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Idag behöver världen minska utvinningen av jordens resurser på global nivå. FN och världens länder möttes 2015 för att ta fram Agenda 2030, en agenda som bidrar till hållbar utveckling. Med hjälp av Agenda 2030 ska världens länder uppnå ett mål som bidrar till en social, ekonomisk och miljömässigt hållbar utveckling. Svenska byggsektorn står för den största mängd avfall som genereras i samhället varför åtgärder relaterad till minskning av avfall måste prioriteras. Naturvårdsverket har tagit fram en avfallsplan i enlighet med EU: avfallsdirektiv för att främja bygg- och rivningsavfall som genererar en stor mängd av avfall. NCC (Nordic Construction Company) är ett ledande bygg och fastighetsföretag som är verksamma i Norden. Företaget stödjer agenda 2030 och beskriver årligen i deras årsredovisning hur de jobbar med hållbar utveckling. NCC:s hållbarhetsmål och deras strategi följs upp och redogörs regelbundet. NCC arbetar ständigt för att minska mängden avfall som genereras i byggproduktion. Företaget samarbetar med avfallföretaget Ragn-Sells som hanterar avfallet som uppstår. Det som har framkommit i det här arbetet är att det finns stora potentialer att minska mängden brännbart material på byggarbetsplatsen. Brännbart material består främst av trä, plast, papper och wellpapp som kan sorteras i separata fraktioner och därefter återvinnas. Genom sortering i fraktioner ökar materialåtervinning och parallellt minskas dessutom förbränning av avfall vilket ger stora ekonomiska och miljömässiga vinster för NCC. Enligt utförda ekonomiska och miljömässiga beräkningar av mängd avfall på två av NCC:s projekt (Stationslunden och Mörbylund) fram kom det att NCC kan genom sortering av material kan minska mängden avfall upp till 55 procent. Minskning av mängd avfall med 55 procent är en jämförelse mellan Stationslundens genererade avfall till referensprojektet i Mörbylund som hade bäst hanteringsavfall. Källsorteringen kan i första hand lösas genom NCC:s interna åtgärder vilket det här arbetet har påpekat. Det finns också möjligheter att påverka mängden avfall externt genom att NCC börjar ställa högre krav på deras leverantörer för att arbeta mot en hållbar utveckling där mängden brännbart avfall ska minskas. De framkomna åtgärdsförslagen som det här arbetet redovisar kan NCC använda sig av för att förbättra sin källsortering. Ytterligare kan även andra byggföretag inom byggproduktion använda sig av åtgärdsförslagen för att öka källsorteringen som gynnar samhället i sin helhet.

This report aims to evaluate the potential of sharing energyregarding heat and cooling between buildings in a smalldecentralized energy system. A model of an energy substation wasdeveloped in IDA ICE Advanced level only system to create a timeefficient tool that is easy to handle for people in the industry.Three cases of building stocks with different heating and coolingdemands were modeled in the energy substation, both separately andcollectively, to investigate the differences in energy performanceas a result of energy recovery between buildings.

The study also contained a sociotechnical aspect of thedecentralized energy system. Interviews were carried out to studyhow a mutual energy substation is implemented in reality and whatchallenges and opportunities the technology faces. An importantconclusion is that the future development for this new technologyis highly dependent on an increased cooperation between companiesin the industry.The simulations of the cases showed an improved energy performancefor the mutual energy substations in all three cases, sevenpercent improvement as most.

The report concludes that there ispotential for an improved energy performance in a building stockwhen implementing a mutual energy substation since it enables theability to save energy through energy recovery. Furthermore, it isconcluded that a resembling heat and cooling demand within thebuilding stock increases the total energy performance of thesystem. An improved control system of the model is recommendedbefore deciding if and where it is beneficial to implement amutual energy substation. 

This thesis covers calculations of the equivalent measuring depth in the joint concrete between hollow-core slabs performed using the calculation and simulation program WUFI Pro. The calculations are based on input data from field measurements performed by Polygon|AK in Uppsala. Input from the company has been combined with a moisture profile from the calculation program Torka S to construct a basic model in WUFI. Simulations have been made based on the basic model with constant water-cement ratio in joint concrete, three varying parameters in terms of relative humidity in spackle, leveling height for spackle and vapor resistance in carpets. In order to get a broader result basis, 18 different typical cases for further analysis have been studied. 

The calculation results indicate that the industry standard according to RBK, which states the equivalent measuring depth to 50 % of the hollow-core slabs joint height, does not correspond to the calculation basis for this work. The result of this work indicates that the actual equivalent measuring depth is about 15-18 % of the height of the joint, depending on the selected parameters. The difference between the industry standard and the result of this work can be explained by the fact that in the previous calculations of the equivalent measuring depth assumes a completely dense surface layer and no drying downwards and moisture from glue has not been taken into account. The assumption that the water contained in the cross section does not dry out and only redistributes leads to results that do not correspond to today's real conditions in terms of more diffusion-open carpets, moisture from carpet glue and different moisture conditions in spackle. 

The background to the study is the increasing demand for customized products, which has led to more customer-driven companies being established to meet customers' needs. However, the requirements are the same for these companies as for non-customer driven companies, namely to reduce lead times, production costs and increase quality in order to thus become more competitive and profitable in the market. The purpose of the study was to investigate how value stream mapping (VSM), which is initially a tool adapted for linear production, can be applied within a customer order-driven company characterized by high variation and low volume (HVLV). The aim is also to identify problem areas and develop suggestions for improvement. In order to answer the purpose of the study, a literature study was carried out in parallel with a case study at a manufacturing company that produces customized concrete products. Relevant literature was collected in order to be able to carry out a mapping of the production process with the help of the VSM tool. Interviews and observations made up the empirical material. Together, the theory and the collected material have formed the basis for answering the study's purpose and questions. Through the current VSM map together with production design, it was found that the case company has a complex material flow consisting of long transport routes, many intersecting material flows, many intermediate warehouses and where waste could be identified. This then constituted the development of improvement proposals and how the case company can make operations more efficient. The main conclusion of this study is that VSM can be adapted to operations with other production characteristics. The aspects that have proven to be significant when implementing VSM at companies, within the aforementioned context, is that the focus should be on mapping the physical flow of material and information and not treating time variables. In addition to the use of process maps that show the location of the processes inside the factory premises, which results in the practitioner being able to see intersecting material paths in the production process. Finally, the study reported other aspects that proved significant, namely the mapping of the professional worker's role in the flow, which theory around VSM does not deal with.

Today’s control plan process is problematic according to the Swedish National Board of Housing. Unclear legislation has led to municipalities approving flawed control plans, since different actors have made different interpretations. Which highlights the lack of an established standard for the control plan process. Indicating a need for standardized control points guaranteeing a certain level of quality. BIMformation requested a standardized template for their digital tool ASK. Where the template would be a tool for effectivization of the control plan process. The template would also be available for other actors and not bound to ASK. This thesis investigates if it is possible to create an industry-wide standard, in the form of a template with control points for new construction of apartment buildings. To achieve this, control plans from previous apartment building projects have been collected from Swedish municipalities and control managers. Their contents were analyzed and the control points present in more than half were identified and compiled into a table. The result is table of 23 shared control points categorized after the Swedish Nation Board of Housing’s building regulations’ (BBR) chapters.  A survey was created to evaluate the result and answer the question of to what extent the compiled template could be implemented in practice. The results were diverging but indicated that the template did function as a minimum level standardization. With possibilities to add individual control points to make the control plan fit the project at hand. The control point template will then be an aid in creating control plans. The content should however be evaluated further to allow for identification of other potential issues. After which it could be used for an actual construction project. The template could be part of a more effective and qualitative control plan process that in the future could be used on a national level independent of differing directives from different municipalities. 

In this thesis, three different single-family house types were meticulously studied with the aim of improving energy efficiency through a variety of measures. These measures were identified, simulated, and combined to create specific action packages for each single-family house type. The individual measures simulated using BIM Energy software included basement wall insulation, exterior wall insulation, attic floor insulation, window and door replacements (only for house type 1, as other single-family houses had already undergone these replacements), installation of FTX ventilation, and installation of solar panels. After simulating the individual measures, three distinct action packages were created by combining the individual measures. The results demonstrated that the action packages had a positive impact on energy efficiency and influenced various aspects, such as energy performance, heating, energy losses, and the U-value. The three created action packages were designed to improve the building envelope and energy performance. Action Package 1 consisted of FTX ventilation, exterior wall insulation, and window and door replacements. In Action Package 3, FTX ventilation, attic floor insulation, and exterior wall insulation were combined, with the combination for single-family house type 3 being the same as that for single-family house type 2. Simulations revealed that single-family house type 2 was the only one that met the energy performance requirements according to BBR 29 after implementing the action package. Single-family house types 1 and 3 did not fully meet the energy requirements, but they came close to compliance after implementing the action package. As for the U-value, it was only met in house type 2 when implementing individual measures, specifically exterior wall insulation. Single-family house type 3 came close to meeting the requirements, while single-family house type 1 required substantial improvements to comply with the standards. In summary, this research highlights the importance of selecting the right measures to enhance energy efficiency in single-family houses, with specific measures tailored to each single-family house type. 

Climate change is one of man´s greatest challenges today and will have major consequences if no action is taken. Limited climate impact is one of Sweden’s environmental quality goals and means that Sweden’s net emissions of greenhouse gases must be zero in 2045, and then achieve negative emission. In 2018, the construction and real estate sector accounted for 20 % of Sweden´s total greenhouse gas emissions. In order to reach the government´s goal of net zero emissions by 2045 the construction sector aim to halve 2015 greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. To reduce a building´s climate impact, the already implemented measures of energy efficiencies need to be supplemented with the development of more climate friendly and ecologically sustainable materials. A new legal requirement on climate declarations for new buildings will be introduced in January 2022. The climate declaration demand that the climate impact of the building materials is calculated using life cycle analyses. The aim of the study was to halve the climate impact from the materials in a multi-family building by the year 2030 and see how close to net zero it is possible to reach. The consulting firm WSP assisted with material data for a 4-storey building with a load-bearing element of concrete. The climate footprint for the product phase was calculated for the foundation, load-bearing elements, building enclosure and interior walls. Simulations were performed in the BM calculation program to compare emission levels with the building´s current situation and find materials that reduce the climate impact the most. The study is based on two basic scenarios, one with concrete in the foundation and load-bearing elements, together with climate-improving measures of the materials. In the second scenario, CLT-wood is used in the load-bearing elements. The results show that climate-improved concrete and reinforcement will reduce the climate impact in 2030 by 52 % compared with 2015. A load-bearing element of CLT-wood with cellulose insulation and climate-improved foundation gives a reduction of 62 %. Both scenarios meet the goal of halving the climate footprint by 2030. The alternative that gives the lowest climate impact in 2045 is the scenario with CLT-wood including carbon storage, but it is not permitted to credit carbon storage in the climate declaration. Thus, the scenario for the year 2045 with concrete will be the best alternative with an emission of 145 tonnes CO₂e, closely followed by the scenario with CLT-wood with 159 tonnes of CO₂e. In order to achieve the 2045 goal, a larger overall picture and compensatory measures will be required. But also, that the smaller components, such as plaster and insulation, are developed to minimize the climate impact.

In this report, a hydrogen system was investigated to supply a hospital with reserve power and power compensation. Through modelling, four different configurations of hydrogen systems and five different levels of maximum power intake from the electrical grid was evaluated. The evaluation was based on the economical feasibilty and climate footprint of the four different systems. The optimal hydrogen system that was suggested in this report was consisting of Proton electrolyte membrane(PEM) electrolysers, PEM fuel cells and solar panels that powered the elctrolysers for hydrogenproduction. The optimal power intake level was 2000 kW.

The suggested system (hydrogen system 3) was never profitable and was shown using the economical metrics Net presentvalue and Levelised cost analysis. Though the hydrogen system had a positive cash flow, it had a large investment cost making it never profitable during the lifetime of the project, that was set to ten years. The total investment cost for the system amounted to 133 million swedish crowns and the cost of the energy used from the PEM fuel cells amounted to 0,536 thousand swedish crowns per kWh. This was due to the fuel cells since they were dimensioned for the reserve power as well which demanded a high power output, thus increasing the investment cost. Another reason for the high investement cost was the PEM technology that was used for the electrolysers and fuel cells. It is an immature technology but it stands out as leading technology for improvements and being important to reach an energy system that is sustainable. The amount of saved carbondioxide equivalents compared to the normal case when a hydrogen system was not in use, amounted to 74 tons. 

In year 2022 the requirement on Climate Declaration of buildings was introduced aiming to reduce the climate impact primarily from new constructions. This requirement is planned to be expanded by year 2025 with limit values for the amount of carbon dioxide equivalents that buildings are allowed to emit. This thesis aims to investigate how the climate impact from newly built single-family houses align with the proposed limit value.

The study focuses on analysing three single-family houses to evaluate their alignment with the limit values and to explore potential measures for reducing the climate impact of these building types. The research methods used to achieve the thesis´s main goal was primarily life cycle analysis of the three case studies. In addition, a literature review and workshop were also utilized.

The results of this study showed that all examined building cases remain within the proposed limit value for single-family houses. However, the results from the examined measures demonstrate a reduction in total emissions, albeit with variations in the extent of reduction. The conclusion drawn from these results is that current buildings meet the proposed limit value. However, with tightening every five years, effective measures will be necessary in the future to ensure continued compliance with the limit values. From the analysed measures, it was observed that for single-family houses primarily constructed of timber, replacing concrete and gypsum with environmentally friendly alternatives, and climate improved brick roof tiles as cladding are effective measures. These measures could potentially provide a reduction in CO2eemissions ranging between 20-22%.

Additionally, the results showed that the design of the building can significantly affect its CO2eemissions. Specifically, timber-based houses with more floors exhibit lower CO2e emissions. This can be attributed to the fact that such multi-story houses require smaller foundations relative to the building’s size, thereby reducing their CO2e emissions, primarily because the concrete layer in the slab contributes to a significant portion of emissions. 

The energy carrier hydrogen has a great advantage over other electricity storing techniques on the market: the ability to store electricity long-term without any geographical needs. Though today’s techniques available are of low efficiency, the interests for them are high. Hydrogen gas is versatile, and with future developments it is possibly to make great economical profit from having a hydrogen storage. This master thesis project is evaluating the possible profitability that can be made when connecting a hydrogen system to a wind farm located in Swedish electricity region SE1. 

The system contains of production, storage and cold combustion of hydrogen with one main purpose: to produce hydrogen through electrolysis when the electricity prices are low and convert the gas back to electricity to sell when the prices are high. Four different simulations are made with a mixture of incomes: using the variety in the electricity price over a year, selling the by-products from the hydrogen system and selling pure hydrogen gas. 

The different simulations are mainly compared through three values: levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH), earnings before interests and tax (EBIT) and return. The results show that the LCOH -cost per produced kilo hydrogen- for all simulations are higher than other compared production methods; even higher than the price per sold kilo hydrogen. EBIT -earnings per year- show that selling pure hydrogen gas makes a major difference on the yearly profit, from (the lowest result) -52217 SEK to (the highest result) 4853306 SEK. Even though EBIT show a positive result for some of the simulations, the return on the investment is negative which makes the investment non-profitable. In a sensitivity analysis with three variables, is the one who makes the biggest difference on the return value the cost of the hydrogen storage. Lowering that cost enough would make the investment profitable. 

The largest contributor to global warming from the construction and real estate sector comes from the emission of greenhouse gases during the production and usage phases of buildings. During production the leading contributor accounting for emissions is material production while the largest impact in the usage phase is due to energy used for heating, where the largest heat losses occur through building envelopes. Therefore, should the material selection for the building envelope be optimized both regarding the materials lifetime pollutant emissions as well as its effect on energy consumption during building use.

The purpose of this paper is to review materials carbon footprint regarding its lifecycle and the effect on energy use of different exterior wall constructions during building use. To answer these questions different methods are applied such as case studies, theoretical studies and simulations.

Investigated materials and exterior wall constructions are sandwich panels with a core of rock wool, CLT (cross laminated timber) combined with glass wool and CLT combined with hemp fiber insulation.

The result of the study indicates that the climate impact from production of the investigated materials is small compared to the climate impact of energy use. However the study shows that the emissions from the production phase differ between materials. CLT combined with hemp fiber insulation or glass wool insulation has less of an effect on greenhouse emissions compared to sandwich panels. Furthermore, depending on the selection of dimensions for CLT and insulation there are possibilities to reduce energy consumption during building use and still maintain a lower level of emission from material production compared to sandwich panels.

Att Gävles kraftvärmeverk Johannes producerar el innebär att det finns en potential för dem att delta i frekvensregleringen av nätet. Frekvensreglering är viktigt för stabiliteten i elnätet och innebär att man aktivt balanserar utbud och efterfrågan på el. Denna avsiktliga balansering görs med hjälp av balansresurser som Svenska Kraftnät (SvK) köper in på olika stödtjänstmarknader. En sådan stödtjänst är mFRR, som är en manuell frekvensåterställningsreserv som aktiveras på begäran av Svenska Kraftnät. mFRR består av en energiaktiveringsmarknad där det minsta budet är 5 MWel med en aktiveringstid på 15 minuter. I denna studie antas det att Gävle Energi har möjlighet att delta på denna marknad och att kraftvärmeverket Johannes uppfyller de villkor som krävs för det.

Genom att delta på mFRR-marknaden innebär det att kraftvärmeverket Johannes kommer att upp- och nedreglera sin elproduktion efter behov. För att hantera överproduktion och underproduktion av el, och därmed värme, behövs någon form av värmelager. En möjlig lösning är att använda byggnaders termiska tröghet. Denna studie undersöker den lastflexibilitet som Gävle Energi kan uppnå genom att utnyttja värmekapaciteten hos fjärrvärmeanslutna fastighetsbestånd som värmelager. Data från tre tidigare undersökningar, där temperaturen i byggnader sänktes och innetemperaturens minskning mättes, används för att beräkna värmekapaciteten. När värmekapaciteten beräknas simulerar denna studie deltagandet av Johannes på energiaktiveringsmarknaden för mFRR år 2023.

Av de tre tidigare undersökningar som genomfördes av Gävle Energi är decembertestet 2017 det mest användbara. Undersökningen genomfördes under uppvärmningssäsongen och på natten, med tillgängliga temperaturdata för hela testperioden. 

I decembertestet beräknas den totala värmekapaciteten till 54 MWhth/°C för 191 byggnader med egna undercentraler. Endast byggnader med enskilda undercentraler används i denna studie då dessa är enklare för Gävle Energi att övervaka och reglera värmeflödet. Med ett temperaturspann på 21–23 °C har värmelagret i de 191 byggnaderna i Gavlegårdarna en potential att möjliggöra en såld regleringsvolym på energiaktiveringsmarknaden för mFRR år 2023 på 2 043 MWhel, och en potentiell intäkt på 2,0 miljoner kronor.

För att öka trovärdigheten i resultaten av värmekapaciteten i byggnaderna har denna studie genomfört en validering av värmekapaciteten. Tre byggnader från decembertestet valdes ut och modellerades i VIP Energy för att beräkna byggnadernas värmekapacitet. Resultatet visar över lag att värmekapaciteten som beräknades i VIP Energy var relativt nära de som beräknades med hjälp av testdata. Små skillnader förekommer, vilket kan förklaras av att byggnadsmaterialet antogs vara samma i alla tre byggnader. '

Resultat från denna studie visar att Gävle Energi har goda möjligheter att delta på mFRRmarknaden med deras kraftvärmeverk Johannes genom att utnyttja värmetrögheten i Gavlegårdarnas fastighetsbestånd. Dock bör Gävle Energi också utnyttja sin ackumulatortank samt fjärrvärmenätet som värmelager. Detta skulle kunna resultera i en större mängd såld reglervolym samt högre intäkter. 

This thesis investigates the risks associated with connected inverters in solar power installations, focusing on properties owned by Vasakronan, a real estate company with 166 properties, that has invested in solar panel installations on a majority of its buildings. The thesis explores the potential security measures related to both energy and information. Energy security encompasses multiple aspects of ensuring a reliable supply of energy within an infrastructure, necessitating tools for balancing energy production and usage and minimizing dependence on single resources. Robust information security requires the preservation of confidentiality, integrity and availability, which is considered given the organization, cloud and communication security. Interviews were conducted with representatives from Vasakronan’s suppliers of inverters, IT service provider, employees and external field experts. One property served as a case study to understand the internal real estate network structure and data on energy consumption, production and prices was collected. The risk of security breaches was assessed as the sum of factors influencing the likelihood of intrusion, as well as the consequences of such breach. Interviews with employees and IT service providers revealed Vasakronan’s awareness of information security and continuous efforts to enhance it. Interviews with inverter suppliers show varying levels of commitment to information security, with a general recognition of its importance but inconsistent knowledge of mitigation strategies. Many suppliers are cautious about production location, expressing skepticism about Chinese intelligence activities. However, the current risk for Vasakronan and the Swedish power grid is considered low, though the increasing use of solar panels may heighten this risk in the future. Specific threats such as extortion attempts, are identified as more probable, potentially resulting in production interruptions and increased energy costs. The importance of risk diversification through security measures and supplier diversification is concluded from the interviews with field experts. Data analysis indicates that security breaches primarily entail economic losses for Vasakronan, while the societal consequences are seen as potentially serious but unlikely in the short term. The thesis contributes to understanding the risks and the necessity of security measures in solar power installations through an analysis of potential energy and economic consequences of data breaches.

Thermal inertia is defined as “a measure of the responsiveness of a material to variations in temperature”. This means that materials with high thermal inertia will show small changes in temperature during a cycle of time and vice versa.

This study aimed to evaluate the energy saving potential of thermal inertia which can be raised by the choice of various building materials. For this aim, a case study of a preschool building was used in which different configurations (i.e. different combinations of materials) of exterior walls and interior floors were studied using a building energy simulation program, IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA ICE). The study mainly focused on the materials and configurations that yielded high thermal inertia where the results were compared with the as- built design of the preschool building in terms of heating and cooling demand as well as overheating.

Furthermore, a life cycle analysis (LCA) was conducted using a LCA program, i.e. One Click LCA. This was done in order to understand better how the choice of building materials, besides the thermal inertia and its energy-saving potential, could affect the carbon footprint of a building from a life cycle perspective.

The results indicated that there aren't significant differences in heating demand between the studied material configurations and the reference building. However, moderate changes were observed in both cooling demand and overheating, especially for some materials that have higher thermal inertia. A common denominator among these configurations was that all consisted of interior floors of either wood or massive wood. However, in terms of ”CO2 emissions”, significant differences between the studied materials and reference building were observed. In general, it was found that the life carbon impact increased in the most material configurations. This increase was more than offsetting reductions obtained in the operational ”CO2 emissions”, i.e., the reduction in energy demand caused using materials with higher thermal inertia. The configurations that performed better than the reference building from a life cycle perspective were the ones that didn’t consist of concrete, neither for exterior walls or interior floors.

Companies face challenges in the tender process, including an overemphasis on the lowest price and poor quality of tender documents, leading to unhealthy competition in the industry. There is no common industry standard in the construction sector for quantity takeoff work for multi-family housing projects in Sweden. 

A Bill of Material (BOM) is a digital quantity list generated from a Building Information Model (BIM), a 3D model consolidating construction information. Digitalization in the Swedish construction sector is progressing slowly.

This thesis, conducted in collaboration with AFRY AB, aimed to determine industry requirements for increasing early-stage BIM and BOM implementation. It also sought to identify differences in quantity lists based on the takeoff method. Quantity takeoff using BOM in Revit was compared to traditional takeoff in Bluebeam, and an interview study assessed various respondents' attitudes and usage of BIM and BOM.

The quantity takeoff methods showed differences of about 5%, but model errors resulted in a 25% variance. Interviews highlighted cost savings during production and management. A client-provided quantity list leads to a healthier bidding process with improved quality.

This study demonstrates that introducing a BIM with BOM in tender documents presents both challenges and opportunities for clients and contractors in the construction industry. Enhanced BIM and BOM implementation could lead to significant improvements in the sector. 

At Veidekke Entreprenad AB it has in earlier projects shown the positionof objects in a 3D-model do not represent the intended positions. According to an enquiry from Veidekke this study researches incorrect placements of objects in 3D-models for prefabricated structural walls and electrical systems. The study specifically covers electrical conduit boxes inside the prefabricated structural walls and electrical sockets from an electrical design engineer.

The purpose of the study is to use a ruleset in 3D-modeling software to detect and eliminate inaccuracies in the design phase of a project. The goal is to elaborate a ruleset that is requested by Veidekke and apply in a current project.

According to previous research, cost for errors and inaccuracies in construction projects range from 2 to 6,5 percent of the production cost. The greatest opportunities for influencing and preventing costs for errors and inaccuracies are in the design phase.

The use of BIM in the study is identified as a significant contributing solutionto reducing the number of errors in the design phase leading to extra costs. Collisions between objects in drawings from different engineers are considered one of the major factors of extra cost and can be countered by model- and collision checks.

The study's current state description describes the ruleset which is the goal of developing for Veidekke. By using the ruleset, it should alert the BIM-coordinator when an electrical outlet is located at an unacceptable distance from its associated electrical conduit box inside a prefabricated wall. The ruleset is developed and intended to be used together with 3D-models from different engineers in one of Veidekke's projects.

The ruleset is developed in Solibri Model Checker software and successfully tested in a smaller 3D-model. However, information in IFC files from an engineer does not prove to be sufficient. This is addressed by describing how toproperly export IFC-files. The ruleset is then validated in a real projectwhere actual errors are found.

After implementation and results, the study concludes that costs can be reduced if design and coordination are given more resources and time, while model- and collision checks should be developed and implemented early in projects. The rule check proves possible to develop according to the request and also validated in a real project.

Due to the ongoing climate crisis there is a need for a transition of energy usage. The transition is dependent on electricity as an energy carrier which puts pressure on the electricity grid to develop at the same rate as the electricity demand increases. However, the process of building new transmission lines is expensive and drawn out. By adjusting the demand side of power usage with flexibility resources, it is possible to lower the peak power usage. This both reduces the risk of congestion on the electricity grid as well as lower the costs for the user. 

This report investigates how energy storage and smart charging of electric vehicles can synergize with solar electricity production to reduce the monthly peak power usage at Brunna distribution center. A peak shaving energy management system (EMS) is created and put in a simulation of four different scenarios of the system. The scenarios consist of two different sizes of the electric vehicle fleet and solar electricity production. The capacity of the energy storage is varied in each scenario. 

The results show that the flexible charging of the vehicle fleet can lower the monthly peak power consumption by 10-32 % depending on which month and scenario, with energy storage it decreased even further in three out of four cases. With the largest investigated energy storage the monthly peak power consumption could be reduced with 14-44 % depending on which month and scenario. For the scenarios with a small vehicle fleet the yearly peak power consumption decreased with an increasing energy storage capacity. The monthly peak power consumption decreased most in the summer and especially if there was more solar electricity production. For the scenarios with a large vehicle fleet, the yearly peak power consumption did not decrease with increasing capacity of the energy storage. For the monthly peak power consumption to lower, a steady production of solar electricity was needed. 

With the smaller vehicle fleet an energy storage can be useful to lower the monthly peak power consumption all year around. However, in the scenarios with a larger fleet the smart charging is sufficient to lower the peak power consumption to a level which needs more electricity generation for it to reduce further. In this case the energy storage is primarily used to save excess solar energy from the day to the evening. Saving solar energy for later increases the self-consumption and self-sufficiency in the system. More solar electricity production and more flexibility resources results in a system less reliant on the electricity grid. 

As the construction sector in 2019 accounted for 21% of Sweden's greenhouse gasses and 40% of Sweden's waste, recycling is something that will be required if Sweden are to become climate neutral by 2050, which has been decided upon. By reusing building materials, it contributes to a reduction of greenhouse gasses in the manufacturing, transport and recycling of building materials. Reusing means that the material does not change into anything else hence time, money and work are therefore saved compared to recycling.

The project has been carried out to report the possibilities of reusing materials between Vasakronan and Atrium Ljungberg. This report delves into bricks, metal sheet roofs and suspended ceiling tiles and reports the potential for reusing them. Ceiling tiles, metal sheet roofs and bricks have all shown potential to be reused not only to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, but they have also proven to be economically viable to reuse. Metal Sheet roofs proved to be good to recycle from a carbon dioxide perspective and reusing proved economically viable even if by less of a margin than for ceiling tiles and bricks.

The report is based on a literature study about reusing, as well as interviews with five participants in different companies. The report contains calculations for the profitability of reusing selected materials as well as carbon dioxide emissions in the production and transport phases.

The market for reusing materials is underdeveloped in large parts of the country, but the market has begun to develop in recent years partly with initiatives from companies in the construction industry but also that Sweden's municipalities have begun to investigate the issue to help establish local markets for reusing materials. Even though not much is reused today, there is hope that material reuse will be one of the pillars in the construction industry in the future. Therefore, this rapport was done to show how such a collaboration could be operated.  

Passive design solutions can reduce the need of the active cooling or heating systems in buildings. Passive design solutions play an important role in a future warmer climate to reduce the cooling demand for residential buildings. 

The purpose of the thesis is to evaluate different passive design solutions for a projected residential building in Uppsala. The aim of the study is to reduce the duration of the operational temperature above 26 °C in warmer climate conditions. IDA ICE was used as the simulation tool to analyze the passive design solutions.

The results show that the durations of high temperatures for the reference building is around 1000 hours in the examined apartments and are therefore a problem in today's climate. The optimal combination of the design solutions was considered marquisolette and solar control windows. The optimal package reduces the duration above 26 °C in today's climate by an average of 72 %, which corresponds to around 280 hours.

 The five design solution packages that contained window area corresponding to 10 % of the floor area reduced overheating most efficiently. The packages resulted in 192-393 hours with over temperatures in today´s climate. The difference compared to the design solution package with only marquisolette and solar control windows was not considered sufficient to outweigh the negative aspects as reduced daylight and access to natural ventilation. Therefore, smaller window areas were excluded. The selected design solution package provides 259-628 hours above 26 °C in the investigated climates and the addition of active cooling is probably required.

The field of moving preservation noticed buildings is a process with a great lack of knowledge.The amount of public work and research is limited, and the procedure is unknown by many. The relocation of Kiruna and Malmberget is in progress and the number of preservations noticed buildings being moved is large. The company LKAB is responsible for the relocation of these buildings. This study is in collaboration with LKAB, and the purpose is to investigate the relocation of the preservation noticed buildings.The purpose of the study is to investigate how building design affect the degree of difficulty when moving and relocating a preservation noticed building, and the economical aspect of the project. Another purpose is to spread knowledge among LKAB:s co-workers and other stakeholders tocreate a foundation for future studies on the subject. The goal is to identify the building components of greatest impact in terms of transportation and the lift of the building. The thesis is meant to act as guidance in future projects revolving the relocation of preservation noticed buildings and furthermore as a baseline for continued studies. The methods used in the study are a literature study, analysis of provided material from LKAB and other contractors, analysis of economical documentation and a qualitative interview study. The literature study was conducted to investigate the amount and quality of published information within the subject. As the literature study was finished it acted as a baseline for the study. The qualitative interview study was performed to verify the practical procedure of the project. Material from LKAB and the contractors involved gave a better picture of the theoretical work needed for the study. Economic analysis was performed to study the aspect of greatest impact in the relocating of buildings as a whole and to put them in proportion to each other. The guidelines were producedas a compilation of the result in the study.The graduating thesis resulted in the conclusion that every project needs to be investigated individually. All the different variables involved in relocating a building is too vast to summarize with a single answer. The costliest aspect of relocating a building is the transportation costs and the refurbishment of the building. Body stabilization and lifting method determines how the relocating will proceed. The foundation of the building affects these two aspects the most out of all components of the building. The number of points in need of support before the lift will determine how thorough the preliminary investigation needs to be and the required number of steel girders needed for the lift. The general guide was successfully produced and displays how the relocation of a preservation noticed building takes place.

This bachelor thesis in construction engineering at Uppsala University has been carried out in collaboration with Arcona AB, part of the Veidekke Group. The purpose is to examine the handling and potential of the reusable construction materials, which can be applied to Arcona.

Human overconsumption of natural resources threatens the need for future generations. The construction industry contributed 13 million tonnes of construction and demolition waste in 2018, which is just over a third of Sweden's total waste. After waste prevention, reuse is the highest priority in the waste hierarchy. 

The thesis provided insightful knowledge through literature study, qualitative interview study and case study. In the literature study, scientific articles and reports were studied to achieve knowledge in the related subject. Also, to get an insight into the current situation regarding reusage in the construction industry. The interview study consisted of seven qualitative interviews. These were carried out with construction-related companies to give insight of the reuse potential regarding materials and handling. 

The studies presented development opportunities regarding the logistics and handling of reusable materials. It was noted that current requirements, laws and regulations reduce the amount of reused materials through low landfill fees. Another barrier regarding reuse is lack of labor resources. Several of the respondents emphasize the importance of a reuse depot that enables the reuse development. The report presented cost and climate savings which showed potential savings in several reused materials.

Research has shown that glazed buildings can have higher energy use and are more prone to overheating than other types of buildings. However, few studies have explored the performance of glazed buildings in cold climates. This article aims to evaluate the energy and indoor thermal performance of a high-rise residential building with glazed façades and balconies under Nordic climatic conditions, through a parametric study. Dynamic, whole-year simulations are used to evaluate the impact of four design parameters (with and without glazed balconies, type of balcony glazing, window to wall ratio, and building location within the Nordic region) on the energy and indoor thermal performance of the building. The results show that the building without glazed balconies outperformed that with glazed balconies. Changing from single- to double-pane glazing also helped to reduce energy use and overheating, as did lowering the window-to-wall ratio. Overheating of apartments was found to occur during the summer in five of the six locations simulated, which suggests that solar control strategies might be needed for glazed buildings even in a Nordic climate. This study highlights the importance of further research on glazed residential buildings, which are becoming more common in contexts subject to such climates.

This project aims to examine the demands of the new NollCO2-certification from a practicalpoint of view and to identify what it would mean for a real estate company to certify newconstructions according to NollCO2. Through investigation of a case-study object, a newbuilding at ICA Fastigheter, both climate impact and possible climate compensation measuresare analyzed in order to investigate how net-zero balance can be reached by 2045.

By executing life cycle assessments and sensitivity analyses, both performed using MicrosoftExcel, the carbon footprint of the case-study building is evaluated within the NollCO2-certification framework. The project examines climate compensation measures related to bothenergy efficiency measures, and grid delivered renewable electricity. In the investigation,climate compensation measures are put in relation to both the NollCO2-framwork and ongoingsustainability work at ICA Fastigheter.

The results show that there are many possibilities to decrease a building’s carbon footprint. Thegreatest decrease is retrieved by choosing materials with less carbon emissions such as greenconcrete or fiberglass insulation. In comparison to the case-study building’s original 512 tonsCO2eq, effective energy usage supplied from a green energy source can reduce the climateimpact further to approximately 415 tons CO2eq. To reach net-zero balance, offsite energyproduction can be installed. A solar park would need to produce 505 – 657 MWh which woulddemand approximately 15 000 - 20 000 square meters and cost 3.8 – 4.7 million Swedishcrowns. If ICA Fastigheter instead chooses to invest in wind power, the energy productionneeded would be 486 – 634 MWh, approximately 3% of the total production of an averagewindmill in Sweden. By investing in efficiency measures in existing buildings net-zero balancewould be reached with the expected expenses being a minimum of 7.6 million Swedish crowns.

When analyzing the result of this case-study it is evident that an implementation of the NollCO2-certification is possible for ICA Fastigheter. However as of now, there are too many estimatesfor the result to be reliable. When taking ICA Fastigheter’s current long-term plans into accountit is evident that the most suitable climate compensation measure is to develop their energyefficiency projects in existing buildings. Efforts to increase energy efficiency in the real estateportfolio currently has a functioning workflow but must be improved to work as a sufficientclimate compensation measure when the number of new constructions aiming for the NollCO2-certification increases. 

The aim with this thesis work is to examine a supplement building that fulfils the requirement forthe Boverket subsidy stöd för hyresbostäder och bostäder för studerande (2020).

A proposal ofthe design of the supplement building on top of the already existing building in Flogsta, Uppsalais created and a profitability analysis for Uppsalahem is made.The three issues examined in the project are:

• How should this supplement building optimally be designed to meet the demands fromUppsalahem, the subsidy and Swedish building regulations?
• Is it estimated profitable to fulfil the increased energy requirement in the subsidy?
• Is it assessed profitable for Uppsalahem to go through with the project?

The Supplement building is designed after the recommendations from Swedish Buildingregulations and Suitable International Standards, the ultimate floor plan resulted in 27apartments for students with 18 studio apartments, 1 two-room apartment and 8 three-roomapartments.

The energy use calculations proved that the increased energy requirements could not bereached for the project and an increased subsidy could not be obtained.

The profitability analysis resulted in an approved profit margin for the project. The subsidywithout the energy bonus resulted in a total subsidy of 11,2 million kr and a profit of 4,8 %.

Work-related fatalities in Sweden in 2023, the construction industry accounted for 30%. In 2022, over 35,000 workplace accidents were reported despite legislation stipulating that construction project should appoint a coordinator of construction site safety for the Design and Construction Phases (BAS-P and BAS-U). To ensure safe and secure workplaces for every project, it is necessary for BAS-P to establish a well-developed work environment plan to hand over to BAS-U for continuation and updating during the project. The industry often considers this handover inadequate, leading to poorer working conditions at construction projects.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the handover between BAS-P and BAS-U to present potential improvements that ensure sufficient information is handed over, thereby improving workplace safety in the future. The study will be conducted in the form of a literature review, qualitative interviews, and a document study at two construction projects in collaboration with Veidekke.

From the results, it is evident that the handover can take place through a meeting or just an email. Templates for the meeting are often available but rarely used, and the time for a meeting is short. The templates for the handover meeting do not provide space to address all necessary information, and communication between the parties is often lacking.

The conclusion confirms that the handover template needs to be structured, handover meetings should be required, and more people should attend the handover. Additionally, communication between the parties should exist already during the Design Phase to contribute to safer construction sites. To facilitate this, collaborative contracting is preferable.

Due to the environmental issues, the amount of installed solar power increases. In the same time, the electric vehicle fleet is expanding rapidly. Those two growing technologies, if not controlled, can cause various unwanted effects for the electricity grid. In order to decrease their negative effects on the grid and benefit from it at the same time, these technologies have to work in synergy with each other. This synergy can be enabled through smart charging of electric vehicles. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a smart charging algorithm which uses solar production forecasts to charge the vehicles at a workplace. Furthermore, the goal is to examine how such control of the charging affects the self-consumption of solar power, self-sufficiency and the amount of energy imported from the grid as opposed to uncontrolled charging. To fulfill the goal, the algorithm was developed based on solar production forecasts. The forecasts were created through autoregressive models, AR and ARMA which were estimated using the actual solar production data collected at one of Uppsala regions solar production plants. Also, a case where ideal forecasts were used was applied. Furthermore, the charging need for various number of cars was simulated for every working day throughout an entire year in order to simulate the application of the algorithm and examine its performance but also to simulate the uncontrolled charging.

The results, compared to the uncontrolled charging, show that the algorithm is able to increase the self-consumption of solar power by an average of 9,33 – 25,30 percentage points for 10 – 50 charging cars. It is also able to increase the selfsufficiency by an average of 42,65 – 31,28 percentage points for 10-50 cars respectively thus reducing the need of electricity imports from the grid. Furthermore, it was discovered that the results, the self-consumption and selfsufficiency, from the simulations with ideal forecasts differed only by up to 2 percentage points from the simulations where the forecasts were created through an AR(9) model (AR model of order 9). This allows a conclusion that a simple AR(9) model is completely sufficient to create forecasts that are good enough to produce satisfactory results.

In general, it is concluded that the algorithm developed in this study is successful when it comes to increasing the self-consumption of the solar power, the selfsufficiency and decreasing the amount of energy needed from the electricity grid. This limits the negative impacts that the increasing solar power production and the growing electric vehicle fleet have on the electricity grid. 

For a long time, frames have been built with traditional materials such as concrete and wood but there are newer, less tested alternatives. Posi-Joist is a new kind of hybrid beam which means that it consists of different materials that work together to form a stronger frame. Posi is a collective name for the different parts of the beam. Because Posi-Joist is a new beam, it hasn’t been tested as much as the more traditional materials. The purpose of this report is to investigate if Posi-Joist is an acceptable frame to use on larger constructions since it hasn't been investigated before. In order to investigate this, a hybrid frame consisting of Posi-Joist beams will be compared to a concrete and a wooden frame.

When choosing a material there are different parameters that matter. The different materials will demand different spans, have different environmental impact, and have different costs.

To investigate which frame is the optimal choice, different software will be used. Autodesk Revit will primarily be used to draw the frames’ different designs. Frame Analysis and FEM-Design will be used to perform calculations on the strength of the frames. One Click LCA will be used to obtain LCC and LCA.

The wooden frame was the most expensive since the concrete frame’s price was just 40 % of the wooden frame's total cost. The hybrid frame’s price was 52,4 % of the wooden frame’s price and was therefore more expensive than the concrete frame but cheaper than the wooden frame. The wooden frame had less environmental impact since it emits 11,2 % of the concrete frame’s emissions. The hybrid frame emits 90 % of the concrete’s total emissions. The hybrid frame can manage the largest spans.

The conclusion is that the concrete frame is the best option when it comes to design and price but has the most environmental impact. The wooden frame had the least environmental impact but could not manage compatible spans. The hybrid frame could manage the largest spans but was neither the worst nor the best in any of the other categories.

This thesis examines the potential for solar power production within Uppsala's planned south-eastern districts, aiming to support the municipality's ambition to become fossil-free by 2030 andclimate-positive by 2050. The thesis considers two different scenarios: Scenario A and ScenarioB. In Scenario A, it is assumed that all buildings are constructed in the traditional manner, usingconventional building design. In Scenario B, it is assumed that the roofs of all buildings aredesigned with an optimal orientation (tilt and azimuth) to maximize solar energy conversion,where obstacles on the roof (e.g., ventilation pipes) are consolidated in a few locations tooptimize the available roof space.

The electricity demand in the area is estimated to be 119.84 GWh/year. The results show thatScenario B gives a larger solar power, calculated to 118.14 GWh/year with 578,234 m² ofavailable roof area, compared to Scenario A's 73.39 GWh/year with 363,316 m² of available roofarea. More buildings in Scenario B have a lower self-consumption compared to Scenario Abecause they produce more power than they can use directly, leading to a reduction in the self-use rate. Regarding the degree of self-sufficiency, the results show that in Scenario B, moreself-produced solar power is used than in Scenario A. Therefore, buildings in Scenario B have ahigher degree of self-sufficiency, reducing dependence on the external electrical grid andcontributing to the south-eastern districts becoming more self-sufficient. Central battery storageis needed to manage and store solar energy from the solar modules for later use during peakloads.

With global climate change as the main driver, there is an increase towards including more variable renewable energy (VRE) sources in the electricity mix. Energy production from utilizing the photovoltaic effect, or PV power, is increasing rapidly and is visioned to cover 5 – 10 % of Sweden’s electricity demand in 2040. In addition to rooftop PV production, large- scale PV production in the form of ground-mounted PV parks is gaining ground. A higher share of VRE in the power system creates new challenges as to uphold the power system stability. For a PV park owner, achieving a preferable economic outcome is also a challenge, as the variable electricity output may not match electricity demand. Therefore, combining a PV park with an energy storage, which can store the PV production energy, is seen as a favorable solution. This way, the variability of the electricity production can be reduced and the stored energy in the battery can be used for services benefitting both the PV park owner and the power grid.

This study aims to explore the economic potential of combining a PV park with an energy storage. This is achieved by simulating a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery storage combined with PV production modeled after a 3.5 MW PV park located in Fyrislund, Uppsala. Five cases with individually differing approaches are simulated, exploring how so-called service stacking can be applied with a battery. The investigated services included in the cases are 1) lowering the cost of connecting the PV park to the power grid, 2) lowering the cost of feeding in energy to the power grid, 3) increasing the revenue of selling electricity on the Nord Pool spot market, 4) increasing the revenue by performing energy arbitrage, 5) increasing the revenue by participating in the primary frequency regulating markets to help stabilize the 50 Hz grid frequency.

The cases are evaluated by calculating the net present value (NPV) of the system over 10 years with an annual discount rate of 5 %. Battery capacities ranging from 0.1 MWh/0.1 MW to 8 MWh/2 MW are tested. The system configuration achieving the highest NPV occurs when all services are performed, and a 0.13 MWh/0.1 MW battery is used. This NPV is also higher than the NPV when not including a battery in the system. Conclusions include that the spot price impacts the choice of battery capacity to a high extent and that the battery investment cost motivates using a smaller-sized battery.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the visibility of cracks and other damages on concrete structures using thermography, with application on the downstream side of the concrete dam’s front plate. The project is in collaboration with Vattenfall AB whom expressed to investigate new alternative methods when inspecting hydroelectric dams. The methods used in the project were field inspection, laboratory research and simulation of a concrete dam. The field inspections and laboratory research were used to compare actual conditions with those required for thermography to be carried out in a desirable manner. Simulation was used as a tool to see if condensation on the surface of the structure occurs, in order to determine whether or not thermography is suitable. The result of this thesis show that there are difficulties in locating cracks in the field, as there were not sufficiently large temperature differences on the surface of the construction. The study in the laboratory show that cracks can be identified when the moisture application is concentrated to the crack formation, the surrounding surface is somewhat drier than the crack and that the temperature differences on the surface of the sample are greater than approximately 1 ° C.

According to the national climate policy framework adopted by Riksdagen (the Swedish parliament) 2017, Sweden should reach zero net emissions of greenhouse gases in 2045. For this to be successful, the construction and real estate industry, which annually accounts for one fifth of Sweden’s territorial greenhouse gas emissions, needs to minimize its emissions. One step towards reducing the emissions is to track and quantify them and that is why in 2022 a new law will come in to force that requires the developer to make climate declarations on all new buildings. This study has investigated how and when climate calculations of planned buildings should be carried out in order to be as beneficial as possible. Furthermore, the study examined material choices and emission allocation in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions caused by the construction process. A building information model (BIM model) of an educational building which is planned to be built, served as a case study for this project. The BIM model was imported to a spreadsheet program in order to create three different versions of the building in three common framing materials; wood, concrete and steel. A list of all used building components, construction resources and associated quantities was produced and exported for each model. The list was imported to a climate calculation tool, based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), to manually link the construction resources with their corresponding LCA data. General waste fractions and general transport scenarios were entered for each construction resource. Theresults showed that the wooden frame model emitted 28 %less carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) than the concrete frame model and 22 % less than the steel frame model. The wood frame itself generated a 54 % less greenhouse gas emissions than the concrete frame and 45 % less than the steel frame. Concrete and insulation were the two resource groups that caused the greatest climate impact in five out of six cases. The production of the building components caused 88–90 % of the total climate footprint for all three models. Transport of the building components to the construction site and resource waste at the construction site both caused between 4–6 % of the climate impact in all models. The study also found that the climate calculations should be carried out as soon as the general architectural model of the building is created, in order for the calculations to serve as a decision basis in the project planning where design choices are made. The price for the climate calculations at an early stage in the construction process is low because the BIM model is relatively simple and therefore the calculations are not time-consuming. If the climate calculations occur at a later stage of the construction process, the emission figures become more accurate, but the price for the calculations increases. In addition, it is more difficult and much more expensive to make changes at a later stage. Thus, the probability is that the climate calculations will not be used in any decision. Nyckelord

Preem has recently acquired a new office building and are interested inreducing the energy consumption, climate impact and annual energy costof the building. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how differentenergy efficiency measures as well as the installation of solar cellsaffect the energy use and climate impact of an office building.

Three actions have been proposed, both separately and in combinationwith each other. These were attic insulation, change of ventilation andchange of heating system. The resulting simulations showed a reductionof between 3 and 65 %, depending on which energy efficiency measureswere implemented. Replacing the heating system resulted in the largestreduction.

This study also showed that the most profitable way to place a PVsystem is in a south-westerly direction with a 25 degree slope. Thissolution has an installed power of 16.3 kWp and an annual electricityproduction of 12.96 MWh. This corresponds to a self-consumption rate of95.2 % and a self-sufficiency rate of 5.6 %. The highest electricityproduction was obtained when PV modules were placed on three differentrooftops and with a module slope of between 12 and 15 degrees,depending on the roof. This PV system has an installed power of 76.9kWp and an annual electricity production of 57.96 MWh. All solutionsled to a reduced climate impact.

Abstract [en]

This study investigates a variety of insulation materials for building envelopes, focusing on environmental and economic aspects from a sustainability perspective. The aim is to create a decision-making basis for stakeholders in the construction sector. A multi family house, as a case study of the Scilla block in Täby, Stockholm is used as the foundation for this study. The insulation materials are evaluated regarding improvements for the roof, exterior walls, and foundation. Methods such as semi-structured interviews, life cycle assessments (LCA), and life cycle cost analyses (LCC) are used to assess climate impact (CO2e) and cost in Sek (Swedish kronor) over a 50-year period. The results show that high-performance insulation materials can reduce energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions but may entail higher initial costs and environmental impact during manufacturing. The conclusion is that the choice of insulation materials requires a balance between long-term sustainability and short-term economic considerations.

Abstract [sv]

Denna studie undersöker en variation av isoleringsmaterial för byggnadens klimatskärm medfokus på aspekterna miljö och ekonomi ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv. Studien står till grund föratt skapa ett beslutsfattande underlag för aktörer inom byggnadssektorn. En fallstudie avkvarteret Scilla i Täby, Stockholm används som grund. Isoleringsmaterialen utvärderas medavseende på förbättringar för tak, yttervägg och grund. Metoder som semistruktureradeintervjuer, livscykelanalyser (LCA) och livscykelkostnadsanalyser (LCC) används för attbedöma klimatpåverkan (CO2e) och kostnader i SEK (Svenska kronor) över en 50-årig period.Resultaten visar att högpresterande isoleringsmaterial kan minska energibehovet och utsläppetav växthusgaser, men kan innebära högre initiala kostnader och en ökad miljöbelastning fråntillverkningsprocessen. Slutsatsen är att valet av isoleringsmaterial kräver en balans mellanlångsiktig hållbarhet och kortsiktiga ekonomiska överväganden.

This study evaluates two fire protection solutions for wall facades in multifamily housesto counteract the spread of external fires. Through this investigation, fire-technical,economic, and environmental comparisons are analyzed between two wood productswithin Thermowood spruce and pine as well as a facade material within Wood-PlasticComposites (WPC). In this study, digital fire simulations are conducted according toSP FIRE 105 regulations and dimensions, along with performing life cycle analysis(LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCC) to assess the environmental impact andeconomic differences between the respective facade panels.Initially, the analysis showed that, on average, WPC delayed fire spread by 29.9%according to the fire progression specified in BBRAD, a regulatory framework guidinganalytical design to meet BBR requirements. This led it to escalate up to 34.7% underscenarios with varying power dissipation. In the investigations, WPC has, from aneconomic perspective, proven to be cost-effective compared to the facade productsPlanned Thermowood and Rough Thermowood. This is because the initial cost forWPC is 75.14% lower than that for Planned Thermowood and Rough Thermowood,and because WPC has a longer lifespan enables cost reductions over extendedanalyzed periods. WPC is also the recommended material for use as a facade toreduce emissions. The total amount of CO₂-equivalent emissions for WPC amountedto 19.46 tons over a lifespan of 100 years, resulting in a reduction of approximately 6%compared to Rough Thermowood and around 11% compared to Planned Thermowood.

Due to the increasing average temperature of the earth and the increase in requirements the consumption must decrease. The construction industry in Sweden currently accounts for 20 per cent of the green house emission and generates 14,2 million tons of waste each year. An increased reuse and recycling would bring both environmental and economic benefits.

The thesis is produced in collaboration with Einar Mattsson AB with the purpose to investigate the possibilities to decrease the amount of wood waste in new construction building and to present a recommendation of solutions. To do that, the study has included interviews with logistic managers, wood suppliers, craftsmen, and supervisors which made it possible to estimate current waste management and the possibility of reuse or alternative solutions. The interviews were supplemented with questionnaires and observations form a new construction project, where the volume of wood waste was identified and estimated. This resulted in the largest fraction being disposable pallets and waste of material.

Furthermore, the suggested solutions to decrease the waste of wood are believed to be increased communication between all actors involved and greater space of storage may lead to an improved waste management. Also, a change in working methods and agreements with suppliers is required. Wood waste that still occurs should be used in manufacturing of wooden fiberboards used in building production.

The solar power accounts for only 0.2% of the Swedish power production in 2019. However, the solar power market is growing at a fast rate. Solar power production needs to be utilized instantly locally, for example in a building or else it is fed to the grid. Therefore, a challenge is how to utilize as much solar power as possible. This study aims to answer how solar panels should be placed in an optimal way in order to meet the load in a building similar to Vasakronan's property Kransen 2 in Uppsala. Two types of measures are used in the study to evaluate the solar power systems. The measure self-consumption describes the amount of solar production that is instantly used in a building. The measure self-sufficiency describes how much of the consumed solar power that covers the building's total load. The solar power production varies during the day. Therefore, the placement of panels affects the production profile during the day. The methodology in this study consists of a simulation model which provides optimal solar power systems regards to self-consumption and self-sufficiency. An economic model is also developed which calculates the payback time of solar power investments. The results shows that self-sufficiency is an important measure in order to increase the matching between a building's load and solar power production, and thereby reduce the proportion of purchased electricity from the grid. A solar power system should be optimized with regards to high self-sufficiency, and use the self-consumption to measure the amount of overproduction a system would have. A high self-sufficiency also provides a shorter payback time due to less amount of purchased electricity. The value and the relationship between self-consumption and self-sufficiency depends on the size of the system installed power. 

Den här rapporten syftar till att utveckla kalkylen kring omkostnader för tillfälligt form, specifikt uppbockning av normalplan i samarbete med JM AB. Problematiken med den aktuella kalkylen har varit att tiden ej varit inkorporerad, vilket har fått till följd att precisionen är låg för kalkylen. 

Uppbockning i normalplan, betyder de stöd som finnes för normalplan vid gjutning av bjälklag för dessa plan. De finns till för att stödja konstruktionen innan dess att bjälklaget har nått tillräcklig hållfasthet för att stå av sig själv. Normalplan innebär det plan, som vanligtvis, finns ovanför entréplan. Dessa plan är ofta lika i utformning och detta kallas normalplan

Arbetet påbörjades med att samla in data från sju projekt i vilka hyrdagar, storlek och antal våningar varit avgörande för att producera nya nyckelvärden för grundkostnad, fraktkostnad och hyreskostnad. Kostnaden för uppbockning av normalplan för nya projekt går således att räkna ut med hjälp av genomsnittligt antal våningar och storleken för normalplan.

Två olika metoder som behandlar uppbockning har funnits hos JM. Den ena genererar lägre kostnad, men är förknippad med risk för fördröjning på grund av betongens härdningstid för att uppnå full hållfasthet. Det andra förfarandet erbjuder högre kostnader men ett större utrymme för marginal. Denna metod använde fyra av de sju undersökta projekt. 

Vi har funnit att metoden med låg risk som borde leda till högre kostnader, i praktikengav lägre kostnader. Andra faktorer än val av metod påverkar kostnaden, men enförklaring till den lägre kostnaden är att lågriskmetoden gör det möjligt för projektet att arbeta i högre takt utan risk för fördröjning på grund av betongens härdningstid vilket i sin tur innebär lägre hyreskostnader. 

Buildings and the built environment account for a significant portion of the global energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing the energy demand in this sector is crucial for a sustainable energy transition. This highlights the need for accurate and large-scale estimations and predictions of the future energy demand in buildings. Urban building energy modeling (UBEM) is an analytical tool for precise and high-quality energy modelling of city-scale building stocks, which is growing in interest as a useful tool for researchers and decision-makers worldwide.

This thesis contributes to the understanding and future development in the field of UBEM and multi-variate cluster analysis. Based on a review of contemporary literature, possible improvements and knowledge gaps regarding UBEM are identified. The majority of UBEM studies are developed for similar applications, and some challenges are close to universal. Difficulties in data acquisition and the identification and characterisation of building archetypes are frequently addressed. Drawing on conclusions from the review, a clustering methodology for identifying building archetypes for hybrid UBEM was developed. The methodology utilised the k-means cluster analysis algorithm for multiple diverse parameters, including socio-economic indicators, and is based on open data sets which eliminates data acquisition issues and allows for easy adaptation. Building archetypes were successfully identified for two large data sets, and proved to be representative of the sample building stock. The results of the analysis also show that the error metric values diverge after a certain number of clusters, for multiple runs of the algorithm. This property of the algorithm in combination with the use of both existing and novel error metrics provide a reliable method for determining the optimal number of clusters. The methodology developed in this thesis enables for an improved modelling process, as a part of a complete UBEM.

In this master thesis, a methodology is proposed for building stock classification and archetype building development based on deterministic information available in Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) of existing buildings in the city of Uppsala.This study aims to answer if the EPC database can be used as a reliable data source for archetype development and further UBEM models.The EPC data is cleaned and organised using Matlab. The building stock is then categorised into archetypes by energy performance and building characteristics and a model of each archetype building is created in the software EnergyPlus.The South-West part of Uppsala is used as a case study and to represent the building stock of that area 20 archetypes is developed. Simulations in EnergyPlus shows that the defined archetypes is a reliable estimation of buildings in Sweden with the same characteristics and construction period.By using GIS data the results can be aggregated to city level with the resulting total energy demand for heating calculated to 1455,7 GWh, compared to the actual value of 1397,0 GWh.The lack of validation data on a smaller scale is a large issue for this study, as well as some issues with data reliability in the EPCs. Despite this, the results of this study points to that the gathered values are a decent enough estimate to make a reliable assumption of the total energy demand for heating. The EPCs thus provide a useful source of data for energy demand purposes and building characteristics.

Due to rapid urbanisation and the significant contribution of cities to worldwide energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, urban energy system planning is growing more important. Urban building energy modelling (UBEM) draws increasing attention in the energy modelling field due to its inherent capacities for modelling entire cities or building stocks, and the potential of varying data inputs, approaches and applications. This review aims to identify best practices and improvements for UBEM applications by examining previous research, with a focus on the currently least established approaches. Different archetype development procedures are analysed for common problems, six main under-developed input approaches or parameters are identified, and applications for future scenario development are surveyed. By analysing previous studies in related fields, this paper provides an overview of gaps in the published research and possible additions to future UBEM projects that can help expanding the existing modelling procedures. Comprehensive human behaviour models with additional aspects beyond occupant presence are identified as a major point of interest. Further research on socio-economic parameters, such as household income and demographics, are also suggested to further improve modelling. This study also underlines the potential for utilising UBEM as a tool for evaluating future climate change scenarios.

Building archetype identification is crucial for Urban Building Energy Modeling (UBEM), but is still considered one of the biggest challenges in this field. New methods of data acquisition, along with data mining techniques such as clustering, have recently received attention for the possibility of significantly increasing identification reliability and archetype accuracy. This paper aims to establish a new and simple clustering methodology for developing building archetypes for hybrid UBEM, using open data sets and multiple diverse variables, that is still reliable and possible to validate without the use of metered energy use or real building data. The methodology uses k-means clustering for 10 building parameters simultaneously, including socio-economic parameters obtained using spatial interpolation of statistical values. Building archetypes are successfully developed for the residential building stocks of two case study areas in Sweden. The results also show that the error metric values for multiple iterations diverge after a certain number of clusters, even when using the same clustering methodology on the same data set. This discovered effect, along with the combined use of one well-known and one novel error metric, constitutes a framework well adapted to accurately determining the optimal number of building archetypes.

This thesis investigates information loss and interoperability challenges in Building Information Modeling (BIM) within the construction industry, focusing on two infrastructure projects in Sweden. The study aims to identify the types and causes of information loss during file management and conversion processes between different BIM software platforms, specifically Bentley's OpenRoads Designer and Autodesk's Navisworks. The two infrastructure projects used in the thesis aim at enhancing safety and traffic flow. Project A involves converting level crossings into underpasses beneath railway tracks, using software from the same manufacturer. Project B focuses on constructing a circular crossroad along a highway, utilizing software from different manufacturers. Through a combination of document analysis and discussions with project representatives, the research identifies key geometric data loss points including edges, centerlines, and profiles, during file format conversions from DGN to DWG. The analysis used document reports related to the subject area, BIM models, and the Swedish Transportation Administration’s requirements for the project under study. Additionally, 3D-models, including sub-models and compiled models, were carefully examined. The analysis involved systematically reviewing these documents and models to identify where data loss occurs, thereby providing insights into the causes of these discrepancies within the field of data loss. The findings reveal that non-standardized data management practices and software incompatibilities lead to significant information loss, affecting project efficiency and accuracy. Recommendations include the adoption of standardized data protocols, improved interoperability solutions, and enhanced training for industry professionals to reduce data loss and improve BIM workflows. This study contributes to the understanding of BIM interoperability issues and provides actionable insights for enhancing the BIM workflow in construction projects.  

As a response to the increasing demand for renewable power, the solar photovoltaic (PV) market is growing fast. In addition to PV systems, the energy from solar radiation can be converted intoheat energy in solar thermal (ST) systems. This study uses a method that identifies solar energy systems using aerial imagery and deep machine learning to create and evaluate an inventory of solar energy systems in three Swedish municipalities together with socioeconomic and demographic data, to understand the relation between different variables and PV and ST adoption. The variables are age, sex, birth region, education, unemployment, average income and economic standard. Information about the locations also include owner, time at residence, tax value, purpose of property and purpose of building. The relation is analyzed through a correlation and regression analysis at three different granularity levels: households, demographic statistical areas and municipalities.

Out of 692 inventoried PV systems and 399 ST systems, the majority was installed in rural or regional center areas. The most common buildings were residential and complementary. Most of the properties were owned by individuals, and the tax value of properties was in general lower for ST systems, indicating that it is more common for companies to install PV systems and at larger properties. The average income, age and percentage of males are higher for households that have adopted PV and/or ST systems compared to the municipalities average. However, the difference is clearer for PV systems than for ST systems.

The analysis concludes that share of the population in age group 45-64 years, share of males, share born in Sweden and high average income have a positive correlation to PV adoption. Share of the population within age group 25-44 years, unemployment and low economic standard isfound to have a negative correlation to PV deployment. Positive correlation to ST adoption is found for a share of the population within age group 45-64 years and born in Sweden. Share of population in age group 24-44 years and unemployment was found to have a negative correlation to ST deployment. 

The global market of solar energy systems is currently experiencing a rapid growth, driven bythe increasing demand for renewable energy. To monitor the rapid expansion of solar energy, aerial imagery combined with deep machine learning can be utilized. This study aims to assess the market penetration and remaining potential for roof-mounted  decentralized solar energy across various market segments using these advanced technologies. Furthermore, the purpose is to assess the impact of socio-economic factors on the adoption of solar energy systems. The findings reveal that the photovoltaic system penetration rates are generally consistent across all the studied distributed market segments in Sweden, with a slightly higher rate for public buildings. The penetration of solar thermal systems is lower in comparison and are most common among single-family dwellings. Significant potential remains for rooftop solar installations, with 64.1% of roof area available and suitable for solar energy. Regarding the number of buildings, 76.9% of all buildings either lack or can enlarge an already existing solar energy system. The remaining potential across the market segments varies slightly due to different proportions of areas that are unsuitable for solar energy. The penetration rates are highest in central city areas, but with just slightly lower rates in urban and rural areas. Socio-economic factors such as educational level, employment rate, median income, and the proportion of people aged 65+ are shown to influence solar energy adoption.

Renewable power production is becoming a necessity to improve society and overcome the challenges of climate change. In Sweden, large-scale solar PV power is growing year-on-year and today comprises 1 percent of electricity production. Solar power, however, is an intermittent form of electricity production which, whilst being renewable, contributes to increasing grid instability. For the grid to stay in balance, at grid frequency 50 Hz, electricity must be consumed at the time of production. If there is a surplus of production or a sudden decrease in consumption, the frequency will deviate from the nominal value. When introducing larger quantities of intermittent power production, the power system inertia decreases, and the frequency becomes prone to deviate. To combat this, the Swedish TSO Svenska Kraftnät procures ancillary services which aid the grid when needed. For solar PV power to be able to contribute to these marketplaces, a battery storage solution system (BESS) is utilized. This thesis aimed to investigate the economic feasibility of co-locating a solar photovoltaic (PV) park with a battery energy storage system (BESS) and to determine the optimal size of the BESS. The study utilized a linear optimization model to simulate the operation of a 14 MW solar PV park with different sizes of BESS ranging from 1 MWh to 14 MWh. The analysis considered the revenue generated by providing different services to the electricity grid, such as energy arbitrage and frequency regulation. The results indicate that co-locating a solar PV park with a BESS increases revenue, and the optimal BESS size for a 14 MW solar PV park is between 1 and 8 MWh. Above this range, the revenue recedes due to the limitations of the grid connection, which restricts the BESS from participating in the ancillary service markets. The analysis considers the running costs associated with power discharge to the grid and initial BESS investment. The study did not account for ancillary market bids that are not accepted, which could have a significant impact on the revenue generated. The ongoing trend of lowering battery prices could further boost the economic assessment and increase interest in all battery sizes, resulting in larger battery system installations in general.

In the present study, two pretreatment methods (thermal pretreatment and biological pre-hydrolysis) were suggested for food waste (FW) with the aim to enhance biomass conversion and biogas production by anaerobic. The effects of thermal pretreatment (TP), including TP at 60°C and 80°C for 60 min, and TP at 100°C, 120°C and 140°C for 30 min, well as biological pre-hydrolysis (BPH) at 37°C, 55°C, 37°C followed by 55°C and 55°C followed by 37°C for 40 hour on anaerobic digestion performance of FW were evaluated in batch tests. Results were compared with untreated FW. The BPH and TP caused an increase in the soluble chemical oxygen demand and hydrolysis efficiency. The methane yield (MY) increased from 371.17 ml CH4/g VS for untreated FW to 471.95 ml CH4/ g VS. The maximal MY was recorded for BPH at 37°C for 20 h followed by 55°C for 20 h. The pretreatments increased the biogas production rate and reduced the lag phase. The most influential variables on the methane yield were investigated using three statistical methods: Principal component analysis, Mutual Information and R-squared. The results allowed a good modeling of the methane yield and minimized the overfitting effect. For reproduction and solid contribution to the field, we have attached to our article all the necessary material to reproduce the same statistical work as in the paper body.

In Almunge, east of Uppsala, there is a relative new health care center which has solar power installed on the roof. The solar cells annually produce approximately 62 000 kWh of electricity that are beneficial to store. Batteries can be used for short-term storage and to reduce peak power, but hydrogen storage can be used as long-term storage. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate if it is profitable to implement a hybrid energy storage compared to a single battery storage. The hybrid energy storage is a combination of a saltwater battery that reduces the peak power every month, and a hydrogen storage that functions as back-up power and long-term storage. This is compared to a single saltwater battery that is used to increase the self-sufficiency of the health care center. This is evaluated with respect to feasibility, profitability, sustainability and safety. In this study it turns out that it is not reasonable to install a hybrid energy storage using hydrogen both as back-up power and long-term storage, due to the risks. However, it could be feasible to install a hybrid energy storage where the hydrogens storage only act as back-up power. In the economic analysis, the lifecycle cost (LCC) and pay-back time were compared for five different energy storage solutions. The first solution is a hybrid energy storage, where the hydrogen storage act back-up power for three days, combined with a saltwater battery of 25 kWh to reduce peak power. The second solution is a hybrid energy storage, where the hydrogen storage act back-up power for seven days, combined with a saltwater battery of 25 kWh to reduce peak power. The third solution is a saltwater battery with a capacity of 60 kWh. The fourth solution is a saltwater battery with a capacity of 90 kWh. The fifth solution is a saltwater battery with a capacity of 120 kWh. It turns out that a saltwater battery of 60 kWh has the lowest LCC and shortest pay-back time that is shorter than its lifetime. Therefore, it is most profitable to install a saltwater battery of 60 kWh to increase the self-sufficiency of the health care center. 

Global warming is a threat to the planet. In Sweden, the construction industry accounts for 6-40 percent of the country's climate impact. To counteract further climate change, the industry must reduce the amount of waste by reusing construction products. This study examines the climate impact that interior doors, textile flooring, and glass partitions have when installed in an office landscape based on three scenarios: 

The entire product quantity is newly produced. Half the product quantity is newly produced, and half the product quantity is reused. The entire product quantity is reused. By comparing these scenarios, the worst-case (scenario 1) and best-case (scenario 3) are presented, as well as an intermediate position for a more realistic view (scenario 2). A case study was conducted with a site visit and an interview. Life cycle assessment calculations were performed in Prodikt and Excel using data collected from Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) and quantities from the case study. 

The analysis of the results show that the office adaptation's climate impact has saved approximately 6805 kg CO2e in total or approximately 148.3 kg CO2e/m2 by reusing (scenario 3) all glass partitions, textile flooring, and interior doors, instead of implementing newly produced products (scenario 1) in the project. For scenario 2, the climate impact will be approximately half of scenario 1. The product that reduces the climate impact the most when reused is glass partitions, followed by interior doors and finally textile flooring. 

The results show that there is great potential to reduce the construction industry's climate impact through reuse. It is important to consider that all projects are different; products with a large climate footprint per square meter can have a small total impact in small quantities, and vice versa. The study justifies the use of recycling to reduce the amount of waste and the need for newly produced building products. 

2015 the Paris agreement was signed to tackle the climate change and reduce emissions from fossil fuel burning. The industrial and manufacturing sector which alone accounts for 32% of global energy use relies heavily on fossil fuels. Solar thermal energy is a renewable energy source that has potential of replacing large portions of this energy. The Swedish research and development company, Absolicon Solar Collectors AB are manufacturers of solar collectors and production lines of dito. Their main product, the Absolicon T160, is a concentrating solar collector which can produce heat up to 160°C.India, and more specifically the state of Gujarat is an interesting market for the solar collectors. This study is aiming to give Absolicon a better understanding of the potential of replacing fossil fuel with solar thermalenergy in Gujarat, so that they can direct their efforts in the right direction. It is a qualitative study mainly focused on the dairy and textile processing industry, two important sectors in the state that has process demands which can be run on solar thermal energy. Since no reliable data regarding the energy consumption in the studied industries where found, a method for estimating the energy consumption is presented in the study.The results from the study shows that large scale manufacturing is possible from a demand point of view, but there are many hindrances for a market penetration. In India large portions of the industry segments studied is non-organized, i.e. small scale with low level of modern technology. Integration of solar thermal energy in the non-organized sector demands a different approach. Based on the results a market analysis with suggestions on how to proceed for the different industrial segments studied is presented.Despite good solar insolation in the state the solar resource was studied in greater detail as aerosols and dust can affect the energy yield from the solar collectors. The results indicates that the annual solar irradiation can be both over- and underestimated when using satellite derived models. India has monsoon seasons and seasonal winds which affects the levels of aerosols in the atmosphere. The level of aerosols and dust has ahigh impact on the solar resource.Ground measurements are therefore a complement that could be used to get a better understandingon site.

In the construction industry, there are various methods for how the client and contractor should work together. Historically, most contracts have been awarded through traditional cooperation, resulting in limited collaboration between the contractor and the client. In recent times, partnering has become increasingly common, based on close collaboration between the client and the contractor. As partnering has gained popularity, the profitability of different collaboration forms has come under scrutiny, as well as which collaboration form contributes to the highest quality of the final product and the lowest cost for the client.

The purpose of this work is to examine how incentives and competition will affect the different parties’ approach to risk management within the different collaboration forms. This will be done through three different methods: a literature study, a case study, and interviews, clearly demonstrating how risk management varies depending on the collaboration form applied in the project.

The literature study forms the basis for the analysis of the case study and the formulation of the questions asked in the interviews. The case study compares the risk and opportunity assessments of two ongoing construction projects, one using traditional cooperation and the other using partnering. The interview study is based on seven interviews with relevant respondents, each offering their perspective on the collaboration forms.

The work shows that incentives and competition will influence the parties eagerness to work with risk management to the extent that it is profitable. Since many partnering agreements have somewhat loose reins, it means that the client must take on greater responsibility for a partnering project to become profitable. The work also highlights that competition will have a significant impact on the contractor's risk allocations depending on the collaboration form applied in the project.