ionization energy 188.45 eV and is associated with a (2p(3/2))(-1)(2 pi(g))(-1) double vacancy. The spectrum connected to the C 1s vacancy shows a distinct line at 310.8 eV, accompanied by additional broad features at higher double ionization energies. This line is associated with a (C 1s)(-1)(2 pi(g))(-1) double vacancy.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 7. Atak, Kaan
    et al.
    Engel, Nicholas
    Lange, Kathrin M.
    Golnak, Ronny
    Gotz, Malte
    Soldatov, Mikhail
    Rubensson, Jan-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Kosugi, Nobuhiro
    Aziz, Emad F.
    The Chemical Bond in Carbonyl and Sulfinyl Groups Studied by Soft X-ray Spectroscopy and ab Initio Calculations2012In: ChemPhysChem, ISSN 1439-4235, E-ISSN 1439-7641, Vol. 13, no 13, p. 3106-3111Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The polar character of the sulfinyl bond, which determines many of the properties of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), is a result of charge transfer in low-lying π-type orbitals. This characteristic—together with the wide energy gap between the highest occupied and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals of this substance—makes DMSO a relatively inert aprotic solvent with strong nucleophilicity and electrophilicity.

  • 8. Aziz, Emad F
    et al.
    Gråsjö, Johan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy.
    Forsberg, Johan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Andersson, Egil
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Söderström, Johan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Molecular and condensed matter physics.
    Duda, Laurent
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics.
    Zhang, Wenhua
    Yang, Jinglong
    Eisebitt, Stefan
    Bergström, Christel
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy.
    Luo, Yi
    Nordgren, Joseph
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Surface and Interface Science.
    Eberhardt, Wolfgang
    Rubensson, Jan-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics.
    Photoinduced Formation of N2 Molecules in Ammonium Compounds2007In: Journal of Physical Chemistry A, ISSN 1089-5639, E-ISSN 1520-5215, Vol. 111, no 39, p. 9662-9669Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Via fluorescence yield (FY) and resonant inelastic scattering spectroscopy in the soft X-ray range we find that soft X-rays induce formation of N2 molecules in solid NH4Cl and in related compounds. The nitrogen molecules form weak bonds in NH4Cl, so that a substantial fraction of the molecules remains in the sample. From measurements of the FY as a function of exposure and temperature, the rates for the photochemical processes are estimated. At elevated temperatures (363 K), several nitrogen atoms are removed from the sample per incoming photon. At lower temperatures (233 K), the rate is reduced to around 0.02 nitrogen atoms for each incoming photon. Virtually all these atoms form N2 molecules which are bound in the sample. The generality and implications of these results are briefly discussed.

  • 9. Berner, G.
    et al.
    Glawion, S.
    Walde, J.
    Pfaff, F.
    Hollmark, Håkan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Duda, Laurent
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Surface and Interface Science.
    Paetel, S.
    Richter, C.
    Mannhart, J.
    Sing, M.
    Claessen, R.
    LaAlO3/SrTiO3 oxide heterostructures studied by resonant inelastic x-ray scattering2010In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 82, no 24, p. 241405-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We report the application of resonant inelastic X-ray scattering to explore the nature of the single conducting interface in the oxide heterostructure LaAlO/sub 3//SrTiO/sub 3/. From the Ti 3d crystal-field excitations measured at the Ti L/sub 3/ resonance we not only derive information on the local geometry at the interface but are also able to follow the evolution of the sheet carrier density with the thickness of the LaAlO/sub 3/ overlayer. These findings confirm after calibration to previous hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements that the charge density from spectroscopy exceeds the one derived from Hall-effect measurements, indicating the coexistence of itinerant /i and/ localized Ti 3d electrons at the interface. On the other hand, we observe a saturation of the charge-carrier concentration above a LaAlO/sub 3/ thickness of 6 unit cells at ~1*10/sup 14/ cm/sup -2/, well below the canonical value for ideal electronic reconstruction.

  • 10. Berrah, Nora
    et al.
    Fang, Li
    Murphy, Brendan
    Osipov, Timur
    Ueda, Kiyoshi
    Kukk, Edwin
    Feifel, Raimund
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    van der Meulen, Peter
    Salen, Peter
    Schmidt, Henning T.
    Thomas, Richard D.
    Larsson, Mats
    Richter, Robert
    Prince, Kevin C.
    Bozek, John D.
    Bostedt, Christoph
    Wada, Shin-ichi
    Piancastelli, Maria N.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Surface and Interface Science.
    Tashiro, Motomichi
    Ehara, Masahiro
    Double-core-hole spectroscopy for chemical analysis with an intense X-ray femtosecond laser2011In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, ISSN 0027-8424, E-ISSN 1091-6490, Vol. 108, no 41, p. 16912-16915Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Theory predicts that double-core-hole (DCH) spectroscopy can provide a new powerful means of differentiating between similar chemical systems with a sensitivity not hitherto possible. Although DCH ionization on a single site in molecules was recently measured with double-and single-photon absorption, double-core holes with single vacancies on two different sites, allowing unambiguous chemical analysis, have remained elusive. Here we report that direct observation of double-core holes with single vacancies on two different sites produced via sequential two-photon absorption, using short, intense X-ray pulses from the Linac Coherent Light Source free-electron laser and compare it with theoretical modeling. The observation of DCH states, which exhibit a unique signature, and agreement with theory proves the feasibility of the method. Our findings exploit the ultrashort pulse duration of the free-electron laser to eject two core electrons on a time scale comparable to that of Auger decay and demonstrate possible future X-ray control of physical inner-shell processes.

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  • 11.
    Duda, Laurent
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics, Physics II.
    Schmitt, Thorsten
    Magnuson, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics, Physics II.
    Forsberg, Johan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Olsson, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics, Physics II.
    Nordgren, Joseph
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics, Physics II.
    Okada, K
    Kotani, A
    Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering at the NiO O K-resonance: non-local charge-transfer and double singlet excitations2006In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 96, no 6, p. 067402-Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 12. Ehara, M.
    et al.
    Horikawa, T.
    Fukuda, R.
    Nakatsuji, H.
    Tanaka, T.
    Kato, H.
    Hoshino, M.
    Tanaka, H.
    Feifel, Raimund
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Ueda, K.
    Symmetry and vibrationally resolved absorption spectra near the N K edges of N2O: experiment and theory2011In: Physical Review A. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, ISSN 1050-2947, E-ISSN 1094-1622, Vol. 83, no 6, p. 062506-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study, angle-resolved energetic-ion yield spectra were measured in the N 1s excitation region of N2O. A Franck-Condon analysis based on ab initio two-dimensional potential energy surfaces of the core-excited Rydberg states, which were calculated by the symmetry-adapted cluster-configuration interaction method, reproduced observed vibrational excitations specific to the individual Rydberg states well and enabled quantitative assignments. Geometric changes in the terminal nitrogen N-t 1s and the central nitrogen N-c 1s excited states with respect to the 3p pi, 3p sigma, and 4s sigma transitions were analyzed. The coupling of these valence and Rydbergs states was examined based on the second moment analysis. Irregular Rydberg-state behavior in the N-c 1s(-1) 4s sigma state was observed.

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  • 13. Eland, J. H. D.
    et al.
    Rigby, C. F.
    Andersson, Egil
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Palaudoux, J.
    Andric, L.
    Penent, F.
    Linusson, P.
    Hedin, Lage
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Karlsson, Leif
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Rubensson, Jan-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Hikosaka, Y
    Ito, K
    Lablanquie, P
    Feifel, Raimund
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Spectra of the triply charged ion CS[sub 2][sup 3+] and selectivity in molecular Auger effects2010In: Journal of Chemical Physics, ISSN 0021-9606, E-ISSN 1089-7690, Vol. 132, no 10, p. 104311-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Spectra of triply charged carbon disulphide have been obtained by measuring, in coincidence, all three electrons ejected in its formation by photoionization. Measurements of the CS23+ ion in coincidence with the three electrons identify the energy range where stable trications are formed. A sharp peak in this energy range is identified as the 2Π ground state at 53.1±0.1 eV, which is the lowest electronic state according to ab initio molecular orbital calculations. Triple ionization by the double Auger effect is provisionally divided, on the basis of the pattern of energy sharing between the two Auger electrons into contributions from direct and cascade Auger processes. The spectra from the direct double Auger effect via S 2p, S 2s, and C 1s hole states contain several resolved features and show selectivity based on the initial charge localization and on the identity of the initial state. Triple ionization spectra from single Auger decay of S 2p -based core-valence states CS22+ show retention of the valence holes in this Auger process. Related ion-electron coincidence measurements give the triple ionization yields and the breakdown patterns in triple photoionization at selected photon energies from 90 eV to above the inner shell edges.

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  • 14. Eland, J.H.D
    et al.
    Hochlaf, M.
    Linusson, Per
    Andersson, Egil
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Hedin, Lage
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Feifel, Raimund
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Triple ionization spectra by coincidence measurements of double Auger decay: The case of OCS2010In: Journal of Chemical Physics, ISSN 0021-9606, E-ISSN 1089-7690, Vol. 132, no 1, p. 014311-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    By combining multiple electron coincidence detection with ionization by synchrotron radiation, we have obtained resolved spectra of the OCS3+ ion created through the double Auger effect. The form of the spectra depends critically on the identity of the atom bearing the initial hole. High and intermediate level electron structure calculations lead to an assignment of the resolved spectrum from ionization via the S 2p hole. From the analysis it appears that the double Auger effect from closed shell molecules favors formation of doublet states over quartet states. Molecular field effects in the double Auger effect are similar to those in the single Auger effect in linear molecules.

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  • 15.
    Eland, John H. D.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Andric, L.
    Linusson, P.
    Hedin, Lage
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Plogmaker, Stefan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Surface and Interface Science.
    Palaudoux, J.
    Penent, F.
    Lablanquie, P.
    Feifel, Raimund
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Triple ionization of CO(2) by valence and inner shell photoionization2011In: Journal of Chemical Physics, ISSN 0021-9606, E-ISSN 1089-7690, Vol. 135, no 13, p. 134309-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Spectra of triply ionized CO(2) have been obtained from photoionization of the molecule using soft x-ray synchrotron light and an efficient multi-electron coincidence technique. Although all states of the CO(2)(+++) trication are unstable, the ionization energy for formation of molecular ions at a geometry similar to that of the neutral molecule is determined as 74 +/- 0.5 eV.

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  • 16.
    Eland, John H. D.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Fink, R. F.
    Linusson, P.
    Hedin, L.
    Plogmaker, S.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Surface and Interface Science.
    Feifel, R.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Single and multiple photoionisation of H(2)S by 40-250 eV photons2011In: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP, ISSN 1463-9076, E-ISSN 1463-9084, Vol. 13, no 41, p. 18428-18435Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Multi-electron coincidence measurements on photoionisation of H(2)S have been carried out at photon energies from 40 to 250 eV. They quantify molecular field effects on the Auger process in detail and are in good agreement with the existing theory. Spectra of core-valence double ionisation of H(2)S are presented and partially analysed. Auger decays from the core-valence states produce triply charged product spectra with unexplained and surprising intensity distributions. Triple ionisation by the double Auger process from 2p hole states shows little effect of the molecular field splitting, but includes a substantial contribution from cascade processes, some involving dissociation in intermediate states. The onset of triple ionisation at the molecular geometry is determined as 61 +/- 0.5 eV.

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  • 17.
    Eland, John H. D.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Linusson, P.
    Mucke, Melanie
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Feifel, Raimund
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Homonuclear site-specific photochemistry by an ion-electron multi-coincidence spectroscopy technique2012In: Chemical Physics Letters, ISSN 0009-2614, E-ISSN 1873-4448, Vol. 548, p. 90-94Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    By combining multi-particle coincidence detection of electrons and ions with ionisation by soft X-ray synchrotron radiation we demonstrate an effective tool for atomic spectroscopy and site-specific photochemistry. Its most novel capability is application to molecular fragmentation after K-shell vacancy production in atoms distinguished only by their chemical environment.

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  • 18.
    Eland, John H.D.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Tashiro, M.
    Linusson, P.
    Ehara, M.
    Ueda, K.
    Feifel, Raimund
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Double Core Hole Creation and Subsequent Auger Decay in NH3 and CH4 Molecules2010In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 105, no 21, p. 213005-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Energies of the hollow molecules CH42+ and NH32+ with double vacancies in the 1s shells have been measured using an efficient coincidence technique combined with synchrotron radiation. The energies of these states have been determined accurately by high level electronic structure calculations and can be well understood on the basis of a simple theoretical model. Their major decay pathway, successive Auger emissions, leads first to a new form of triply charged ion with a core hole and two valence vacancies; experimental evidence for such a state is presented with its theoretical interpretation. Preedge 2-hole-1-particle (2h-1p) states at energies below the double core-hole states are located in the same experiments and their decay pathways are also identified.

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  • 19. Fang, L.
    et al.
    Osipov, T.
    Murphy, B.
    Juranic, P.
    Berrah, N.
    Kukk, E.
    Ueda, K.
    Feifel, R.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    van der Meulen, P.
    Salen, P.
    Schmidt, H.
    Thomas, R.
    Larsson, M.
    Richter, R.
    Prince, K. C.
    Bozek, J. D.
    Bostedt, C.
    Wada, S.
    Piancastelli, M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Surface and Interface Science.
    Tashiro, M.
    Ehara, M.
    Tarantelli, F.
    Multiple Ionization and Double Core-hole Production in Molecules using the LCLS X-ray FEL2012In: Journal of Physics, Conference Series, ISSN 1742-6588, E-ISSN 1742-6596, Vol. 388, no 3, p. 032028-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We used the world's first hard x-ray FEL to investigate the response of molecular systems to the ultra-intense, femtosecond x-ray radiation. We report sequential multiphoton ionization, frustrated absorption and double core hole production mechanisms.

  • 20. Farrell, J. P.
    et al.
    McFarland, B. K.
    Berrah, N.
    Bostedt, C.
    Bozek, J.
    Bucksbaum, P. H.
    Coffee, R.
    Cryan, J.
    Fang, L.
    Feifel, R.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Gaffney, K.
    Glownia, J.
    Martinez, T.
    Mucke, M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Murphy, B.
    Miyabe, S.
    Natan, A.
    Osipov, T.
    Petrovic, V.
    Schorb, S.
    Schultz, T.
    Spector, L.
    Tarantelli, F.
    Tenney, I.
    Wang, S.
    White, W.
    White, J.
    Guehr, M.
    Ultrafast X-ray probe of nucleobase photoprotection2012In: Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference: Strong-Field and Short-Wavelength Interactions (QW1F), 2012, p. 6327153-Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We will present first results of a UV-pump X-ray-probe study of the photoprotection mechanism of thymine. The experiment used element specific Auger spectroscopy and was carried out at the LCLS.

  • 21.
    Feifel, Raimund
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Piancastelli, Maria Novella
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Surface and Interface Science.
    Core-level spectroscopy and dynamics of free molecules2011In: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, ISSN 0368-2048, E-ISSN 1873-2526, Vol. 183, no 1-3, p. 10-28Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A review of recent results on spectroscopy and dynamics of free molecules is presented. The experimental research reported here is mainly concerned with processes of core excitation and decay of isolated molecules, primarily investigated by resonant Auger spectroscopy. Several examples are shown concerning the interplay of the timescales of electron decay with nuclear motion involving dissociation processes, the occurrence of interference phenomena and recoil. The capability of such studies to reveal subtle details of the light-matter interaction, of the electronic structure and of the evolution of the short-lived states thus created is enlightened.

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  • 22. Freelon, B.
    et al.
    Augustsson, A.
    Guo, J. -H
    Medaglia, P. G.
    Tebano, A.
    Balestrino, G.
    Dong, C. L.
    Chang, C. L.
    Glans, P. A.
    Learmonth, T.
    Smith, K. E.
    Nordgren, Joseph
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Hussain, Z.
    Low energy electronic spectroscopy of an infinite-layer cuprate: A resonant inelastic X-ray scattering study of CaCuO22010In: Physica. C, Superconductivity, ISSN 0921-4534, E-ISSN 1873-2143, Vol. 470, no 3, p. 187-192Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We report the results of Oxygen K-edge soft X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy that was performed on an infinite-layer insulating cuprate thin film CaCuO2 Experimentally obtained spectra arc consistent with local density approximation calculations X-ray absorption spectra show a close resemblance to spectra obtained from homologous single crystal cuprates In addition to d-d excitations. X-ray emission spectra reveal the presence of Zhang-Rice singlet states in the infinite-layer CuO2 planes The question of whether the Zhang-Rice singlet features are masked by the O 2p main-band is addressed. it is possible to quantify the position of the Zhang-Rice singlet using emission intensity profiles X-ray emission is demonstrated as a tool for understanding CuO2 planar electronic correlation in the prototypical infinite-layer The energy difference, 2 0 eV, between the oxygen main-band and the Zhang-Rice singlet band is found to match values obtained theoretically using established planar electronic correlation parameters.

  • 23. Förstel, Marko
    et al.
    Mucke, Melanie
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Anon, Tiberiu
    Lischke, Toralf
    Barth, Silko
    Ulrich, Volker
    Öhrwall, Gunnar
    Björneholm, Olle
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Surface and Interface Science.
    Hergenhahn, Uwe
    Bradshaw, Alex M.
    Energy band dispersion in photoemission spectra of argon clusters2011In: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, ISSN 0368-2048, E-ISSN 1873-2526, Vol. 184, no 3-6, p. 107-112Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Using photoemission we have investigated free argon clusters from a supersonic nozzle expansion in the photon energy range from threshold up to 28 eV. Measurements were performed both at high resolution with a hemispherical electrostatic energy analyser and at lower resolution with a magnetic bottle device. The latter experiments were performed for various mean cluster sizes. In addition to the approximate to 15eV broad 3p-derived valence band seen in previous work, there is a sharper feature at approximate to 15eV binding energy. Surprisingly for non-oriented clusters, this peak shifts smoothly in binding energy over the narrow photon energy range 15.5-17.7 eV, indicating energy band dispersion. The onset of this bulk band-like behaviour could be determined from the cluster size dependence.

  • 24. Gerasimov, G. N.
    et al.
    Krylov, B. E.
    Stasel'Ko, D. I.
    Alekseev, I. V.
    Hallin, R.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Arnesen, A.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Amplifying the VUV radiation of atomic nitrogen in helium, argon, krypton, and xenon2012In: Journal of optical technology (Print), ISSN 1070-9762, E-ISSN 1091-0786, Vol. 79, no 8, p. 462-469Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper discusses the spectral features of the amplification of narrow-band radiation of atomic nitrogen in the excimeric media of inert gases, including helium, argon, krypton, and xenon. Appreciable short-wavelength shifts (up to 0.026 nm) are detected in the spectra of the amplified radiation relative to the atomic emission lines of nitrogen that initiate this radiation. The observed shifts exceeded the instrumental resolution of the spectrometer that we used, were determined by the composition of the amplifying medium, and were independent of its excitation parameters under the experimental conditions. An explanation of the observed effect is proposed.

  • 25. Glawion, S.
    et al.
    Heidler, J.
    Haverkort, M. W.
    Duda, Laurent C.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Schmitt, T.
    Strocov, V. N.
    Monney, C.
    Zhou, K.
    Ruff, A.
    Sing, M.
    Claessen, R.
    Two-Spinon and Orbital Excitations of the Spin-Peierls System TiOCl2011In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 107, no 10, p. 107402-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We combine high-resolution resonant inelastic x-ray scattering with cluster calculations utilizing a recently derived effective magnetic scattering operator to analyze the polarization, excitation energy, and momentum-dependent excitation spectrum of the low-dimensional quantum magnet TiOCl in the range expected for orbital and magnetic excitations (0-2.5 eV). Ti 3d orbital excitations yield complete information on the temperature-dependent crystal-field splitting. In the spin-Peierls phase we observe a dispersive two-spinon excitation and estimate the inter- and intradimer magnetic exchange coupling from a comparison to cluster calculations.

  • 26.
    Gråsjö, Johan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy.
    Andersson, Egil
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Forsberg, Johan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Aziz, Emad F.
    Brena, Barbara
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Materials Theory.
    Johansson, Christian
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy.
    Nordgren, Joseph
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Duda, Laurent
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Andersson, Joakim
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Hennies, Franz
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Rubensson, Jan-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Hansson, Per
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy.
    Electronic structure of water molecules confined in a micelle lattice2009In: Journal of Physical Chemistry B, ISSN 1520-6106, E-ISSN 1520-5207, Vol. 113, no 24, p. 8201-8205Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Oxygen K absorption and emission spectra of water molecules confined in dodecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride micelle structures are presented. The local electronic structure of the water molecules is found to be dramatically different from the electronic structure of water molecules in the gas-phase as well as in liquid water. Hybridization with states of the ions in the surrounding ions is directly observed, and evidence for stabilization of the water molecules relative to molecules in bulk water is found.

  • 27. Guo, J. -H
    et al.
    Kastanov, S.
    Söderström, Johan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Surface and Interface Science.
    Glans, P. -A
    West, M.
    Learmonth, T.
    Chiou, J. -W
    Luo, Yi
    Nordgren, Joseph
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Smith, K.
    Pong, W. -F
    Cheng, H.
    Griffiss, J. M.
    Electronic structure study of the bases in DNA duplexes by in situ photon-in/photon-out soft X-ray spectroscopy2010In: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, ISSN 0368-2048, E-ISSN 1873-2526, Vol. 181, no 2-3, p. 197-201Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Understanding protein functionality is of fundamental importance in biochemistry. Soft X-ray transitions, where the core-level vacancies are filled by the valence-orbital electrons, give direct information about the chemical bonding. Soft X-ray absorption and emission study of poly(dG) -poly(dC) in aqueous solutions can elucidate the relation between the structure and functionality of proteins. We report the N K-edge soft X-ray absorption (XAS) and resonant soft X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) to characterize the electronic structure near the Fermi level of DNA duplexes to specify the charge migration mechanism. Since N atoms are included in only bases in DNA duplexes, the XES spectra excited from N Is to unoccupied states purely extract the electronic orbital features of the bases in DNA. The fact that N atoms in different bonding environments form well-defined structure has been determined. The experimental findings provide the evidence for the charge-hopping and/or charge-transfer effects in understanding of electric conduction in DNA duplexes when electrons pass through the pi* states of DNA bases. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  • 28.
    Hennies, Franz
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Pietzsch, Annette
    Berglund, Martin
    Föhlisch, Alexander
    Schmitt, Thorsten
    Strocov, Vladimir
    Karlsson, Hans O.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry.
    Andersson, Joakim
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Rubensson, Jan-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Resonant Inelastic Scattering Spectra of Free Molecules with Vibrational Resolution2010In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 104, no 19, p. 193002-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Inelastic x-ray scattering spectra excited at the 1s(-1) pi* resonance of gas phase O-2 have been recorded with an overall energy resolution that allows for well-resolved vibrational progressions. The nuclear wave packet dynamics in the intermediate state is reflected in vibrational excitations of the electronic ground state, and by fine-tuning the excitation energy the dissociation dynamics in the predissociative B' (3) Pi(g) final state is controlled.

  • 29. Holland, D. M. P.
    et al.
    Potts, A. W.
    Karlsson, Leif
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Stener, M.
    Decleva, P.
    A study of the valence shell photoionisation dynamics of pyrimidine and pyrazine2011In: Chemical Physics, ISSN 0301-0104, E-ISSN 1873-4421, Vol. 390, no 1, p. 25-35Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The complete valence shell photoelectron spectra of pyrimidine and pyrazine have been recorded with synchrotron radiation and the observed structure has been interpreted with the aid of vertical ionisation energies and relative spectral intensities calculated using time-dependent density functional theory. The theoretical predictions for the single-hole ionic states due to outer valence shell ionisation agree satisfactorily with the experimental results. Ionisation from the inner valence orbitals is strongly influenced by many-body effects and the intensity associated with a particular orbital is spread amongst numerous satellites. Photoelectron angular distributions and partial cross sections have been determined both experimentally and theoretically, and demonstrate that shape resonances affect the valence shell photoionisation dynamics. In addition to shape resonances occurring a few eV above the ionisation threshold, the calculations indicate that many of the orbitals are influenced by shape resonant processes at much higher energies. Some of these higher energy resonances have been confirmed through a comparison between the relevant theoretical and experimental photoelectron asymmetry parameters. The spectral behaviour of asymmetry parameters associated with pi-orbitals has been shown to differ from that of asymmetry parameters associated with sigma-orbitals. These differences provide a means of distinguishing between the two types of orbitals even in heavily congested regions of the photoelectron spectrum suffering from band overlap.

  • 30.
    Hollmark, Håkan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Gustafsson, Torbjörn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Materials Chemistry, Structural Chemistry.
    Edström, Kristina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Structural Chemistry.
    Duda, Laurent-C.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering and X-ray absorption spectroscopy on the cathode materials LiMnPO4 and LiMn0.9Fe0.1PO4: A comparative study2011In: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP, ISSN 1463-9076, E-ISSN 1463-9084, Vol. 13, no 45, p. 20215-20222Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a study of the charge-state behavior of the Li-ion battery cathode materials LixMnPO4 and LixMn0.9Fe0.1PO4 usingx-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS). A set of six identical battery cathodesfor each material have been cycled and left in different charge states in the range of x=0.2...1.0 before disassembly in an Arglove box. Unexpectedly, we find that the Mn 3d-bands are almost inert to the delithiation process, suggesting that Mn ionsparticipate to a very small extent in the charge compensation process. In LixMn0.9Fe0.1PO4 the Fe 3d-band shows much moreresponse to delithiation than the Mn 3d-band. The O 2p-band hybridizes with the bands of the other ions in LixMnPO4 and LixMn0.9Fe0.1PO4 and thus, indirectly, carries useful information about the effects of delithiation at all ion sites. We conclude,that the redox reactions during lithiation/delithiation of these materials are complex and involve repopulation of charges for allconstituent elements.

  • 31.
    Hollmark, Håkan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Keech, Pete
    Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
    Vegelius, Johan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Werme, Lars
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Duda, Laurent
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    X-ray absorption spectroscopy on electrochemically oxidized Cu exposed to Na2S2011In: Corrosion Science, ISSN 0010-938X, E-ISSN 1879-0496, Vol. 54, p. 85-89Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Copper surfaces have been investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy after electrochemical oxidation and subsequent exposure to sulfide solution. Oxide surface layers on bulk copper surfaces were electrochemically grown in anaqueous NaOH solution at two different potentials and the resulting chemical composition was investigated using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. At both potentials the resulting surfaces consisted largely of Cu2O. At the more strongly oxidizing potential, an admixture of Cu2+-containing phases – mostly Cu(OH)2 – was detected. Sulfide exposure of both surfaces was found to completely reduce the surface from Cu2+ to Cu1+ and resulted in the formation of Cu2S with an admixture of Cu2O.

  • 32.
    Hollmark, Håkan M.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Duda, Laurent
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Dahbi, Mohammed
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Materials Chemistry, Structural Chemistry.
    Saadoune, Ismael
    LCME, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco.
    Gustafsson, Torbjörn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Materials Chemistry, Structural Chemistry.
    Edström, Kristina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Structural Chemistry.
    Resonant Soft X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy and X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy on the Cathode Material LiNi0.65Co0.25Mn0.1O22010In: Journal of the Electrochemical Society, ISSN 0013-4651, E-ISSN 1945-7111, Vol. 157, no 8, p. A962-A966Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a study of the charge-state behavior of the Li-ion battery cathode material LixNi(0.65)Co(0.25)Mn(0.1)O(2) as observed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant soft X-ray emission (RSXE). A set of six identical Li//LixNi0.65Co0.25Mn0.1O2 batteries has been cycled and is studied in different states of charge in the range of x = 1.0, ... ,0.2 before disassembly in an Ar glove box. Site and symmetry selective information about the electronic structure of the conduction and valence bands reveals that Ni as well as Co ions participate in the uptake and release of the extra electron charge that the inserted Li ions provide, but the Ni ion is much less than expected. The net amount of charge on the oxygen varies approximately 0.24 charge units in the range of x, and dramatic changes in the hybridization are evident in XAS and in particular in RSXE at the O K edge. We attribute this to a strong screening behavior of the Li ions between the oxide layers. Structural integrity effects limit the extraction of Li ions to a value of about x = 0.2-0.4. (C) 2010 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/1.3454739] All rights reserved.

  • 33.
    Hollmark, Håkan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Maher, Kenza
    ECME, FST Marrakech, University Cadi Ayyad, BP549, Av. A. Khattabi, Marrakech, Morocco.
    Saadoune, Ismael
    ECME, FST Marrakech, University Cadi Ayyad, BP549, Av. A. Khattabi, Marrakech, Morocco.
    Gustafsson, Torbjörn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Materials Chemistry, Structural Chemistry.
    Edström, Kristina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Structural Chemistry.
    Duda, Laurent-C.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering and X-ray absorption spectroscopy on the negative electrode material Li0.5Ni0.25TiOPO4 in a Li-ion battery2011In: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP, ISSN 1463-9076, E-ISSN 1463-9084, Vol. 13, no 14, p. 6544-6551Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We have studied the first lithiation/delithiation cycle of the Li-ion battery electrode material LixNi0.25TiOPO4 applying X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS). A set of ten identical LixNi0.25TiOPO4 battery electrodes have been cycled and left in different states of charge in the range of x = 0.5 … 2.5, before disassembly in an Ar filled glove box. We find that Ni-, Ti-, and O-ions are affected simultaneously, rather than sequentially, upon lithiation of the material. In particular, Ni is reduced from Ni2+ to Ni0 but only partially re-oxidized to Ni1+, again, by delithiation. Overall, there is considerable “crosstalk” between the different atomic species and non-linearity in the response of the electronic structure during the lithiation/delithiation process. Fortuitously, the background variation in Ni L-XAS shows to contain valuable information about solid–electrolyte interface (SEI) creation, showing that the SEI is a function of the degree of lithiation.

  • 34.
    Hollmark, Håkan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Vegelius, Johan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Kristiansen, Paw
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Werme, Lars
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Duda, Laurent
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Exposure of Oxidized Copper Surfaces to Aqueous Na2S Solution Studied with Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy2011In: Journal of the Electrochemical Society, ISSN 0013-4651, E-ISSN 1945-7111, Vol. 158, no 1, p. C1-C5Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present results from X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) of oxidized polycrystalline copper surfaces [Cu(I) and Cu(II), respectively] exposed to a 1.0 mM aqueous solution of Na2S (sodium sulfide) for several hours. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the Cu oxide surfaces attain a much rougher texture upon sodium sulfide exposure, and that the exposed Cu(II) oxide sample exhibits areas with crystallites. The XAS spectra show that sodium sulfide effectively reduces Cu(II) oxide to Cu(I) compounds. The RIXS spectra of the exposed surfaces closely resemble those of the Cu2O reference sample with the notable exception of their Cu LIII,II-RIXS spectra. We conclude that copper evidently forms a Cu(I) compound with oxygen but with a Cu 3d-band of much reduced width, pointing to the possibility of a more complex compound containing both oxygen and sulfur.

  • 35.
    Kadas, Krisztina
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Materials Theory.
    Andersson, Matilda
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Inorganic Chemistry.
    Holmström, Erik
    Wende, Heiko
    Karis, Olof
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Surface and Interface Science.
    Urbonaite, Sigita
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Structural Chemistry.
    Butorin, Sergei M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Nikitenko, Sergey
    Kvashnina, Kristina O.
    Jansson, Ulf
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Inorganic Chemistry.
    Eriksson, Olle
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Materials Theory.
    Structural properties of amorphous metal carbides: Theory and experiment2012In: Acta Materialia, ISSN 1359-6454, E-ISSN 1873-2453, Vol. 60, no 12, p. 4720-4728Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    By means of theoretical modeling and experimental synthesis and characterization, we investigate the structural properties of amorphous Zr-Si-C. Two chemical compositions are selected: Zr0.31Si0.29C0.40 and Zr0.60Si0.33C0.07. Amorphous structures are generated in the theoretical part of our work by the stochastic quenching (SQ) method, and detailed comparison is made regarding the structure and density of the experimentally synthesized films. These films are analyzed experimentally using X-ray absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Our results demonstrate a remarkable agreement between theory and experiment concerning bond distances and atomic coordination of this complex amorphous metal carbide. The demonstrated power of the SQ method opens up avenues for theoretical predictions of amorphous materials in general.

  • 36.
    Kapaklis, Vassilios
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Materials Physics.
    Pálsson, Gunnar Karl
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Materials Physics.
    Vegelius, Johan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Haverhals, M. M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy.
    Korelis, Panagiotis T.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Materials Physics.
    Butorin, Sergei M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Modin, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Kavcic, M.
    Zitnik, M.
    Bucar, K.
    Kvashnina, K. O.
    Hjörvarsson, Björgvin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Materials Physics.
    Temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity and electronic structure of amorphous Fe100-xZrx films and multilayers2012In: Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, ISSN 0953-8984, E-ISSN 1361-648X, Vol. 24, no 49, p. 495402-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The electrical resistivity of amorphous Fe100-xZrx metal alloy films and multilayers has been investigated in a wide temperature and composition range. The overall behavior of the resistivity is consistent with bulk measurements, exhibiting prominent semiconductor-like changes at low temperatures. The transition from positive (metallic) to negative temperature coefficient of resistivity behavior is accompanied by minute changes in magnetoresistance and we can therefore rule out magnetic phase changes as being the cause for the observed changes in the resistivity. Using x-ray absorption and emission spectroscopies we are able to probe the unoccupied and occupied electronic densities of states. The corresponding spectra are found to significantly overlap, as expected for a metallic-like electronic structure and the absence of a band gap. Besides a broadening of the x-ray emission lines expected from an amorphous material, remarkably small differences are observed in the electronic structures when changing the amount of Zr. The resistivity data were modeled and agreement with the Mott variable range hopping model was found, indicating localized electronic states due the disordered structure of the Fe100-xZrx alloys.

  • 37. Khodorkovskii, M. A.
    et al.
    Murashov, S. V.
    Artamonova, T. O.
    Beliaeva, A. A.
    Rakcheeva, L. P.
    Pastor, A. A.
    Serdobintsev, P. Yu
    Timofeev, N. A.
    Shevkunov, I. A.
    Dement'ev, I. A.
    Nordgren, Joseph
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Electronic spectra of ArXe molecules in the region of Xe* (5d, 7s, 7p, 6p '), 80 300-89 500 cm(-1), using resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization2010In: Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, ISSN 0953-4075, E-ISSN 1361-6455, Vol. 43, no 23, p. 235101-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The electronic spectra of ArXe molecules in the 80 300-89 500 cm(-1) region were recorded by (2 + n) and (3 + n) REMPI methods. The vibrational progressions attributed to transitions of molecules from the ground state to the bounded excited state and wide unstructured bands related to transitions to the continuous upper state were obtained. The molecular constants of ArXe* were calculated for all the observed progressions in the 80 300-87 000 cm(-1) region as an approximation of an anharmonic oscillator and the Morse potential. For different excited states the energy of harmonic oscillator and the dissociation energy are changed from 10 to 100 cm(-1) and from 70 to 750 cm(-1), respectively.

  • 38. Khodorkovskii, M. A.
    et al.
    Murashov, S. V.
    Artamonova, T. O.
    Beliaeva, A. A.
    Rakcheeva, L. P.
    Pastor, A. A.
    Serdobintsev, P. Yu
    Timofeev, N. A.
    Shevkunov, I. A.
    Dement'ev, I. A.
    Nordgren, Joseph
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Electronic spectra of ArXe molecules in the region of Xe* (6s ', 6p, 5d), 77 000-80 200 cm(-1), using resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization2010In: Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, ISSN 0953-4075, E-ISSN 1361-6455, Vol. 43, no 15, p. 155101-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The excited electronic states of ArXe molecules in the region 77 000-80 200 cm(-1) were studied using the (2+1) and (3+1) resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization methods. The use of different methods of multi-photon excitation and Ar+ ion registration allowed us to obtain some new data. Molecular constants were obtained for previously unknown excited states of molecules with the following dissociation limits: ArXe* -> (ArS0)-S-1+Xe*6p[5/2](3) with Omega = 2, 3 symmetry; (ArS0)-S-1+Xe*6p[3/2](2) with Omega = 1, 2 symmetry; (XeS1)-S-0 -> Xe*6s'[1/2](1)(0) with Omega = 0(+) symmetry.

  • 39. Khodorkovskii, M. A.
    et al.
    Murashov, S. V.
    Artamonova, T. O.
    Belyaeva, A. A.
    Rakcheeva, L. P.
    Pastor, A. A.
    Serdobintsev, P. Yu
    Timofeev, N. A.
    Shevkunov, I. A.
    Dement'ev, I. A.
    Hallin, R.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Nordgren, Joseph
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Electronic spectra of XeNe molecules in the range 77100-90100 cm(-1) near Xe* (6p, 5d, 6p', 7s, 7p, 6d) obtained by the (3+1) REMPI and (2+1) REMPI methods2010In: Optics and Spectroscopy, ISSN 0030-400X, E-ISSN 1562-6911, Vol. 108, no 6, p. 899-914Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The electronic spectra of XeNe molecules in the range of 77100-90100 cm(-1) are measured by the method of laser resonance multiphoton ionization in a supersonic jet. The photoionization spectra are obtained upon two- and three-photon excitations of molecules and their ionization by the next photon. In the range of 80300-90100 cm(-1) near Xe*(5d, 6p', 6d, 7s, and 7p), the spectra are obtained for the first time. A whole number of vibrational systems are measured in this range. The majority of vibrational systems near Xe* (5d, 6d, 7p, and 7s) are located in the red range with respect to their dissociation limits. In the blue range with respect to the dissociation limits, continua corresponding to transitions of molecules from the ground state to repulsive potential curves of excited states are detected. For a number of excited states of XeNe molecules, the vibrational analysis is performed and molecular constants are estimated.

  • 40. Kloda, Tomasz
    et al.
    Matsuda, Akitaka
    Karlsson, Hans O
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry.
    Elshakre, Mohamed
    Linusson, Per
    Eland, John H. D.
    Feifel, Raimund
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Hansson, Tony
    Strong-field photoionization of O2 at intermediate light intensity2010In: Physical Review A. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, ISSN 1050-2947, E-ISSN 1094-1622, Vol. 82, no 3, p. 033431-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigated by electron spectroscopy the strong-field multiphoton ionization of O-2 molecules with ultrashort laser pulses in the intensity range between the multiphoton and tunneling regimes. The ionization proceeds by at least three different mechanisms, in addition to the eight- and nine-photon nonresonant pathways. Transient multiphoton resonances with vibrational Rydberg levels give rise to direct Freeman-type peaks with sublaser linewidth and spin-orbit splitting. Some resonance levels actually become populated and yield extremely narrow lines because of postpulse vibrational autoionization. When the lowest photon order resonance channel for the Rydberg states is closed, a third contribution becomes dominant with a main peak at 0.4 eV that shares its main properties with the recently discovered universal low-energy structure in the electron spectra of atoms and molecules [C. I. Blaga et al., Nat. Phys. 5, 335 (2009); W. Quan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 093001 (2009)]. The variation of the Freeman resonance spectrum with the laser peak intensity is well correlated with the vibronic Franck-Condon factors for the overlap of the intermediate Rydberg state with the O-2 ground state. Accordingly, the Freeman peaks could be unambiguously assigned to individual vibronic multiphoton resonances, and the disappearance of the Freeman resonances at a certain laser intensity could be explained. The population of the autoionizing Rydberg states could be assigned similarly to such vibronic resonances.

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    fulltext
  • 41. Kotani, A.
    et al.
    Kvashnina, K. O.
    Butorin, Sergei M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Glatzel, P.
    Spectator and participator processes in the resonant photon-in and photon-out spectra at the Ce L-3 edge of CeO22012In: European Physical Journal B: Condensed Matter Physics, ISSN 1434-6028, E-ISSN 1434-6036, Vol. 85, no 8, p. 257-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We study both theoretically and experimentally the photon-in and photon-out spectra of CeO2, which are caused by the Ce 2p to Ce 5d excitation followed by the three different de-excitation channels: (i) Ce 3d to Ce 2p (denoted by 3d-RXES), (ii) O 2p to Ce 2p (v-RXES), and (iii) Ce 5d to Ce 2p (RIXS). In 3d- and v-RXES, the 5d electron plays a role of a spectator, but in RIXS it is a participator. By extending our single impurity Anderson model (SIAM), which was used recently for our calculations of v-and 3d-RXES spectra of CeO2, we study the polarization dependence in the spectator and participator spectra, and we perform more detailed calculations for 3d- and v-RXES spectral features, as well as new calculations for the RIXS spectrum with charge transfer excitations. The polarization dependence is different for the spectator and participator spectra; we have no polarization correlation between the incident and emitted photons for the spectator spectra but a strong polarization correlation for the participator spectrum. The theoretical calculations predict that the charge transfer excitations in RIXS occur in the transfer-energy range overlapped with v-RXES, but the RIXS and v-RXES spectra can be discriminated by taking advantage of the different polarization dependence. The overlapped RIXS and v-RXES spectra are observed successfully by our experiments and well reproduced by our SIAM calculations.

  • 42. Kotani, A.
    et al.
    Kvashnina, Kristina O.
    Butorin, Sergei M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Glatzel, P.
    A new method of directly determining the core-hole effect in the Ce L-3 XAS of mixed valence Ce compounds: An application of resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy2011In: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, ISSN 0368-2048, E-ISSN 1873-2526, Vol. 184, no 3-6, p. 210-215Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Using a simplified model, we calculate resonant X-ray emission (RXE) spectra with Ce 2p to 5d excitation and Ce nl to 2p de-excitation for mixed valence Ce compounds, where nl is 3d or valence states. If the core-hole effect is large to play an important role in the Ce L-3 XAS, the RXE spectral features for nl = 3d and valence states are significantly different, but if it is negligibly small, they are essentially the same. Therefore, these RXE spectra are useful as a new powerful method of directly determining the core-hole effect in the L-3 XAS. More detailed theoretical calculations of these RXE spectra are made for CeO2, and compared with new experimental data, indicating the importance of the core-hole effect. Similar investigations are desirable for some metallic mixed valence Ce compounds in which the core-hole effect is controversial. Finally, we point out that for nl = 5d we can observe the resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectra corresponding to the charge-transfer excitations or Kondo resonance excitations.

  • 43. Kurian, R.
    et al.
    Kunnus, K.
    Wernet, P.
    Butorin, Sergei M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Glatzel, P.
    De Groot, F. M. F.
    Intrinsic deviations in fluorescence yield detected x-ray absorption spectroscopy: The case of the transition metal L 2,3 edges2012In: Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, ISSN 0953-8984, E-ISSN 1361-648X, Vol. 24, no 45, p. 452201-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Fluorescence yield (FY) detected x-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of 3d transition metal ions are calculated from the integrated 2p3d resonant x-ray emission spectra. The resulting FY-XAS spectra are compared with the normal XAS spectra corresponding to the absorption cross section and significant deviations between the two spectra are found. This implies that the assumption that the FY-XAS spectrum identifies with the XAS spectrum is disproved. Especially for the early transition metal systems the differences between the FY-XAS and XAS are large, due to the opening of inelastic decay channels from selected x-ray absorption final states. The theoretical calculations show that the difference between FY detection and XAS is largest for the detection in depolarized geometry. The calculations are compared with experimental spectra for oxides and coordination compounds for Fe 2+, Co 2+ and Ni 2+ systems. The implications for the sum rules in XAS and magnetic circular dichroism experiments are discussed.

  • 44. Kvashnina, Kristina O.
    et al.
    Butorin, Sergei M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Glatzel, Pieter
    Direct study of the f-electron configuration in lanthanide systems2011In: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, ISSN 0267-9477, E-ISSN 1364-5544, Vol. 26, no 6, p. 1265-1272Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The valence shell electron configurations within a few electron volts above the Fermi level in cerium, ytterbium, europium and samarium compounds were probed by resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy (RXES) at the L-3 absorption pre-edge. The rare earth systems show distinct spectral signatures depending on the f-electron configuration. The high energy resolution experimental results reported here are well reproduced by atomic multiplet calculations confirming the localized character of the 4f electrons. The magnitude of the electron-electron interactions within the 4f shell and between 3d and 4f electrons is analyzed. The present technique is a powerful tool for the study of the 4f valence electron configuration that, unlike L-3 absorption spectroscopy at the main edge, is little influenced by valence electron relaxation following core hole creation.

  • 45. Lange, Kathrin M.
    et al.
    Koennecke, Rene
    Soldatov, Mikhail
    Golnak, Ronny
    Rubensson, Jan-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Soldatov, Alexander
    Aziz, Emad F.
    On the Origin of the Hydrogen-Bond-Network Nature of Water: X-Ray Absorption and Emission Spectra of Water-Acetonitrile Mixtures2011In: Angewandte Chemie International Edition, ISSN 1433-7851, E-ISSN 1521-3773, Vol. 50, no 45, p. 10621-10625Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A liquid microjet was used to obtain oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption and emission spectra of water–acetonitrile mixtures of various compositions. The observed spectral changes are unambiguously related to the increasing number of broken hydrogen bonds with decreasing water concentration, and the hydrogen-bond network of liquid water can thus be addressed on purely experimental grounds without the need for theoretical modeling.

  • 46. Lange, Kathrin M.
    et al.
    Soldatov, Mikhail
    Golnak, Ronny
    Gotz, Malte
    Engel, Nicholas
    Koennecke, Rene
    Rubensson, Jan-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Aziz, Emad F.
    X-ray emission from pure and dilute H2O and D2O in a liquid microjet: Hydrogen bonds and nuclear dynamics2012In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 85, no 15, p. 155104-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Knowledge about the hydrogen bond network of water is essential for understanding its anomalies as well as its special role for biochemical systems. Different types of x-ray spectroscopy allow probing of the molecular orbitals of water, revealing the electronic structure which reflects the hydrogen bond conformations. In this work a recently developed high-resolution x-ray emission spectrometer was used in combination with the microjet technique for recording spectra of liquid H2O and D2O and their mixtures with acetonitrile. Variation of the nuclear dynamics via isotope substitution and variation of the hydrogen bond conformation via dissolution in acetonitrile was investigated. These two effects have two clearly distinguishable spectral fingerprints.

  • 47.
    Lebrun, Delphine
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Materials Theory.
    Multi-electron correlation spectroscopy of atoms and molecules: Focus on buckminsterfullerene2011Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 30 credits / 45 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Correlated many-particle dynamics in Coulombic systems is one of today‟s grand challenges in physics. In order to address this task, the electronic structure and electron correlations of multiply ionised systems are studied in this thesis, aiming to obtain information on the dynamics of electron emission processes at unprecedented ease and high resolution. State-of-the-art multi-electron correlation spectrometers are used, which were originally developed at Oxford University, UK, and which are now frequently in use at the Ångström laboratory in Uppsala, Sweden.The research is so far based mainly on single-photon excitations using laboratory light sources and synchrotron radiation facilities, and expands now gradually into non-linear and time-resolved studies of atoms, molecules and clusters using high intensive Free Electron Lasers (FEL) in the Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) and X-ray spectral region. This development is highly relevant for even more deep-going applications regarding the ion and excited-state balance in the Earth‟s outer atmosphere and in astrophysical contexts, for photochemistry and biochemistry, for materials science, and to test current atomic and molecular structure theories to their limits.We will focus on the multiple ionization of the buckminsterfullerene (C60) which is of scientific interest as an exceptionally stable and symmetric cluster. Its applications are quite large in nanotechnologies.

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    correlationspectroscopy
  • 48.
    Lindblad, Andreas
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Surface and Interface Science.
    Rander, Torbjörn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Surface and Interface Science.
    Bradenau, I.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Surface and Interface Science.
    Öhrwall, Gunnar
    Björneholm, Olle
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Surface and Interface Science.
    Mucke, M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Ulrich, V.
    Lischke, T.
    Hergenhahn, U.
    Chemical shifts of small heterogeneous Ar/Xe clusters2011In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 83, no 12, p. 125414-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Heterogeneous rare-gas clusters produced by a coexpansion of an argon/xenon mixture have been studied using synchrotron-radiation-based photoelectron spectroscopy. Both valence and Xe 4d(5/2) core-level photoelectron spectra were recorded for three different concentrations of the primary argon/xenon mixture and, for those mixtures, spectra were recorded at several different stagnation conditions. The studied size regime of the mixed clusters ranges from large, similar to those studied in an earlier paper [Phys. Rev. A 69, 031210(R) (2004)], to very small-as reflected in the cluster line shapes and chemical shifts. The chemical shifts obtained from a curve fitting procedure similar to that used in our earlier paper are discussed in terms of the mixed cluster structure which can be expected from equilibrium considerations and the Lennard-Jones parameters of the constituent atoms. Molecular dynamics simulations of the vertical polarization shifts allow more specific assignments of "on-top" sites and interfacial sites.

  • 49. Linusson, P.
    et al.
    Fritzsche, S.
    Eland, John
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Hedin, Lage
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Karlsson, Leif
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Feifel, Raimund
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Double ionization of atomic cadmium2011In: Physical Review A. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, ISSN 1050-2947, E-ISSN 1094-1622, Vol. 83, no 2, p. 023424-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We have recorded the double photoionization spectrum of atomic Cd at four different photon energies in the range 40-200 eV. The main channel is single ionization and subsequent decay of excited Cd+ states, some involving Coster-Kronig processes, whereas direct double ionization is found to be weak. The decay of the excited Cd+ states shows a strong selectivity, related to the configuration of the final state. Double ionization leading to the Cd2+ ground state is investigated in some detail and is found to proceed mainly through ionization and decay of 4d correlation satellites. The most prominent autoionization peaks have been identified with the aid of quantum-mechanical calculations.

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  • 50. Linusson, P.
    et al.
    Takahashi, O.
    Ueda, K.
    Eland, John
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Feifel, Raimund
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft X-Ray Physics.
    Structure sensitivity of double inner-shell holes in sulfur-containing molecules2011In: Physical Review A. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, ISSN 1050-2947, E-ISSN 1094-1622, Vol. 83, no 2, p. 022506-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To demonstrate the structure sensitivity of double inner-shell hole spectroscopy, we have measured energies of H2S2+, SO22+, and CS22+ with the two vacancies in the sulfur 2p shell using a multielectron coincidence technique combined with synchrotron radiation. We describe how to extract intrinsic chemical information which is masked by the orbital relaxation effect in conventional core-level photoelectron spectroscopy.

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    fulltext
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