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  • 1.
    Daniels, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computer Systems.
    Cajander, Åsa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computerized Image Analysis and Human-Computer Interaction.
    Eckerdal, Anna
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Division of Scientific Computing. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computational Science.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computerized Image Analysis and Human-Computer Interaction.
    Nylén, Aletta
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computing Science.
    Clear, Tony
    McDermott, Roger
    Competencies for paradigm shift "survival"2015In: Proc. 45th ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2015, p. 1424-1429Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 2. Fath, Aaron J.
    et al.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Division of Visual Information and Interaction. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computerized Image Analysis and Human-Computer Interaction.
    Bingham, Geoffrey P.
    Perception of time to contact of slow- and fast-moving objects using monocular and binocular motion information2018In: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, ISSN 1943-3921, E-ISSN 1943-393X, Vol. 80, no 6, p. 1584-1590Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 3.
    Forsell, Camilla
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction. Människa-datorinteraktion.
    Seipel, Stefan
    Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction. Människa-datorinteraktion.
    Simple 3D glyphs for Spatial Multivariate Data2005In: IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization: InfoVis 05, 2005, p. 244-Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present an effort to evaluate the possible utility of a new type of 3D glyphs intended for visualizations of multivariate spatial data. They are based on results from vision research suggesting that our perception of metric 3D structure is distorted and imprecise relative to the actual scene before us (e.g., [1]); only a class of qualitative properties of the scene is perceived with accuracy. These properties are best characterized as being invariant over affine but not Euclidean transformations. They are related, but not identical to, the non-accidental properties (NAPs) described by Lowe [2] on which the notion of geons is based [3]. A large number of possible 3D glyphs for the visualization of spatial data can be constructed using such properties. One group is based on the local sign of surface curvature. We investigated these properties in a visualization experiment. The results are promising and the implications for visualization are discussed.

  • 4.
    Forsell, Camilla
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction. Människa-datorinteraktion.
    Seipel, Stefan
    Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction. Människa-datorinteraktion.
    Surface Glyphs for Efficient Visualization of Spatial Multivariate Data2006In: Information Visualization, ISSN 1473-8716, Vol. 5, p. 112-124Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a first effort to evaluate the possible utility of a new type of surface glyphs intended for visualizations of multivariate spatial data. The glyphs are based on results from vision research suggesting that our perception of metric 3D structure is distorted and imprecise relative to the actual scene before us; only a class of qualitative properties of the scene is perceived with accuracy. These properties are best characterized as being invariant over affine but not Euclidean transformations. A large number of possible 3D glyphs for the visualization of spatial data can be constructed using such properties. One group is based on the local sign of surface curvature. We investigated these properties in two visualization experiments. The results show that available sources of 3D structural information were sufficient for our subjects to make fast and accurate judgments. Some implications for visualization are discussed.

  • 5.
    Gulliksen, Jan
    et al.
    Uppsala University.
    Johnson, Mats
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University.
    Nygren, Else
    Uppsala University.
    The need for new application specific interface elements1993In: Proceedings of HCI international 93, 1993Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 6.
    Gulliksen, Jan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Johnsson, Mats
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Nygren, Else
    Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction. Människa-datorinteraktion.
    Sandblad, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    The need for new application specific interface elements1993In: Advances in Human Factors/Ergonomics 19B, Human Computer Interaction: Software and Hardware Interfaces, 1993, p. 15-20Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The design of user interfaces for skilled workers in professional work settings should be based on style guides that certify efficiency. Most of today's style guides and design guidelines overemphasise general aspects or aspects relevant to novices. To increase efficiency both of the design process and of the resulting interface, more domain specific interface elements should be used. This paper explains the basic ideas of such domain specific style guides and gives some examples from the health care domain.

  • 7.
    Gulliksen, Jan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology. Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction. Människa-datorinteraktion.
    Lif, Magnus
    Lind, Mats
    Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Nygren, Else
    Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Sandblad, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology. Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Analysis of information utilization (AIU)1997In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION, ISSN 1044-7318, Vol. 9, no 3, p. 255-282Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Analysis of information utilisation (AIU) is a method for specifying how information entities encountered in information analysis are being physically manipulated in the work situation undergoing analysis. It focuses especially on factors affecting cognitive load. The method supports the human-computer interface designer with relevant and appropriate information structured specifically for a document oriented design methodology. It gives a suitable basis for user centred interface design, without the possible limitations that improper user participation could cause, and focuses on all aspects relevant for a ”good” work environment, such as competence, organisation, work activity and information technology development.

    Analysis of information utilisation is performed through ”observation-interviews” in which a human-computer expert interviews a typical user about his work situation in the domain of work and observes information handling routines that the user might not be aware of. A number of development projects have shown that this method can constitute an additional step in existing methodologies for capturing aspects of the work situation that can be directly design controlling. This paper describes the method of analysis of information utilisation, and what information that has to be documented while performing the method. It suggests how the method can be incorporated into existing in-house development methodologies, and gives an example of documented analysis results from a development project within the Swedish National Tax Board.

  • 8.
    Gulliksen, Jan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology. Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction. Människa-datorinteraktion.
    Sandblad, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology. Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction. Människa-datorinteraktion.
    Lind, Mats
    Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction. Människa-datorinteraktion.
    The nature of user interface design: The role of domain knowledge1995In: Domain knowledge for interactive systems design, Chapman-Hall, London , 1995Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The importance and growing awareness of domain knowledge acquisition in information systems development and, especially, in the process of design of human-computer interfaces, are becoming more evident. In several in-house development projects, methods for efficiently capturing and utilising domain knowledge have been defined and tested (e.g., through the definition of domain specific style guides and analysis of information utilisation). Also, methods for modelling case handling work in general terms, which is the main application focus of our studies, have been developed and tested in larger organisations.

    This paper focuses on the relation between domain knowledge models and conceptual models in information system development and user models in human-computer interaction. Based on Norman's model of user perception of an existing computer system, different limitations are identified and possible extensions are discussed. By introducing the domain context, several additional models of the work task by the user, as well as the designer, occur. If the dynamic iterative system development process is regarded, additional models and dynamic changes in the models over time can be traced. Furthermore, these models are related to the state-of-the-art knowledge on mental models and domain modelling. Implications for design, such as work modelling, iterative system development, analysis of information utilisation, design and evaluation methods, are discussed.

  • 9. Göransson, Bengt
    et al.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Människa-datorinteraktion.
    Nygren, Else
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Människa-datorinteraktion.
    Sandblad, Bengt
    Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology.
    Schwalbe, Patrik
    The interface is often not the problem1987In: Human Factors in Computing Systems-IV and Graphics Interface, 1987Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 10. Göransson, Bengt
    et al.
    Lind, Mats
    Nygren, Else
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Människa-datorinteraktion.
    Sandblad, Bengt
    Schwalbe, Patrik
    The Interface is Often Not the Problem1987In: Proceedings of Association of Computing Machinery. CHI+GI'87: Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics Interface, 1987, p. 133-136Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Computer systems in the form of tools for specific functions within a work environment are becoming increasingly common. because the users are not computer experts, and because the introduction of the new tools can dramatically change their tasks, problems arise. It is argued that even if the proper design of the MMI is very important, this will not solve all the problems. More basic problems concern what functions should be included in the system and how the users can understand what the system can do in different work situations and how the response would be evaluated in the context of the work situations. This is demonstrated by experiences from application projects. It is concluded that more research must be devoted to these problem areas. Another important result is the fact that the possibilities to develop more generally applicable computer based tools are limited. Adaptation to local circumstances and needs is usually a necessity.

  • 11.
    Hast, Anders
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Division of Visual Information and Interaction.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Division of Visual Information and Interaction.
    Ensembles and Cascading of Embedded Prototype Subspace Classifiers2020In: Journal of WSCG, ISSN 1213-6972, E-ISSN 1213-6964, Vol. 28, no 1/2, p. 89-95Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Deep learning approaches suffer from the so called interpretability problem and can therefore be very hard to visualise. Embedded Prototype Subspace Classifiers is one attempt in the field of explainable AI, which is both fast and efficient since it does not require repeated learning epochs and has no hidden layers. In this paper we investigate how ensembles and cascades of ensembles perform on some popular datasets. The focus is on handwritten data such as digits, letters and signs. It is shown how cascading can be efficiently implemented in order to both increase accuracy as well as speed up the classification.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Ensembles and Cascading of Embedded Prototype Subspace Classifiers
  • 12.
    Hast, Anders
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computerized Image Analysis and Human-Computer Interaction.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computerized Image Analysis and Human-Computer Interaction.
    Vats, Ekta
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computerized Image Analysis and Human-Computer Interaction.
    Embedded Prototype Subspace Classification: A subspace learning framework2019In: Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns, CAIP 2019, PT II, Springer, 2019, p. 581-592Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Handwritten text recognition is a daunting task, due to complex characteristics of handwritten letters. Deep learning based methods have achieved significant advances in recognizing challenging handwritten texts because of its ability to learn and accurately classify intricate patterns. However, there are some limitations of deep learning, such as lack of well-defined mathematical model, black-box learning mechanism, etc., which pose challenges. This paper aims at going beyond the blackbox learning and proposes a novel learning framework called as Embedded Prototype Subspace Classification, that is based on the well-known subspace method, to recognise handwritten letters in a fast and efficient manner. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is empirically evaluated on popular datasets using standard evaluation measures.

  • 13.
    Hast, Anders
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Division of Visual Information and Interaction. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computerized Image Analysis and Human-Computer Interaction.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Division of Visual Information and Interaction. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computerized Image Analysis and Human-Computer Interaction.
    Vats, Ekta
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Division of Visual Information and Interaction. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computerized Image Analysis and Human-Computer Interaction.
    Subspace Learning and Classification2019In: Proc. 3rd Swedish Symposium on Deep Learning, 2019Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 14.
    Kjellin, Andreas
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics and Media, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Winkler Pettersson, Lars
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Seipel, Stefan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Centre for Image Analysis. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computerized Image Analysis.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics and Media, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Different levels of 3D: An evaluation of visualized discrete spatiotemporal data in space-time cubes2010In: Information Visualization, ISSN 1473-8716, E-ISSN 1473-8724, Vol. 9, no 2, p. 152-164Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 15.
    Kjellin, Andreas
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics and Media, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Winkler Pettersson, Lars
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Seipel, Stefan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Centre for Image Analysis. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computerized Image Analysis.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics and Media, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Evaluating 2D and 3D Visualizations of Spatiotemporal Information2010In: ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, ISSN 1544-3558, Vol. 7, no 3, p. 19:1-23Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 16. Lee, Young Lim
    et al.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Division of Visual Information and Interaction. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computerized Image Analysis and Human-Computer Interaction.
    Bingham, Geoffrey P.
    Perceived 3D metric (or Euclidean) shape is merely ambiguous, not systematically distorted2013In: Experimental Brain Research, ISSN 0014-4819, E-ISSN 1432-1106, Vol. 224, no 4, p. 551-555Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Many studies have reported that perceived shape is systematically distorted, but Lind et al. (Inf Vis 2:51-57, 2003) and Todd and Norman (Percept Psychophys 65:31-47, 2003) both found that distortions varied with tasks and observers. We now investigated the hypothesis that perception of 3D metric (or Euclidean) shape is ambiguous rather than systematically distorted by testing whether variations in context would systematically alter apparent distortions. The task was to adjust the aspect ratio of an ellipse on a computer screen to match the cross-section of a target elliptical cylinder object viewed in either frontoparallel elliptical cross-section (2D) or elliptical cross-section in depth (3D). Three different groups were tested using two tasks and two different ranges of aspect ratio: Group 1) 2D(Small) -> 3D(Large), Group 2) 2D(Large) -> 3D(Small), Group 3a) 2D(Small) -> 3D(Small), and Group 3b) 2D(Large) -> 3D(Large). Observers performed the 2D task accurately. This provided the context. The results showed the expected order of slopes when judged aspect ratios were regressed on actual aspect ratios: Group 1 (SL) < Group 3 (SS and LL) < Group 2 (LS). The ambiguity of perceived 3D aspect ratios allowed the range of aspect ratios experienced in the 2D task to affect the 3D judgments systematically. Nevertheless, when the 2D and 3D ranges of aspect ratios were the same (LL and SS) and the 2D were judged accurately, this did not yield accurate 3D judgments. The results supported the hypothesis that perceived 3D metric shape is merely ambiguous rather than systematically distorted.

  • 17. Lee, Young-Lim
    et al.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics and Media, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Bingham, Ned
    Bingham, Geoffrey P.
    Object recognition using metric shape2012In: Vision Research, ISSN 0042-6989, E-ISSN 1878-5646, Vol. 69, p. 23-31Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Most previous studies of 3D shape perception have shown a general inability to visually perceive metric shape. In line with this, studies of object recognition have shown that only qualitative differences, not quantitative or metric ones can be used effectively for object recognition. Recently. Bingham and Lind (2008) found that large perspective changes (>= 45 degrees) allow perception of metric shape and Lee and Bingham (2010) found that this, in turn, allowed accurate feedforward reaches-to-grasp objects varying in metric shape. We now investigated whether this information would allow accurate and effective recognition of objects that vary in respect to metric shape. Both judgment accuracies (d') and reaction times confirmed that, with the availability of visual information in large perspective changes, recognition of objects using quantitative as compared to qualitative properties was equivalent in accuracy and speed of judgments. The ability to recognize objects based on their metric shape is, therefore, a function of the availability or unavailability of requisite visual information. These issues and results are discussed in the context of the Two Visual System hypothesis of Milner and Goodale (1995, 2006).

  • 18.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. mdi.
    Perceiving motion and rigid structure from optic flow: a combined weak-perspective and polar-perspective approach.1996In: Perception & Psychophysics, ISSN 0031-5117, Vol. 58, no 7, p. 1085-102Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 19.
    Lind, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Bingham, Geoffrey P.
    Forsell, Camilla
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Metric 3D structure in visualizations2003In: Information Visualization, ISSN 1473-8716, Vol. 2, no 1, p. 51-57Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 20.
    Lind, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Bingham, Geoffrey P.
    Forsell, Camilla
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    The Illusion of Perceived metric Structure2002In: Proceedings of InfoVis 2002, IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 2002, p. 51-56Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a first effort to evaluate the possible utility of a new type of surface glyphs intended for visualizations of multivariate spatial data. The glyphs are based on results from vision research suggesting that our perception of metric 3D structure is distorted and imprecise relative to the actual scene before us; only a class of qualitative properties of the scene is perceived with accuracy. These properties are best characterized as being invariant over affine but not Euclidean transformations. A large number of possible 3D glyphs for the visualization of spatial data can be constructed using such properties. One group is based on the local sign of surface curvature. We investigated these properties in two visualization experiments. The results show that available sources of 3D structural information were sufficient for our subjects to make fast and accurate judgments. Some implications for visualization are discussed.

  • 21.
    Lind, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Forsell, Camilla
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Allard, Alexander
    Effective visualizations for large displays – the role of transsaccadic memory2003In: Third IASTED International Conference on visualization, Imaging, and Image Processing 2003 (VIIP’03), 2003Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 22.
    Lind, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Människa-datorinteraktion.
    Kjellin, Andreas
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Människa-datorinteraktion.
    Faster is Better: Optimal Speed of Animated Visualizations for Decision Makers2005In: Ninth International Conference on Information Visualisation: IV05, 2005, p. 896-900Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Controlling dynamic processes is a task that is increasingly important in many areas. A possible visualization technique for time-dependent events is animation. However, there are to our knowledge no data available on how different animation speeds affect the performance of human decision makers when trying to discover complex patterns in animations. An experiment was therefore deigned using a cue probability learning paradigm. The results indicate that speed is indeed affecting performance, at least in the more challenging condition we used. Some implications of these results are discussed.

  • 23.
    Lind, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Division of Visual Information and Interaction. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computerized Image Analysis and Human-Computer Interaction.
    Lee, Young Lim
    Mazanowski, Janusz
    Kountouriotis, Georgios K.
    Bingham, Geoffrey P.
    Affine operations plus symmetry yield perception of metric shape with large perspective changes (≥ 45 degrees): Data and model2014In: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, ISSN 0096-1523, E-ISSN 1939-1277, Vol. 40, no 1, p. 83-93Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    G. P. Bingham and M. Lind (2008, Large continuous perspective transformations are necessary and sufficient for accurate perception of metric shape, Perception & Psychophysics, Vol. 70, pp. 524-540) showed that observers could perceive metric shape, given perspective changes >= 45 degrees relative to a principal axis of elliptical cylinders. In this article, we tested (a) arbitrary perspective changes of 45 degrees, (b) whether perception gradually improves with more perspective change, (c) speed of rotation, (d) whether this works with other shapes (asymmetric polyhedrons), (e) different slants, and (f) perspective changes >45 degrees. Experiment 1 compared 45 degrees perspective change away from, versus centered on, a principal axis. Observers adjusted an ellipse to match the cross-section of an elliptical cylinder viewed in a stereo-motion display. Experiment 2 tested whether performance would improve gradually with increases in perspective change, or suddenly with a 45 degrees change. We also tested speed of rotation. Experiment 3 tested (a) asymmetric polyhedrons, (b) perspective change beyond 45 degrees, and (c) the effect of slant. The results showed (a) a particular perspective was not required, (b) judgments only improved with >= 45 degrees change, (c) speed was not relevant, (d) it worked with asymmetric polyhedrons, (e) slant was not relevant, and (f) judgments remained accurate beyond 45 degrees of change. A model shows how affine operations, together with a symmetry yielded by 45 degrees perspective change, bootstrap perception of metric shape.

  • 24.
    Lind, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science.
    Nygren, Else
    Allard, Alexander
    Learning simple and complex patterns in a diagnostic task1995Report (Other scientific)
    Abstract [en]

    In two experiments we have studied how users performing a diagnostic task learned to recognize figural patterns in the displayed information. The average decision time was significantly shorter if symptoms presented on the screen formed a figural pattern compared to a control condition where no pattern was formed. When learning simple patterns, performance levelled out after about 1000 trials. When learning difficult patterns, performance levelled out at after about 5 500 trials. The final values of the decision times were about the same for simple and complex patterns.

  • 25.
    Lind, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University.
    Nygren, Else
    Uppsala University.
    Sandblad, Bengt
    Uppsala University.
    Schneider, Werner
    Uppsala University.
    Computer based work stations in health care1988In: IMIA Working conference "Towards new hospital infomration systems": Nijmegen 14-18 May, 1988Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 26. Lind, Mats
    et al.
    Nygren, Else
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Människa-datorinteraktion.
    Sandblad, Bengt
    Schneider, Werner
    Computer Based Workstations in Health Care1988In: Proceedings of IMIA Working Conference:: Towards New Hospital Information Systems. Nijmegen, 14-18 May, 1988, p. 26-32Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Computer based workstations are shown to be a prerequisite for the use of the rapidly increasing selection of improved commercially available input and output facilities. Two design strategies are discussed and it is shown that only one of them is suitable for designing the human computer interface in such a way that human work effectivity is preserved even in a computer assisted work environment.

  • 27.
    Lind, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Seipel, Stefan
    Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Mattiason, Christer
    Displaying meta-information in context2001In: Behaviour and Information Technology, ISSN 0144-929, Vol. 20, no 6, p. 427-432(6)Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 28.
    Lind, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction. mdi.
    Sundvall, Henning
    Time estimation as a measure of cognitive workload2007In: Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: 7th International Conference, EPCE 2007, Held as Part of HCI International 2007, Beijing, China, July 22-27, 2007. Proceedings, Springer Berlin / Heidelberg , 2007, p. 359-365Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 29.
    Nygren, Else
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Allard, Alexander
    Lind, Mats
    Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Experiments in visual search I: Effects of patterns of highlighted items on list search1995Report (Other scientific)
    Abstract [en]

    f some of the information items on a structured computer display are highlighted, they can form a figural pattern on the screen. In field studies of computer users at work, we had observed that in some situations, interpretation of a display could be made by mere recognition of such patterns. In two experiments we investigated how figural patterns formed by highlighted items affected search time and visual process ing time in simple decision making tasks. The information items critical for the deci sion were either highlighted and formed a pattern, or, they were not highlighted and no pattern was formed. The results show that search time, as well as visual processing time was significantly and substantially shorter in the pattern conditions compared to the control condition. A model which assumes that highlighting the critical items causes sequential search to be replaced by pattern recognition, predicted the observed response times well. Different methods of highlight: colour; shading; italic font; smaller characters and empty space were equally efficient in reducing search time.

  • 30.
    Nygren, Else
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Allard, Alexander
    Lind, Mats
    Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Experiments in visual search II: Effects of figural patterns on trend assessment1995Report (Other scientific)
    Abstract [en]

    A common task in many different types of computer work is to scan rows and columns of numerical data and look for trends, increasing or decreasing. In field studies we had observed that skilled users seemed to recognise the figural patterns formed by width variations in columns and use that as a clue in the task of assessing trends. In two experiments we studied assessment of trends. The result show that users can learn to recognise a width variation pattern which is correlated to the presence of a trend, and that recognition of such patterns significantly decrease search time compared to if no such pattern is present. The effect was larger in a vertical orientation compared to a horizontal orientation. Like other studies we also found that scanning for trends gener ally is performed faster in columns than in rows. The findings have implications for the presentation of for instance intensive care data, and process control data, where rows and columns are scanned many times each day.

  • 31.
    Nygren, Else
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Allard, Alexander
    Lind, Mats
    Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Experiments in visual search III. Effects of patterns of varying probability on scanning strategies1995Report (Other scientific)
    Abstract [en]

    In most real work situations, the probability that an interesting item will be found in a certain position on the screen will be unevenly distributed over the screen area. A fre quent user may learn the probability pattern and adjust his or her scanning strategy to accommodate for this. In an experiment we investigated how scanning strategies were affected by such patterns of unevenly distributed probability. The results showed that users easily learn to adopt their search strategies to patterns of varying probability. The search time was significantly shorter compared to when the probability was evenly distributed over the screen area. Although the subjects in the study were unable to give a correct description of the probability distribution over the screen area, they were nevertheless able to adopt mathematically optimal search strategies.

  • 32.
    Nygren, Else
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Allard, Alexander
    Lind, Mats
    Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Experiments in visual search IV. Effects of positional correlations on time order assessment1995Report (Other scientific)
    Abstract [en]

    In field studies of computer users at work we had observed that the assessment of order in time between events in graphs and time lists was regarded more effortful in a computerised situation compared to when the same information was read from paper sheets. In an experiment we investigated assessment of order in time between one graph event and one list event. In one condition the time list was presented so that there was a correlation between the position of an event item and the time of the event. In another condition the list was presented without such a correlation. The results show that the task was performed significantly faster if there was a correlation between position and time. This result explains why the computer lists were consid ered effortful to use, since the time lists were presented without any correlation between position and time. in the formerly used paper lists however, there were such a correlation.

  • 33.
    Nygren, Else
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science.
    Allard, Alexander
    Lind, Mats
    Experiments in visual search V. Prediction of the search time in a complex screen scanning task1995Report (Other scientific)
    Abstract [en]

    We had investigated four simple decision making tasks where interpretation of a computer display was involved. The results had shown that the search times were significantly shorter if the presentation conditions were such that patterns were formed in the displays compared to if no pattern was formed. In ordinary work situations, decision tasks are more complex. In order to study if the effect was present also in a complex task we performed an experiment with a combined task where the effect of pattern recognition could be predicted from the results of the former experiments. The results show that the prediction was correct within 10%. The complex task was performed about twice as fast in the pattern condition compared to the control condition. The effect thus is stable enough to enable predictions and large enough to have practical consequences.

  • 34.
    Nygren, Else
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science.
    Allard, Alexander
    Lind, Mats
    Skilled Users Interpretation of Visual Displays1996Report (Other scientific)
    Abstract [en]

    In field studies of decision makers at work we had observed that skilled users seemed to recognize patterns in familiar displays and that they used these as a clue in the decision making task. In four experiments we have assessed and modelled the time required to search and pick out decision relevant information from a screen display. A model of serial self-terminating search gave a good description of trained performance in all of the studied tasks. If, however, the displays exhibited some kind of pattern, then the users learned to exploit that and adopted a different and more effective scanning strategy. The resulting performance could be described by a modified model that took pattern recognition into account. In a fifth experiment, the models from Experiment 1-4 were used to make an accurate prediction of the search time in the task of judging complex medical data. A screen layout that supported a scanning strategy based on pattern recognition was searched in about half the time compared with a similar layout that only supported serial search. The results show that the effect of pattern recognition on search time is stable enough to enable detailed prediction, and large enough to have practical consequences. The implications of the present findings are that rather small changes in a display design, can have substantial effects on the search time for a frequent user. This should be considered when designing displays for applications where users address similar screen displays hundred of times each day; for example in intensive care, process control or office work.

  • 35.
    Nygren, Else
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science.
    Edeborg, Christer
    Lind, Mats
    Utvärdering av SLU-bibliotekens webbplats.1999Report (Other scientific)
  • 36.
    Nygren, Else
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science.
    Edeborg, Christer
    Lind, Mats
    Schullerquist, Niklas
    Finns svaret i Uppsala?: Utvärdering av Uppsala universitets hemsidor1998Report (Other scientific)
  • 37.
    Nygren, Else
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science.
    Lind, Mats
    Användargränssnitt för kundinformationssystemet CURRY.1998Report (Other scientific)
  • 38.
    Nygren, Else
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction. Människa-datorinteraktion.
    Lind, Mats
    Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Utformning av användargränssnitt. II.: Förslag till en uppsättning av byggbara dialogelement1993Report (Other scientific)
    Abstract [en]

    En uppsättning av dialogelement för administrativa system presenteras och diskuteras. Idag finns avancerade programvaror för konstruktion av användargränssnitt (sk UIMS). Våra erfarenheter är att gränssnitt uppbyggda med dessa moderna verktyg ibland ger upphov till kognitiva problem för frekventa användare, den nya tekniken till trots. Dessa problem gäller orienteringen i en informationsmängd, dvs att snabbt och utan ansträngning veta var man är och vart man ska härnäst. Ett annat problem gäller sammanvägningen av information som inte kan betraktas samtidigt. Dagens system för uppbyggnad av grafiska användargränssnitt använder sig huvudsakligen av dialogelementen scrollbara fönster, ikoner, knappar, och rullgardinsmenyer. Som ett komplement till dessa föreslår vi några nya dialogelement. Ett sådant är det dynamiska dokumentet, som innebär stöd för att presentera information på fsta sidor, med sidbläddring som alternativ till scrollning. Andra element är avbildande ikoner som komplement till symboliska ikoner samt olika typer av index kopplade till grupper av sidor, buntar. Dessa nya dialogelement gör det möjligt att presentera information så att man behåller många av papperets fördelar men ändå utnyttjar datorns kapacitet. Möjligheter och problem med att implementera de nya dilogelementen diskuteras med utgångspunkt från de programvaror för konstruktion av användargränssnitt som finns på marknaden.

  • 39.
    Nygren, Else
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Lind, Mats
    Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Johnson, Mats
    Sandblad, Bengt
    Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    The art of the obvious: Automatically processed components of the task of reading frequently used documents. Implications for task analysis and interface design1992In: Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Striking a Balance: Human Factors in Computing Systems: CHI 92 Proceedings, 1992, p. 235-239Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In addition to normal reading, knowledge can be gained from a paper document by pattern recognition and encoding of characteristics of the information media. There are reasons to believe that this can be done automatically with very little attentional demand. The knowledge gained is accessible to consciousness and can be used for task components like orientation, navigation, detection of changes and as a complement to normal reading. When information is computerized, and is read from a screen instead of from a paper, the conditions for automaticity are often radically changed. In most cases the reader has to gain the corresponding knowledge by effortful cognitive processes. This means adding to the cognitive load leaving less attentional capacity for the main task at hand. This problem can be avoided by a careful analysis of a reading task into its automatic and non-automatic components, followed by a dedicated user interface design where information relevant for orientation, navigation, etc. is presented in a way that the reader can perceive rather than read.

  • 40.
    Pettersson, Lars W
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology. Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction. Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computerized Image Analysis. Människa-datorinteraktion.
    Lind, Mats
    Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction. Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computerized Image Analysis.
    Spak, U
    Seipel, Stefan
    Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology. Interfaculty Units, Centre for Image Analysis. Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction. Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computerized Image Analysis. Människa-datorinteraktion.
    Visualizations of symbols in a horizontal multiple viewer 3D display environment2005In: IEEE Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Information Visualization, 2005, p. 357-362Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 41.
    Sandblad, Bengt
    et al.
    Uppsala University.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University.
    Nygren, Else
    Uppsala University.
    Design of human-computer interfaces in health care: based on task analysis and theories of human cognition1992In: Proceedings of Medinfo92, 1992Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 42.
    Sandblad, Bengt
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Nygren, Else
    Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction. Människa-datorinteraktion.
    Design of human-computer interfaces in health care, based on task analysis and theories of human cognition1992In: Proceedings of MEDINFO 92, 1992Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Computer supported work activities in health care are very sensitive to disturbances caused by badly designed user interfaces. A methodology for experimental design of systems and interfaces is described, based on task and expectation analysis. Knowledge from perceptual and cognitive psychology let us understand more about human information handling and about requirements for design of efficient user interfaces. An example of how the methods and design principles can be used in practise is given.

  • 43.
    Sandblad, Bengt
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Nygren, Else
    Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science. Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction. Människa-datorinteraktion.
    Kognitiva arbetsmiljöproblem och gränssnittsdesign.1992Report (Other scientific)
    Abstract [en]

    Begreppet arbetsmiljö är komplext. Olika problem i arbetslivet, t ex fysiska, psykosociala, innehållsmässiga, organisatoriska mm samverkar. Ska vi kunna nå fram till "det goda arbetet" fordras att vi får större förståelse för hur dessa faktorer samverkar, samt att vi utvecklar metoder för förbättringar som bygger på ett sådant helhetsperspektiv på arbetssituationen. I en arbetssituation är det viktigt att de som utför arbetet förstår skeendet samt att de kan påverka och styra de ingående arbetsprocesserna så att man kna uppfylla målen för verksamheten. det finns ofta olika slags hinder för att man ska kunna klara av detta. En viktig klass av problem är de som vi kallar kognitiva arbetsmiljöproblem. med kognitiva arbetsmiljöproblem menar vi alla sådana hinder av olika ursprung som försvårar och förhindrar förståelse, möjligheter till överblick, påverkan samt kontroll och styrning av arbetsprocesserna. Det kan anses vara välbelagt att sådana arbetsmiljöproblem ofta är mycket påtagliga i arbetslivet, speciellt då ny och avancerad teknik och datoriserade informationssystem införs. Problemen leder bl a till olika slags stressreaktioner och på sikt dåliga arbetsprestationer, ineffektivitet, belastningsbesvär och annan ohälsa. En viktig del av de kognitiva arbetsmiljöproblemen som uppstår vid användning av datoriserade informationssystem är relaterade till gränssnittet, den "yta" emot datorsystemet som användaren interagerar med. Vi har formulerat en konceptuell modell för mänsklig informationhantering i en datoriserad arbetsmiljö, användbar för att studera kognitiva problem relaterade till interaktionen mellan ett datorsystem och en användare. Baserat på denna modell har vi utvecklat preliminära metoder för beskrivning och analys av informationsanvändning i en arbetssituation samt för design av gränssnitt vilket kan understödja denna. Metoderna, vilka beskrivs utförligare i andra CMD-rapporter, refereras kortfattat. Det är viktigt att vi ytterligare utvecklar vår förståelse för detta problemområde, samt att vi tar fram sådanan metoder och tekniker för design och konstruktion av gränssnitt som kan bidraga till att minska de kognitiva arbetsmiljöproblemen.

  • 44.
    Sjödén, Björn
    et al.
    Lund Univ, Lund, Sweden; Halmstad Univ, Halmstad, Sweden.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Division of Visual Information and Interaction. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computerized Image Analysis and Human-Computer Interaction.
    Silvervarg, Annika
    Linköping Univ, Linköping, Sweden.
    Can a teachable agent influence how students respond to competition in an educational game?2017In: Artificial Intelligence in Education / [ed] André, Elisabeth; Baker, Ryan; Hu, Xiangen; Rodrigo, Mercedes T.; du Boulay, Benedict, Springer, 2017, p. 347-358Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 45.
    Tavanti, Monica
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science, Human-Computer Interaction.
    2D vs 3D, Implications on Spatial Memory2001In: Proceedings of the IEEE Sympoisum on Information Visualization; InfoVis 2001 / [ed] Keith Andrews, Steven F. Roth, and Pak Chung Wong, IEEE Computer Society , 2001, p. 139-148Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 46.
    Wang, Xiaoye Michael
    et al.
    Indiana Univ, Dept Psychol & Brain Sci, Bloomington, IN USA.;York Univ, Ctr Visual Res, Toronto, ON, Canada..
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Division of Visual Information and Interaction.
    Bingham, Geoffrey P.
    Indiana Univ, Dept Psychol & Brain Sci, Bloomington, IN USA..
    A stratified process for the perception of objects: From optical transformations to 3D relief structure to 3D similarity structure to slant or aspect ratio2020In: Vision Research, ISSN 0042-6989, E-ISSN 1878-5646, Vol. 173, p. 77-89Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Previously, we developed a stratified process for slant perception. First, optical transformations in structure-from-motion (SFM) and stereo were used to derive 3D relief structure (where depth scaling remains arbitrary). Second, with sufficient continuous perspective change (>= 45 degrees), a bootstrap process derived 3D similarity structure. Third, the perceived slant was derived. As predicted by theoretical work on SFM, small visual angle (< 5 degrees) viewing requires non-coplanar points. Slanted surfaces with small 3D cuboids or tetrahedrons yielded accurate judgment while planar surfaces did not. Normally, object perception entails non-coplanar points. Now, we apply the stratified process to object perception where, after deriving similarity structure, alternative metric properties of the object can be derived (e.g. slant of the top surface or width-to-depth aspect ratio). First, we tested slant judgments of the smooth planar tops of three different polyhedral objects. We tested rectangular, hexagonal, and asymmetric pentagonal surfaces, finding that symmetry was required to determine the direction of slant (AP&P, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01859-5). Our current results replicated the previous findings. Second, we tested judgments of aspect ratios, finding accurate performance only for symmetric objects. Results from this study suggest that, first, trackable non-coplanar points can be attained in the form of 3D objects. Second, symmetry is necessary to constrain slant and aspect ratio perception. Finally, deriving 3D similarity structure precedes estimating object properties, such as slant or aspect ratio. Together, evidence presented here supports the stratified bootstrap process for 3D object perception. Statement of significance: Planning interactions with objects in the surrounding environment entails the perception of 3D shape and slant. Studying ways through which 3D metric shape and slant can be perceived accurately by moving observers not only sheds light on how the visual system works, but also provides understanding that can be applied to other fields, like machine vision or remote sensing. The current study is a logical extension of previous studies by the same authors and explores the roles of large continuous perspective changes, relief structure, and symmetry in a stratified process for object perception.

  • 47.
    Wang, Xiaoye Michael
    et al.
    Indiana Univ, Dept Psychol & Brain Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Division of Visual Information and Interaction.
    Bingham, Geoffrey P.
    Indiana Univ, Dept Psychol & Brain Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
    Bootstrapping a better slant: A stratified process for recovering 3D metric slant2020In: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, ISSN 1943-3921, E-ISSN 1943-393X, Vol. 82, no 3, p. 1504-1519Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Lind et al. (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40 (1), 83, 2014) proposed a bootstrap process that used right angles on 3D relief structure, viewed over sufficiently large continuous perspective change, to recover the scaling factor for metric shape. Wang, Lind, and Bingham (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 44(10), 1508-1522, 2018) replicated these results in the case of 3D slant perception. However, subsequent work by the same authors (Wang et al., 2019) suggested that the original solution could be ineffective for 3D slant and presented an alternative that used two equidistant points (a portion of the original right angle). We now describe a three-step stratified process to recover 3D slant using this new solution. Starting with 2D inputs, we (1) used an existing structure-from-motion (SFM) algorithm to derive the object’s 3D relief structure and (2) applied the bootstrap process to it to recover the unknown scaling factor, which (3) was then used to produce a slant estimate. We presented simulations of results from four previous experiments (Wang et al., 2018, 2019) to compare model and human performance. We showed that the stratified process has great predictive power, reproducing a surprising number of phenomena found in human experiments. The modeling results also confirmed arguments made in Wang et al. (2019) that an axis of mirror symmetry in an object allows observers to use the recovered scaling factor to produce an accurate slant estimate. Thus, poor estimates in the context of a lack of symmetry do not mean that the scaling factor has not been recovered, but merely that the direction of slant was ambiguous.

  • 48. Wang, Xiaoye Michael
    et al.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Division of Visual Information and Interaction. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computerized Image Analysis and Human-Computer Interaction.
    Bingham, Geoffrey P.
    Large continuous perspective change with noncoplanar points enables accurate slant perception2018In: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, ISSN 0096-1523, E-ISSN 1939-1277, Vol. 44, no 10, p. 1508-1522Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 49.
    Wang, Xiaoye Michael
    et al.
    Indiana Univ, Dept Psychol & Brain Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Division of Visual Information and Interaction.
    Bingham, Geoffrey P.
    Indiana Univ, Dept Psychol & Brain Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
    Symmetry mediates the bootstrapping of 3-D relief slant to metric slant2020In: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, ISSN 1943-3921, E-ISSN 1943-393X, Vol. 82, no 3, p. 1488-1503Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Empirical studies have always shown 3-D slant and shape perception to be inaccurate as a result of relief scaling (an unknown scaling along the depth direction). Wang, Lind, and Bingham (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 44(10), 1508–1522, 2018) discovered that sufficient relative motion between the observer and 3-D objects in the form of continuous perspective change (≥45°) could enable accurate 3-D slant perception. They attributed this to a bootstrap process (Lind, Lee, Mazanowski, Kountouriotis, & Bingham in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40(1), 83, 2014) where the perceiver identifies right angles formed by texture elements and tracks them in the 3-D relief structure through rotation to extrapolate the unknown scaling factor, then used to convert 3-D relief structure to 3-D Euclidean structure. This study examined the nature of the bootstrap process in slant perception. In a series of four experiments, we demonstrated that (1) features of 3-D relief structure, instead of 2-D texture elements, were tracked (Experiment 1); (2) identifying right angles was not necessary, and a different implementation of the bootstrap process is more suitable for 3-D slant perception (Experiment 2); and (3) mirror symmetry is necessary to produce accurate slant estimation using the bootstrapped scaling factor (Experiments 3 and 4). Together, the results support the hypothesis that a symmetry axis is used to determine the direction of slant and that 3-D relief structure is tracked over sufficiently large perspective change to produce metric depth. Altogether, the results supported the bootstrap process.

  • 50.
    Winkler Pettersson, Lars
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Kjellin, Andreas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Lind, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Information Science, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Seipel, Stefan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Human-Computer Interaction.
    Effects of Layer Partitioning in Collaborative 3D Visualizations2006In: Advances in Visual Computing, Berlin: Springer-Verlag , 2006, p. 180-190Conference paper (Refereed)
12 1 - 50 of 52
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