The paper demonstrates how data-driven learning methods are applied in teaching Turkish as a foreign language at the Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University. In data-driven teaching, language corpora, concordance programs, and annotation tools developed in collaboration with computational linguists are employed. This paper illustrates how resources developed initially for research purposes in different subjects (such as Computational Linguistics, Linguistics, Turkic languages), are now being used in teaching environments.

We present the Swedish-Turkish parallel corpus providing students and researchers with easily accessible annotated linguistic data. The web-based corpora can be used both by regular and distance students. They function also as learning tools for formulating and testing hypotheses concerning lexical, morphological and syntactic aspects of Turkish. Furthermore, they help the students to practice contrastive studies and translation between Swedish and Turkish.

This handbook comprises an in-depth presentation of the state of the art in word-formation. The five volumes contain 207 articles written by leading international scholars. The XVI chapters of the handbook provide the reader, in both general articles and individual studies, with a wide variety of perspectives: word-formation as a linguistic discipline (history of science, theoretical concepts), units and processes in word-formation, rules and restrictions, semantics and pragmatics, foreign word-formation, language planning and purism, historical word-formation, word-formation in language acquisition and aphasia, word-formation and language use, tools in word-formation research. The final chapter comprises 74 portraits of word-formation in the individual languages of Europe and offers an innovative perspective. These portraits afford the first overview of this kind and will prove useful for future typological research. This handbook will provide an essential reference for both advanced students and researchers in word-formation and related fields within linguistics.

The paper deals with copula clauses in Karaim, a highly endangered Kipchak Turkic language spoken in Lithuania. Karaim has been dominated by the non-Turkic (Baltic and Slavic) languages of the area. Though Karaim has acquired many properties not typical of Turkic it has preserved its Turkic morphological inventory to the extent that typical Turkic categories are still marked by genuine Turkic formatives (Csató 2012, 2013). Notwithstanding this remarkable sustainability, the paper demonstrates how selective copying has in many cases changed morphosyntactic properties of the copula clauses. The contact-induced features are analyzed in the Code-Copying Model (Johanson 2002).

This paper presents arguments for a synthesis of two frameworks proposed for defining cross-linguistic types of clause-linking strategies. One framework was introduced by Johanson in 1993 and developed in later works (e.g. 1996). The other one is a more recent general typological framework put forward by Dixon & Aikhenvald (eds.) 2009. None of these models can be accounted for in any detail in this paper. Just very brief summaries of the main ideas will be given here. The aim is to illustrate that both syntactic and semantic criteria are needed in order to account for the types of clause linking strategies in Turkic. Syntactic properties cannot be derived from semantic features or vice versa. The syntactic distinction between main and non-main clauses is not sufficient in order to describe clause linking strategies. Cross-linguistic typological classifications based on pure semantic criteria are not satisfactory.

This article deals with shared grammaticalization of indirectives in Turkic. Indirectivity, a genuine Turkic grammatical category, is expressed by different morphological markers across the Turkic varieties; the paths of grammaticalization are, however, isomorphic. It is argued that intensive contact between the cognates triggers and reinforces the renewal of the markers and thereby the maintenance of the category. 

Karaim is a Kipchak Turkic language that has been spoken in today’s Lithuania for more than six hundred years. The dominating non-Turkic languages of the area have heavily influenced its structure and the communicative habits of its speakers. Intensive copying processes have also induced changes in the morphology. A general tendency is to copy analytical devices of the contact languages. In Turkic, modal categories are typically expressed by synthetic means. Karaim today applies the typical Turkic inventory of modal suffixes. In addition, selective and global copies of foreign modal auxiliary verbs are used to express possibility, ability, obligation, etc. Frequential and combinational properties of the non-Turkic models have been copied onto native Karaim modal categories.

The paper illustrates the stability of bound morphology in the Karaim language. The speakers of this small Turkic language have lived in an asymmetric contact situation with speakers of some Slavic and Baltic languages. Examples are given to show how selective copying has shaped Karaim morphology without introducing new morphemes into the language, i.e. without global copying.

Turkic canonical possessive noun phrases consist of the possessor marked with the genitive, and the possessee with a possessive suffix. This study deals with Turkic non-canonical constructions, where a genitive marker attaches to the possessor, but the possessee remains unmarked. It is argued that in the non-canonical construction, the frame of reference is delimited to the world known/familiar to the interlocutors through shared knowledge of the world or shared discourse. Thus, these constructions express the concept of “familiarity” with possible overtones of empathy or endearment, or with negative connotations. As the speaker and hearer are typical participants in the deictic system, non-canonical possessives are most frequently used with first- and second-person possessors.

Hungarian prefers indirect insertion of copied verbal stems. The fewcounterexamples of directly inserted verbal stems indicate a high degree ofintimacy due to intensive contact or relatedness. András Róna-Tas and ÁrpádBerta’s work West Old Turkic published in 2011 gives a list of over thirty Turkicverb stems that were inserted directly into Hungarian during the historicalperiod from the sixth to the tenth centuries when Hungarians lived in closecontact with Turkic-speaking tribes. The paper discusses the role of perceivedformal and functional equivalence in copying and discusses the question of howthe evolvement and the irregular pattern of the Hungarian ik-conjugation can beseen in relation with credible copying processes between West Old Turkic andAncient Hungarian.