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  • 1.
    Blenckner, Thorsten
    et al.
    Stockholm Univ, Stockholm Resilience Ctr, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Moellmann, Christian
    Univ Hamburg, Ctr Earth Syst Res & Sustainabil CEN, Inst Marine Ecosyst & Fisheries Sci, Hamburg, Germany..
    Lowndes, Julia Stewart
    Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA USA..
    Griffiths, Jennifer R.
    Stockholm Univ, Stockholm Resilience Ctr, Stockholm, Sweden.;Washington State Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA USA..
    Campbell, Eleanore
    Stockholm Univ, Stockholm Resilience Ctr, Stockholm, Sweden..
    De Cervo, Andrea
    Stockholm Univ, Stockholm Resilience Ctr, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Belgrano, Andrea
    Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Inst Marine Res, Dept Aquat Resources, Lysekil, Sweden.;Univ Gothenburg, Swedish Inst Marine Environm SIME, Gothenburg, Sweden..
    Bostroem, Christoffer
    Abo Akad Univ, Environm & Marine Biol, Turku, Finland..
    Fleming, Vivi
    Finnish Environm Inst SYKE, Helsinki, Finland..
    Frazier, Melanie
    Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA USA..
    Neuenfeldt, Stefan
    Tech Univ Denmark, Natl Inst Aquat Resources, Lyngby, Denmark..
    Niiranen, Susa
    Stockholm Univ, Stockholm Resilience Ctr, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Nilsson, Annika
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Ojaveer, Henn
    Tech Univ Denmark, Natl Inst Aquat Resources, Lyngby, Denmark.;Univ Tartu, Parnu Coll, Parnu, Estonia..
    Olsson, Jens
    Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Inst Coastal Res, Dept Aquat Resources, Oregrund, Sweden..
    Palmloev, Christine S.
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Quaas, Martin
    German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv, Leipzig, Germany..
    Rickels, Wilfried
    Kiel Inst World Econ, Kiel, Germany..
    Sobek, Anna
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Viitasalo, Markku
    Finnish Environm Inst SYKE, Helsinki, Finland..
    Wikstroem, Sofia A.
    Stockholm Univ, Baltic Sea Ctr, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Halpern, Benjamin S.
    Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA USA.;Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA USA..
    The Baltic Health Index (BHI): Assessing the social-ecological status of the Baltic Sea2021In: People and Nature, E-ISSN 2575-8314, Vol. 3, no 2, p. 359-375Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Improving the health of coastal and open sea marine ecosystems represents a substantial challenge for sustainable marine resource management, since it requires balancing human benefits and impacts on the ocean. This challenge is often exacerbated by incomplete knowledge and lack of tools that measure ocean and coastal ecosystem health in a way that allows consistent monitoring of progress towards predefined management targets. The lack of such tools often limits capabilities to enact and enforce effective governance. We introduce the Baltic Health Index (BHI) as a transparent, collaborative and repeatable assessment tool. The Index complements existing, more ecological-oriented, approaches by including a human dimension on the status of the Baltic Sea, an ecosystem impacted by multiple anthropogenic pressures and governed by a multitude of comprehensive national and international policies. Using a large amount of social-ecological data available, we assessed the health of the Baltic Sea for nine goals that represent the status towards set targets, for example, clean waters, biodiversity, food provision, natural products extraction and tourism. Our results indicate that the overall health of the Baltic Sea is suboptimal (a score of 76 out of 100), and a substantial effort is required to reach the management objectives and associated targets. Subregionally, the lowest BHI scores were measured for carbon storage, contaminants and lasting special places (i.e. marine protected areas), albeit with large spatial variation. Overall, the likely future status of all goals in the BHI averaged for the entire Baltic Sea is better than the present status, indicating a positive trend towards a healthier Baltic Sea. However, in some Baltic Sea basins, the trend for specific goals was decreasing, highlighting locations and issues that should be the focus of management priorities. The BHI outcomes can be used to identify both pan-Baltic and subregional scale management priorities and to illustrate the interconnectedness between goals linked by cumulative pressures. Hence, the information provided by the BHI tool and its further development will contribute towards the fulfilment of the UN Agenda 2030 and its Sustainability Development Goals. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

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  • 2.
    Darpö, Jan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Nilsson, Annika
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    On the Comparison of Environmental Law2010In: Journal of Court Innovation, ISSN 1943-5401, Vol. 3, no 1, p. 315-336Article, review/survey (Other academic)
  • 3.
    Darpö, Jan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Nilsson, Annika K.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    On the Comparison of Environmental Law2008In: Miljøretlige emner: Festskrift til Ellen Margrethe Basse / [ed] Helle Tegner Anker og Birgitte Egelund Olsen, København: Jurist- og Økonomforbundets Forlag, 2008, p. 261-282Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 4.
    Forsberg, Maria
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Nilsson, Annika K.Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.Zetterberg, CharlottaUppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Festskrift till Jan Darpö2022Collection (editor) (Other academic)
  • 5. Halila, Leena
    et al.
    Lankinen, Veronica
    Nilsson, Annika
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Administrativa sanktionsavgifter: En nordisk komparativ studie2018Book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Administrativa avgiftspåföljder av straffkaraktär har under de senaste åren stått föremål för ett växande intresse och debatt i de nordiska länderna. Förevarande forskning kartlägger rättsläget gällande sanktionsavgifter i Finland samt Sverige, Norge och Danmark. I forskningen undersöks hur garantier för god förvaltning och rättvis rättegång kan säkerställas i förfaranden som gäller påförande av sanktionsavgift, samt överklagandet av dessa ärenden. I studien jämförs och analyseras dessa europarättsliga krav med de nationellrättsliga, nordiska undersökningar som utförts. Dessutom diskuteras principiella utgångspunkter som ska beaktas vid reglering av sanktionsavgifter. Forskningen har utförts av professor Leena Halila och doktorand Veronica Lankinen vid Juridiska fakulteten, Helsingfors universitet, samt universitetslektor Annika K. Nilsson, vid Juridiska fakulteten, Uppsala universitet.

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  • 6.
    K. Nilsson, Annika
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Enforcing Environmental Responsibilities: A Comparative Study of Environmental Administrative Law2011Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis is about the distrubution of responsibilities in the environmental law enforcement procedure, between the state and the individual environmental actor. The state and its public authorities have a fundamental environmental responsibility. This responsibility is nevertheless shared with the actors. Actor responsibilities include taking sufficient precautionary measures, and controling the own activities. This also covers responsibilities for knowledge and investigation, which are in focus in the thesis analysis. Such responsibilities are enforced by administrative authorities. Enforcement, however, also entails exercise of public power against the individual, and thus warrants proper procedure and safeguards of legal certainty. Such procedural responsibilities include ensuring decision making materials to support their exercise of authority. It also means that the authority has formulate clearly to the actor what their legal duties are, and what they need to do to avoid further enforcement. These administrative duties may entail the authority taking over the actor's information responsibilities under environmental law. Enforcement of actor responsibilities thus becomes inconsistent, or even contraproductive.

    This thesis comprises analysis of the meeting of environmental and administrative law in the enforcement situation. The analysis is focused on balancing effective implementation and enforcement of policy aims, and the safeguards of the individual's rights and freedoms. The aims is to find ways to coordingate instead of prioritising these objectives. The research is based on a comparative study and analysis of the enforcement systems of Sweden, the United Kingdom (England and Wales), and the Netherlands. The importance of distinguising between the different purposes and aims of the responsibilities is argued. Actor responsibilities for precaution and information should be recognised also in the enforcement procedure. A communicative enforcement procedure, and more purposive assessment of the proper distribution of responsibilities in the individual case may provide both effective enforcement and legal certainty.

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  • 7.
    K. Nilsson, Annika
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Förvaltningslagen och sanktionsförfarande2018In: Förvaltningsrättslig Tidskrift, ISSN 0015-8585, no 3, p. 531-553Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 8.
    K. Nilsson, Annika
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Hänsynsreglerna i tillsynen: Analys av hur myndigheter tillämpar och motiverar beslut gällande nyetablering av miljöfarliga verksamheter utifrån hänsynsreglerna i MB 2 kap.2018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    2017 utformade Naturvårdsverket detta forskningsprojekt med den övergripande frågeställningen: I vilken utsträckning bedömer och motiverar tillsynsmyndigheten sina beslut utifrån hänsynsreglerna i miljöbalken? Undersökningen avgränsades till analys av ärenden om anmälning av s.k. C-verksamheter.

    Syftet med analysen var att öka kunskaperna om hur operativa tillsynsmyndigheter tillämpar och motiverar sina beslut utifrån hänsynsreglerna, med målet att kunna använda resultaten bl. a. som underlag för att utveckla Naturvårdsverkets tillsynsvägledning.

    Undersökningen visar att tillsynsmyndigheterna ser hänsynsreglerna som centrala i deras verksamhet. Ofta men inte alltid hänvisas också till hänsynsreglerna i anmälningsärenden. I praktiken anses dock inte alltid hänsynsreglerna ändamålsenliga när tillsynsmyndigheten i sin kommunikation med verksamhetsutövarna behöver uttrycka sig konkret och tydligt. Den vägledning som efterfrågas är vägledning genom exempel på när och hur hänsynsreglerna kan tillämpas, samt gällande skälighetsavvägningar.

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  • 9.
    K. Nilsson, Annika
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Mänskliga rättigheter i en kommunal kontext2017In: Mänskliga rättigheter i det offentliga Sverige / [ed] Anna-Sara Lind & Elena Namli, Lund: Studentlitteratur AB, 2017, p. 117-148Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 10.
    K. Nilsson, Annika
    Stockholm University.
    Regulating Zero Eutrophication: Swedish Law on Controlling Emissions of Nutrients to the Baltic Sea2013Report (Other academic)
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  • 11.
    K. Nilsson, Annika
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Styrning av miljötillsynen - reformbehov och förslag i ljuset av den förvaltningspolitiska utvecklingen2016In: Nordisk miljörättslig tidskrift, E-ISSN 2000-4273, Vol. 3, p. 23-55Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The article investigates the topic of state control over a decentralized administration. The environmental regulation carried out by local and regional administrative bodies is fundamental in Swedish environmental management. At the same time it has continuously been subject of criticism and calls for stronger regulation and control from the central government and administration. This article contains a critical analysis of currently discussed suggestions for such central regulation and control, in light of the general development and topical debate on state steering after New Public Management. It is argued that the development of decentralized and goal steered administration suits regulation in environmental matters well, and that this parallels environmental management theories on socio-ecological resilience, ecosystem approach and sustainable development. Centralization and detail regulation of environmental management should therefore be avoided, and detailed regulation of how an environmental regulator should organize, prioritize and carry out their administrative duties is not appropriate. It is also argued that measures or models for stronger central steering and control over the administration must be relevant in view of the problems observed. They should moreover be appropriate in respect of constitutional functions and principles, and in light of the critique and experiences from the development of New Public Management. Thus, suggestions to regulate minimum standards for the  rganisation of regulatory bodies, such as number and competence of staff relevantly meets the quite well founded critique of variations in resources around the country. Other critique against decentralized regulation is not very clear or specific, and often not supported by clear evidence. Therefore, suggestions to develop central review and assessment of the activities of the decentralized aministration are topical. We need to know more about how the administration works. It is nevertheless crucial to develop the system in awareness of the validity problems involved and to avoid excessive administrative burdens. The system must be developed so as to entail effective and qualitative review, in a constructive and communicative learning process that involves and utilises environmental inspectors and other operative professions appropriately. In discussion of steering and control of substantially correct application of law, and like treatment, a suggestion for a new organisation for guidance for operative regulators is discussed. The suggested organisation for cooperation and collection of the competence in the decentralised administration meets the need for better guidance and entails appropriate utilization and participation of the relevant professions. However, state control functions of central guidance can be lost. There is therefore a need to discuss supplementary measures to fill the function of state control for proper administration and realisation of state policy and responsibilities.

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  • 12.
    Lerwall, Lotta
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Nilsson, AnnikaUppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.Novak, JuditUppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Department of Education.
    Utbildningsmiljö och utbildningsrätt: från förskola till forskarexamen2022Collection (editor) (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Institutet för Utbildningsrätt – IfU höll i november 2021 en nationell konferens på temat Utbildningsmiljö och utbildningsrätt – från förskola till forskarutbildning. Detta är en antologi med bidrag på det temat. Utgångspunkten för konferensen var att utbildningsmiljö förstås som ett utbildningsrättsligt och ett tvärvetenskapligt fenomen. Utbildningsmiljö innefattar en mångfald av processer och förfaranden, vilka samtliga aktualiserar ett brett spektrum av frågor av central betydelse för lärande och undervisning.

    I antologin behandlas en rad områden och frågor där olika aspekter av utbildningsmiljö diskuteras. Analyserna spänner över ett vitt fält där bland annat utvärderingsproblem till följd av breda reformer av lagstiftning och läroplaner diskuteras med fokus på rektorers och elevers ansvar för studiemiljön. Vidare diskuteras Skolinspektionens tillsyn i ljuset av rektorns och huvudmannens begränsade förutsättningar att skapa en god utbildningsmiljö för eleverna samt frågor om offentlighet och sekretess i skolan. Även skolans brottsförebyggande arbete, mobbningsregleringen i Danmark samt ordningsreglernas betydelse för möjligheterna att vidta disciplinära åtgärder analyseras.

    Boken riktar sig till jurister, yrkesverksamma inom skolan och andra intresserade. Mer om Institutet för Utbildningsrätt finns att läsa på institutets hemsida http://ifu.jur.uu.se.

  • 13.
    Mancilla Garcia, María
    et al.
    Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University.
    Hileman, Jacob
    Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University.
    Bodin, Örjan
    Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University.
    Nilsson, Annika
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Jacobi, Pedro Roberto
    Institute of Energy and Environment, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
    The unique role of municipalities in integrated watershed governance arrangements: a new research frontier2019In: Ecology & Society, E-ISSN 1708-3087, Vol. 24, no 1, article id 28Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Local governments, or municipalities, play a key role in water governance around the world owing to the many administrative competencies they hold, ranging from water service delivery to urban planning. However, the ability of municipalities to carry out their competencies effectively depends in large part on the characteristics of the institutional arrangements in which they are embedded. In particular, the relationship between municipalities and watershed governance institutions has received little attention in the literature on polycentric and multilevel governance. Drawing on insights from diverse cases around the world, we argue that empirical research must pay closer attention to the links, or lack thereof, between municipalities and watershed governance institutions to improve the sustainability of water governance outcomes in practice. We identify a set of critical issues affecting municipalities’ engagement in governance at the watershed scale that broadly apply across different contexts, and which we argue deserve more attention in future research: (1) disconnect and ambiguities of authority across hierarchical levels; (2) internal and external challenges to municipalities engaging in effective collaborations; (3) barriers to expanding the scope of traditional municipal affairs; and (4) misalignment of biophysical, institutional, and political timescales.

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  • 14. Nilsson, Annika
    Studentaktiverande pedagogik inom svensk juristutbildning: - vad, varför och hur?2022In: Vänbok till Hans Eklund: Största möjliga lycka åt största möjliga antal / [ed] Enkvist, V.; Lerwall, L.; Scheutz, S., Iustus förlag, 2022, 1, p. 251-272Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 15.
    Nilsson, Annika
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Tillsyn och miljörapport: Kommunala miljönämnders tillämpning av miljöbalkens bestämmelser om miljörapportering2017Report (Other academic)
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  • 16.
    Nilsson, Annika K.
    Stockholm University.
    A Changing Environmental Context for National Regulation of Nutrient Emissions2012In: Studia i Prace, WNNEiZ, ISSN 2080-4881, no 29, p. 121-133Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In order to manage the Baltic Sea ecosystems and resources sustainably and to ensure social, economic and ecological resilience, governance should be based on an understanding of interdependent ecological and social systems. Legal systems should be sensitive and adap-tive to ecological functions and changes. Climate change adds a dimension, as ecosystems and their management are faced with new, uncertain, but pressing, ecological conditions. The challenge for law as a management structure is adapting to such conditions. Moreo-ver, promoting resilience becomes impor tant, making the Baltic less vulnerable to climate change. The aim of this paper is to discuss challenges of realizing ecological objectives through regulation of nutrient emissions. The discussion serves as basis for a comparative study of corresponding regulation in other Baltic countries. The comparative analysis will accumulate knowledge about prob lems of interaction between marine environment, climate change, and law – and solutions to such problems. The paper introduces a legal scientific research project at the Faculty of Law, Stockholm University. The project is a comparative study of national regulation connected to combating eutrophication in the Baltic. It is carried out within the multidisci plinary research programme Baltic Ecosystem Adaptive Manage-ment (BEAM).

  • 17.
    Nilsson, Annika K.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Enforcing environmental responsibilities: An environmental perspective on the rule of law and administrative enforcement2013In: Rule of law for nature: new dimensions and ideas in environmental law / [ed] Christina Voigt, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013, p. 259-274Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 18.
    Nilsson, Annika K.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Forskning i miljöförvaltningens vardag: Behöver vi veta hur miljörätten tillämpas?2013In: Miljörättsliga perspektiv och tankevändor: Vänbok till Jan Darpö och Gabriel Michanek / [ed] Lena Gipperth, Charlotta Zetterberg, Uppsala: Iustus förlag, 2013, p. 355-370Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 19.
    Nilsson, Annika K.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Styrning av miljötillsynen – reformbehov och förslag i ljuset av den förvaltningspolitiska utvecklingen2016In: Nordisk miljörättslig tidskrift, E-ISSN 2000-4273, Vol. 3, p. 23-55Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The article investigates the topic of state control over a decentralized administration. The environmental regulation carried out by local and regional administrative bodies is fundamental in Swedish environmental management. At the same time it has continuously been subject of criticism and calls for stronger regulation and control from the central government and administration. This article contains a critical analysis of currently discussed suggestions for such central regulation and control, in light of the general development and topical debate on state steering after New Public Management. It is argued that the development of decentralized and goal steered administration suits regulation in environmental matters well, and that this parallels environmental management theories on socio-ecological resilience, ecosystem approach and sustainable development. Centralization and detail regulation of environmental management should therefore be avoided, and detailed regulation of how an environmental regulator should organize, prioritize and carry out their administrative duties is not appropriate. It is also argued that measures or models for stronger central steering and control over the administration must be relevant in view of the problems observed. They should moreover be appropriate in respect of constitutional functions and principles, and in light of the critique and experiences from the development of New Public Management. Thus, suggestions to regulate minimum standards for the organisation of regulatory bodies, such as number and competence of staff relevantly meets the quite well founded critique of variations in resources around the country. Other critique against decentralized regulation is not very clear or specific, and often not supported by clear evidence. Therefore, suggestions to develop central review and assessment of the activities of the decentralized aministration are topical. We need to know more about how the administration works. It is nevertheless crucial to develop the system in awareness of the validity problems involved and to avoid excessive administrative burdens. The system must be developed so as to entail effective and qualitative review, in a constructive and communicative learning process that involves and utilises environmental inspectors and other operative professions appropriately. In discussion of steering and control of substantially correct application of law, and like treatment, a suggestion for a new organisation for guidance for operative regulators is discussed. The suggested organisation for cooperation and collection of the competence in the decentralised administration meets the need for better guidance and entails appropriate utilization and participation of the relevant professions. However, state control functions of central guidance can be lost. There is therefore a need to discuss supplementary measures to fill the function of state control for proper administration and realisation of state policy and responsibilities.

    Download full text (pdf)
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  • 20.
    Nilsson, Annika K.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Bohman, Brita
    Stockholm Univ, Fac Law, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden..
    Legal prerequisites for ecosystem-based management in the Baltic Sea area: The example of eutrophication2015In: Ambio, ISSN 0044-7447, E-ISSN 1654-7209, Vol. 44, p. S370-S380Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of law in the management of the Baltic Sea, with focus on eutrophication. It aims to identify legal instruments or structures realizing an ecosystem approach. This also includes a discussion of the prerequisites of law as contributor to ecosystem-based management (EBM), as well as evaluation of current legal instruments. While ecosystem approach to environmental management is central to contemporary environmental management policy, it is still unclear what such an approach entails in concrete legal terms. The scope of the analysis stretches from international and EU legal regimes, to implementation and regulation within the national legal systems. A conclusion is that the management structures need further development to properly realize EBM, for example, through concretization of management measures, and clarification of duties and responsibilities for their realization.

  • 21. Undeman, Emma
    et al.
    Josefsson, Henrik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Business Studies.
    Ågerstrand, Marlene
    Sobek, Anna
    Nilsson, Annika
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    The potential of the EU Water Framework Directive for reducing emissions of pollutants is limited: a case study on river basin specific pollutants in Swedish environmental permitting processes2022In: Environmental Sciences Europe, ISSN 2190-4707, E-ISSN 2190-4715, Vol. 34, no 1, article id 123Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    River basin specific pollutants (RBSPs) are supposedly a key tool to fulfil the EU’s Water Framework Directive (WFD) goal of good ecological status in all European waterbodies. The RBSPs provide a tool to manage chemical pollution identified as a national priority. An important question is if the costly management related to RBSPs leads to reduced emissions, an issue we investigated here using Sweden as a case. Swedish measures implemented under the WFD mainly rely on environmental permitting and supervision. We, therefore, specifically assessed how RBSPs have influenced permit proceedings in the Land and Environment Court of Appeal, where precedents for judgements in lower courts and authorities is established, during the 2010s. Despite permit-review being an important measure highlighted in the WFD and in Swedish programs of measures, all cases appealed to higher court were initiated by the operators/permit holders. The permissibility of environmentally hazardous activities was not impacted by RBSPs in any instance. Permit conditions addressing RBSPs were discussed in ⁓1% of all environmental cases, mainly resulting in conditions demanding further inquiries regarding emissions and concentrations of a limited number of RBSPs (i.e., metals and nitrogen in the forms of nitrate and ammonia). Open-ended conditions and delegation allowing for updating permit conditions if additional RBSPs are identified were suggested but rejected by court as these conflict with fundamental principles of precision and predictability of permit conditions stated in Swedish and European law. We conclude that RBSPs as management tool has little impact on emissions from activities requiring environmental permits and thereby water quality.

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  • 22. Warnling Conradson, Wiweka
    et al.
    Nilsson, Annika
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Sanktionsavgifter: Särskilt i näringsverksamhet2020 (ed. 2)Book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Begreppet ”effektivitet” löper som en röd tråd genom sanktionsavgifternas historia – från skattetillägg i början av 1970-talet, över de sanktionsavgifterna som tillkom efter finanskrisen på 2000-talet och till den allt intensivare utvecklingen av nya sanktionsavgifter med en EU-rättslig grund. Idag råder konsensus om att vi har att göra med ekonomiska sanktioner som får ersätta eller komplettera straff. Vi har nu drygt 80 sanktionsavgifter – och nya förslag tillkommer – spridda över ett brett juridiskt fält:

    - skatter och tullardataskydd- dataskydd och informationssäkerhet- miljö, plan och byggande- konkurrens och marknadsföring- arbetsmarknad och arbetsmiljö- transport och trafik- finans-, energi- och spelmarknad produktsäkerhet m.fl. 

    Sanktionsavgifter kan utgå med mycket höga belopp – ibland många miljoner kronor – och påförs både juridiska och fysiska personer, oftast utan hänsyn till uppsåt eller skuld. De beslutas som regel i förenklade former av någon tillsyns- myndighet, dvs. utan gängse straffprocessuella garantier. Fast här har europa- rätten utvecklats till att bli en hämmande faktor vad avser rättssäkerhet, t.ex. i form av krav på en ”rättvis rättegång” eller förbud mot dubbelbestraffning. Trots att sanktionsavgifterna har funnits i vår rättsordning i snart 50 år så återstår en hel del frågetecken kring hanteringen av dem: Vad krävs normgivningsmässigt sett? Vad gäller ifråga om retroaktivitet och legalitet? Hur komplicerad kan en reglering tillåtas bli innan rimliga krav på förutsebarhet anses vara förbisedda?

  • 23.
    Wikström, Sofia A.
    et al.
    Östersjöcentrum, Stockholms universitet.
    Almqvist, Gustaf
    Östersjöcentrum, STockholms universitet.
    Valman, Matilda
    Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholms universitet.
    Blenckner, Thorsten
    Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholms universitet.
    Bodin, Örjan
    Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholms universitet.
    Österblom, Henrik
    Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholms universitet.
    Bryhn, Andreas
    Institutionen för akvatiska resurser, SLU.
    K. Nilsson, Annika
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Ekosystemansatsen – praktiska erfarenheter från svensk havs- och vattenförvaltning2020Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Rapporten sammanställer erfarenheter av ekosystembaserad förvaltning, från lokal, nationell och internationell nivå med utgångspunkt från ekosystemansatsen. Sverige har till viss del påbörjat arbetet med ekosystembaserad havs-, vatten- och fiskförvaltning, men en rad utmaningar återstår. En ekosystembaserad förvaltning ställer höga krav på samverkan och kommunikation mellan aktörer. Även tydligare styrning och uppföljning från centrala myndigheter och en mer långsiktig finansiering är önskvärt.

1 - 23 of 23
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