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  • 1.
    André, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Li, Wenya
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Toledo-Redondo, S.
    European Space Agcy ESAC, Madrid, Spain..
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Norgren, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Burch, J.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    KTH, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Marklund, G.
    KTH, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Ergun, R.
    Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Torbert, R.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Magnes, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Giles, B.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Moore, T. E.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Chandler, M. O.
    NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL USA..
    Pollock, C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Young, D. T.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Avanov, L. A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Dorelli, J. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Gershman, D. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Paterson, W. R.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, Toulouse, France.;CNRS, UMR 5277, Toulouse, France..
    Saito, Y.
    Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, JAXA, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan..
    Magnetic reconnection and modification of the Hall physics due to cold ions at the magnetopause2016In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 43, no 13, p. 6705-6712Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Observations by the four Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft are used to investigate the Hall physics of a magnetopause magnetic reconnection separatrix layer. Inside this layer of currents and strong normal electric fields, cold (eV) ions of ionospheric origin can remain frozen-in together with the electrons. The cold ions reduce the Hall current. Using a generalized Ohm's law, the electric field is balanced by the sum of the terms corresponding to the Hall current, the vxB drifting cold ions, and the divergence of the electron pressure tensor. A mixture of hot and cold ions is common at the subsolar magnetopause. A mixture of length scales caused by a mixture of ion temperatures has significant effects on the Hall physics of magnetic reconnection.

  • 2.
    André, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Odelstad, Elias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Eriksson, Anders I.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Karlsson, T.
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn, Dept Space & Plasma Phys, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Wieser, G. Stenberg
    Swedish Inst Space Phys, Kiruna, Sweden.
    Vigren, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Norgren, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Johansson, Fredrik L.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Henri, P.
    Lab Phys & Chim Environm & Espace, Orleans, France.
    Rubin, M.
    Univ Bern, Phys Inst, Bern, Switzerland.
    Richter, I.
    TU Braunschweig, Inst Geophys & Extraterr Phys, Braunschweig, Germany.
    Lower hybrid waves at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko2017In: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, ISSN 0035-8711, E-ISSN 1365-2966, Vol. 469, p. S29-S38Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate the generation of waves in the lower hybrid frequency range by density gradients in the near plasma environment of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. When the plasma is dominated by water ions from the comet, a situation with magnetized electrons and unmagnetized ions is favourable for the generation of lower hybrid waves. These waves can transfer energy between ions and electrons and reshape the plasma environment of the comet. We consider cometocentric distances out to a few hundred km. We find that when the electron motion is not significantly interrupted by collisions with neutrals, large average gradients within tens of km of the comet, as well as often observed local large density gradients at larger distances, are often likely to be favourable for the generation of lower hybrid waves. Overall, we find that waves in the lower hybrid frequency range are likely to be common in the near plasma environment.

  • 3.
    Fuselier, S. A.
    et al.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.;Univ Texas San Antonio, Dept Phys & Astron, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA..
    Vines, S. K.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.;Univ Texas San Antonio, Dept Phys & Astron, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA.;Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA..
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Petrinec, S. M.
    Lockheed Martin Adv Technol Ctr, Palo Alto, CA USA..
    Trattner, K. J.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Cassak, P. A.
    West Virginia Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA..
    Chen, L. -J
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Eriksson, S.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Giles, B. L.
    Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Plantol, Toulouse, France.;CNRS, Toulouse, France..
    Lewis, W. S.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Mukherjee, J.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Norgren, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Phan, T. -D
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Torbert, R. B.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Webster, J. M.
    Rice Univ, Phys & Astron, Houston, TX USA..
    Large-scale characteristics of reconnection diffusion regions and associated magnetopause crossings observed by MMS2017In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 122, no 5, p. 5466-5486Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission was designed to make observations in the very small electron diffusion region (EDR), where magnetic reconnection takes place. From a data set of over 4500 magnetopause crossings obtained in the first phase of the mission, MMS had encounters near or within 12 EDRs. These 12 events and associated magnetopause crossings are considered as a group to determine if they span the widest possible range of external and internal conditions (i.e., in the solar wind and magnetosphere). In addition, observations from MMS are used to determine if there are multiple X-lines present and also to provide information on X-line location relative to the spacecraft. These 12 events represent nearly the widest possible range of conditions at the dayside magnetopause. They occur over a wide range of local times and magnetic shear angles between the magnetosheath and magnetospheric magnetic fields. Most show evidence for multiple reconnection sites.

  • 4.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Swedish Inst Space Phys, Uppsala, Sweden..
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Norgren, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Marklund, G. T.
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn, Space & Plasma Phys, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Campus Box 392, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Paterson, W. R.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Gershman, D. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Pollock, C. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Dorelli, J. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Avanov, L. A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse UPS, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, Toulouse, France.;CNRS, Toulouse, France..
    Saito, Y.
    JAXA, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan..
    Magnes, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8010 Graz, Austria..
    Russell, C. T.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8010 Graz, Austria.;Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8010 Graz, Austria.;Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Burch, J. L.
    SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Electron currents and heating in the ion diffusion region of asymmetric reconnection2016In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 43, no 10, p. 4691-4700Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this letter the structure of the ion diffusion region of magnetic reconnection at Earth's magnetopause is investigated using the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft. The ion diffusion region is characterized by a strong DC electric field, approximately equal to the Hall electric field, intense currents, and electron heating parallel to the background magnetic field. Current structures well below ion spatial scales are resolved, and the electron motion associated with lower hybrid drift waves is shown to contribute significantly to the total current density. The electron heating is shown to be consistent with large-scale parallel electric fields trapping and accelerating electrons, rather than wave-particle interactions. These results show that sub-ion scale processes occur in the ion diffusion region and are important for understanding electron heating and acceleration.

  • 5.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Norgren, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Toledo-Redondo, S.
    European Space Agcy ESAC, Madrid, Spain..
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Marklund, G. T.
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn, Space & Plasma Phys, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado Boulder, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO USA..
    Paterson, W. R.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Gershman, D. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD USA..
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Pollock, C. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Dorelli, J. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Avanov, L. A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD USA..
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse UPS, Inst Rech Astrophys & Plantol, Toulouse, France.;Ctr Natl Rech Sci, Toulouse, France..
    Saito, Y.
    JAXA, Inst Space & Aeronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan..
    Magnes, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH USA..
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Lower hybrid waves in the ion diffusion and magnetospheric inflow regions2017In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 122, no 1, p. 517-533Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The role and properties of lower hybrid waves in the ion diffusion region and magnetospheric inflow region of asymmetric reconnection are investigated using the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. Two distinct groups of lower hybrid waves are observed in the ion diffusion region and magnetospheric inflow region, which have distinct properties and propagate in opposite directions along the magnetopause. One group develops near the ion edge in the magnetospheric inflow, where magnetosheath ions enter the magnetosphere through the finite gyroradius effect and are driven by the ion-ion cross-field instability due to the interaction between the magnetosheath ions and cold magnetospheric ions. This leads to heating of the cold magnetospheric ions. The second group develops at the sharpest density gradient, where the Hall electric field is observed and is driven by the lower hybrid drift instability. These drift waves produce cross-field particle diffusion, enabling magnetosheath electrons to enter the magnetospheric inflow region thereby broadening the density gradient in the ion diffusion region.

  • 6.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Norgren, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Webster, J. M.
    Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Space and Plasma Physics, School of Electrical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-11428, Sweden.
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Space Sci Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
    Paterson, W. R.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
    Gershman, D. J.
    Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA;NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
    Magnes, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8042 Graz, Austria.
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
    Instability of Agyrotropic Electron Beams near the Electron Diffusion Region2017In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 119, no 2, article id 025101Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    During a magnetopause crossing the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft encountered an electron diffusion region (EDR) of asymmetric reconnection. The EDR is characterized by agyrotropic beam and crescent electron distributions perpendicular to the magnetic field. Intense upper-hybrid (UH) waves are found at the boundary between the EDR and magnetosheath inflow region. The UH waves are generated by the agyrotropic electron beams. The UH waves are sufficiently large to contribute to electron diffusion and scattering, and are a potential source of radio emission near the EDR. These results provide observational evidence of wave-particle interactions at an EDR, and suggest that waves play an important role in determining the electron dynamics.

  • 7.
    Innocenti, M. E.
    et al.
    Univ Leuven, KULeuven, Dept Math, Ctr Math Plasma Astrophys, Celestijnenlaan 200B, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium..
    Norgren, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Newman, D.
    Univ Colorado, Ctr Integrated Plasma Studies, Gamow Tower, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Goldman, M.
    Univ Colorado, Ctr Integrated Plasma Studies, Gamow Tower, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Markidis, S.
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Dept Computat Sci & Technol, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Lapenta, G.
    Univ Leuven, KULeuven, Dept Math, Ctr Math Plasma Astrophys, Celestijnenlaan 200B, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium..
    Study of electric and magnetic field fluctuations from lower hybrid drift instability waves in the terrestrial magnetotail with the fully kinetic, semi-implicit, adaptive multi level multi domain method2016In: Physics of Plasmas, ISSN 1070-664X, E-ISSN 1089-7674, Vol. 23, no 5, article id 052902Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The newly developed fully kinetic, semi-implicit, adaptive multi-level multi-domain (MLMD) method is used to simulate, at realistic mass ratio, the development of the lower hybrid drift instability (LHDI) in the terrestrial magnetotail over a large wavenumber range and at a low computational cost. The power spectra of the perpendicular electric field and of the fluctuations of the parallel magnetic field are studied at wavenumbers and times that allow to appreciate the onset of the electrostatic and electromagnetic LHDI branches and of the kink instability. The coupling between electric and magnetic field fluctuations observed by Norgren et al. ["Lower hybrid drift waves: Space observations," Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 055001 (2012)] for high wavenumber LHDI waves in the terrestrial magnetotail is verified. In the MLMD simulations presented, a domain ("coarse grid") is simulated with low resolution. A small fraction of the entire domain is then simulated with higher resolution also ("refined grid") to capture smaller scale, higher frequency processes. Initially, the MLMD method is validated for LHDI simulations. MLMD simulations with different levels of grid refinement are validated against the standard semi-implicit particle in cell simulations of domains corresponding to both the coarse and the refined grid. Precious information regarding the applicability of the MLMD method to turbulence simulations is derived. The power spectra of MLMD simulations done with different levels of refinements are then compared. They consistently show a break in the magnetic field spectra at k(perpendicular to)d(i) similar to 30, with d(i) the ion skin depth and k(perpendicular to) the perpendicular wavenumber. The break is observed at early simulated times, Omega(ci)t < 6, with Omega(ci) the ion cyclotron frequency. It is due to the initial decoupling of electric and magnetic field fluctuations at intermediate and low wavenumbers, before the development of the electromagnetic LHDI branch. Evidence of coupling between electric and magnetic field fluctuations in the wave-number range where the fast and slow LHDI branches develop is then provided for a cluster magnetotail crossing.

  • 8.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, D. B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Norgren, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Eriksson, Elin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Li, Wenya
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Johlander, Andreas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Andre, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Pritchett, P. L.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Retino, A.
    CNRS, LPP, Palaiseau, France..
    Phan, T. D.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Goodrich, K.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Marklund, G. T.
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Le Contel, O.
    CNRS, LPP, Palaiseau, France..
    Plaschke, F.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Magnes, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Vaith, H.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Argall, M. R.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Kletzing, C. A.
    Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA..
    Nakamura, R.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Paterson, W. R.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Gershman, D. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Dorelli, J. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Avanov, L. A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Lavraud, B.
    CNRS, IRAP, Toulouse, France..
    Saito, Y.
    JAXA, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan..
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Pollock, C. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Turner, D. L.
    Aerosp Corp, Dept Space Sci, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA..
    Blake, J. D.
    Aerosp Corp, Dept Space Sci, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA..
    Fennell, J. F.
    Aerosp Corp, Dept Space Sci, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA..
    Jaynes, A.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Mauk, B. H.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA..
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Electron jet of asymmetric reconnection2016In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 43, no 11, p. 5571-5580Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present Magnetospheric Multiscale observations of an electron-scale current sheet and electron outflow jet for asymmetric reconnection with guide field at the subsolar magnetopause. The electron jet observed within the reconnection region has an electron Mach number of 0.35 and is associated with electron agyrotropy. The jet is unstable to an electrostatic instability which generates intense waves with E-vertical bar amplitudes reaching up to 300mVm(-1) and potentials up to 20% of the electron thermal energy. We see evidence of interaction between the waves and the electron beam, leading to quick thermalization of the beam and stabilization of the instability. The wave phase speed is comparable to the ion thermal speed, suggesting that the instability is of Buneman type, and therefore introduces electron-ion drag and leads to braking of the electron flow. Our observations demonstrate that electrostatic turbulence plays an important role in the electron-scale physics of asymmetric reconnection.

  • 9.
    Li, Wenya
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Andre, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Toledo-Redondo, S.
    European Space Agcy, Sci Directorate, ESAC, Madrid, Spain..
    Norgren, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Henri, P.
    CNRS, LPC2E, Orleans, France..
    Wang, C.
    Natl Space Sci Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Tang, B. B.
    Natl Space Sci Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse UPS, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, Toulouse, France.;CNRS, UMR 5277, Toulouse, France..
    Vernisse, Y.
    Univ Toulouse UPS, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, Toulouse, France..
    Turner, D. L.
    Aerosp Corp, Dept Space Sci, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA..
    Burch, J.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Torbert, R.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Magnes, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Blake, J. B.
    Aerosp Corp, Dept Space Sci, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA..
    Mauk, B.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA..
    Giles, B.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Pollock, C.
    Denali Sci, Healy, AL USA..
    Fennell, J.
    Aerosp Corp, Dept Space Sci, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA..
    Jaynes, A.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Avanov, L. A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Dorelli, J. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Gershman, D. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Paterson, W. R.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Saito, Y.
    Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Tokyo, Japan..
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Kinetic evidence of magnetic reconnection due to Kelvin-Helmholtz waves2016In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 43, no 11, p. 5635-5643Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability at the Earth's magnetopause is predominantly excited during northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Magnetic reconnection due to KH waves has been suggested as one of the mechanisms to transfer solar wind plasma into the magnetosphere. We investigate KH waves observed at the magnetopause by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission; in particular, we study the trailing edges of KH waves with Alfvenic ion jets. We observe gradual mixing of magnetospheric and magnetosheath ions at the boundary layer. The magnetospheric electrons with energy up to 80keV are observed on the magnetosheath side of the jets, which indicates that they escape into the magnetosheath through reconnected magnetic field lines. At the same time, the low-energy (below 100eV) magnetosheath electrons enter the magnetosphere and are heated in the field-aligned direction at the high-density edge of the jets. Our observations provide unambiguous kinetic evidence for ongoing reconnection due to KH waves.

  • 10.
    Li, Wenya Y.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Fuselier, S. A.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Toledo-Redondo, S.
    European Space Agcy, ESAC, Sci Directorate, Madrid, Spain..
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse UPA, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, Toulouse, France.;CNRS, UMR 5277, Toulouse, France..
    Turner, D. L.
    Aerosp Corp, Space Sci Dept, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA..
    Norgren, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy.
    Tang, B. B.
    Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Wang, C.
    Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Young, D. T.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Chandler, M.
    NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL USA..
    Giles, B.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Pollock, C.
    Denali Sci, Healy, AK USA..
    Ergun, R.
    Univ Colorado Boulder, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Earth Planetary & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA..
    Torbert, R.
    Univ New Hampshire, Space Sci Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Moore, T.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Burch, J.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Cold Ionospheric Ions in the Magnetic Reconnection Outflow Region2017In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 122, no 10, p. 10194-10202Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Magnetosheath plasma usually determines properties of asymmetric magnetic reconnection at the subsolar region of Earth's magnetopause. However, cold plasma that originated from the ionosphere can also reach the magnetopause and modify the kinetic physics of asymmetric reconnection. We present a magnetopause crossing with high-density (10-60 cm(-3)) cold ions and ongoing reconnection from the observation of the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft. The magnetopause crossing is estimated to be 300 ion inertial lengths south of the X line. Two distinct ion populations are observed on the magnetosheath edge of the ion jet. One population with high parallel velocities (200-300 km/s) is identified to be cold ion beams, and the other population is the magnetosheath ions. In the deHoffman-Teller frame, the field-aligned magnetosheath ions are Alfvenic and move toward the jet region, while the field-aligned cold ion beams move toward the magnetosheath boundary layer, with much lower speeds. These cold ion beams are suggested to be from the cold ions entering the jet close to the X line. This is the first observation of the cold ionospheric ions in the reconnection outflow region, including the reconnection jet and the magnetosheath boundary layer.

  • 11.
    Norgren, Cecilia
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel. B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri. V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Slow electron holes in multicomponent plasmas2015In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 42, no 18, p. 7264-7272Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Electrostatic solitary waves (ESWs), often interpreted as electron phase space holes, are commonly observed in plasmas and are manifestations of strongly nonlinear processes. Often slow ESWs are observed, suggesting generation by the Buneman instability. The instability criteria, however, are generally not satisfied. We show how slow electron holes can be generated by a modified Buneman instability in a plasma that includes a slow electron beam on top of a warm thermal electron background. This lowers the required current for marginal instability and allows for generation of slow electron holes for a wide range of beam parameters that covers expected plasma distributions in space, for example, in magnetic reconnection regions. At higher beam speeds, the electron-electron beam instability becomes dominant instead, producing faster electron holes. The range of phase speeds for this model is consistent with a statistical set of observations at the magnetopause made by Cluster.

  • 12.
    Norgren, Cecilia
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Slow electron phase space holes: Magnetotail observations2015In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 42, no 6, p. 1654-1661Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We report multispacecraft observations of slow electrostatic solitary waves in the plasma sheet boundary layer. The electrostatic solitary waves are embedded in a region with field-aligned electron flows and are interpreted as electron phase space holes. We make unambiguous velocity and length estimates of the electron holes, v(EH)approximate to 500 km/s and l(||)approximate to 2-4(De), where l(||) is the parallel half width. We do not detect any magnetic signature of the holes. The electrostatic potentials of the holes are of the order e/k(B)T(e)approximate to 10%, indicating that they can affect electron motion and further couple the electron and ion dynamics.

  • 13.
    Norgren, Cecilia
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Chen, L. -J
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Marklund, G. T.
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn, Space & Plasma Phys, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Magnes, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Paterson, W. R.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Gershman, D. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Dorelli, J. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Avanov, L. A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, Toulouse, France.;CNRS, UMR 5277, Toulouse, France..
    Saito, Y.
    Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, JAXA, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan..
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Pollock, C. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Finite gyroradius effects in the electron outflow of asymmetric magnetic reconnection2016In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 43, no 13, p. 6724-6733Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present observations of asymmetric magnetic reconnection showing evidence of electron demagnetization in the electron outflow. The observations were made at the magnetopause by the four Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft, separated by approximate to 15km. The reconnecting current sheet has negligible guide field, and all four spacecraft likely pass close to the electron diffusion region just south of the X line. In the electron outflow near the X line, all four spacecraft observe highly structured electron distributions in a region comparable to a few electron gyroradii. The distributions consist of a core with T-vertical bar>T and a nongyrotropic crescent perpendicular to the magnetic field. The crescents are associated with finite gyroradius effects of partly demagnetized electrons. These observations clearly demonstrate the manifestation of finite gyroradius effects in an electron-scale reconnection current sheet.

  • 14.
    Norgren, Cecilia
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Univ Bergen, Birkeland Ctr Space Sci, Dept Phys & Technol, Bergen, Norway.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Swedish Inst Space Phys, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Hesse, M.
    Univ Bergen, Birkeland Ctr Space Sci, Dept Phys & Technol, Bergen, Norway.
    Eriksson, Elin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy.
    Lindqvist, P-A
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn, Space & Plasma Phys, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, CNES, UPS,CNRS, Toulouse, France.
    Burch, J.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Fuselier, S.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA;Univ Texas San Antonio, Dept Phys & Astron, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Magnes, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria.
    Gershman, D. J.
    Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA;NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA.
    Electron Reconnection in the Magnetopause Current Layer2018In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 123, no 11, p. 9222-9238Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The electron dynamics within thin current sheets plays a key role both for the process of magnetic reconnection and other energy transfer mechanisms but, from an observational point of view, is not well understood. In this paper we report observations of a reconnecting current sheet with intermediate guide field B-G = 0.5B(in), where B-in is the magnetic field amplitude in the inflow regions. The current sheet width is comparable to electron spatial scales. It shows a bifurcated structure and is embedded within the magnetopause current layer with thickness of several ion scales. The electron scale current sheet has strong out-of-plane and in-plane currents, Hall electric and magnetic fields, a finite magnetic field component normal to the current sheet, and nongyrotropic electron distributions formed due to finite gyroradius effects at the boundary of the current sheet. Comparison between test particle simulations and electron data shows that electrons approaching from the edge of the largest magnetic curvature are scattered to perpendicular pitch angles in the center of the current sheet while electrons entering from the opposite side remain close to field aligned. The comparison also shows that an observed depletion in phase space at antiparallel pitch angles can be explained if an out-of-plane electric field, which due to the guide field is close to antiparallel to the magnetic field, is present in the center of the current sheet. This electric field would be consistent with the reconnection electric field, and we therefore interpret the depletion of electron phase space density as a manifestation of ongoing reconnection.

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  • 15.
    Norgren, Cecilia
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Lower Hybrid Drift Waves: Space Observations2012In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 109, no 5, p. 055001-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Lower hybrid drift waves (LHDWs) are commonly observed at plasma boundaries in space and laboratory, often having the strongest measured electric fields within these regions. We use data from two of the Cluster satellites (C3 and C4) located in Earth's magnetotail and separated by a distance of the order of the electron gyroscale. These conditions allow us, for the first time, to make cross-spacecraft correlations of the LHDWs and to determine the phase velocity and wavelength of the LHDWs. Our results are in good agreement with the theoretical prediction. We show that the electrostatic potential of LHDWs is linearly related to fluctuations in the magnetic field magnitude, which allows us to determine the velocity vector through the relation integral delta Edt . v = phi(delta B parallel to). The electrostatic potential fluctuations correspond to similar to 10% of the electron temperature, which suggests that the waves can strongly affect the electron dynamics.

  • 16.
    Voros, Z.
    et al.
    Karl Franzens Univ Graz, Inst Phys, Graz, Austria.;Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria.;Hungarian Acad Sci, RCAES, Geodet & Geophys Inst, Sopron, Hungary..
    Yordanova, Emiliya
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Varsani, A.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria.;UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking, Surrey, England..
    Genestreti, K. J.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Li, Wenya
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Norgren, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Nakamura, R.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Narita, Y.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Plaschke, F.
    Karl Franzens Univ Graz, Inst Phys, Graz, Austria.;Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Magnes, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Baumjohann, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Fischer, D.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Eriksson, Elin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy.
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Space and Plasma Group, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Marklund, G.
    Royal Inst Technol, Space & Plasma Grp, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado Boulder, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO USA..
    Leitner, M.
    Karl Franzens Univ Graz, Inst Phys, Graz, Austria..
    Leubner, M. P.
    Univ Innsbruck, Inst Astro & Particle Phys, Innsbruck, Austria..
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Le Contel, O.
    UPMC, Univ Paris Sud, CNRS, Ecole Polytech,Lab Phys Plasmas,Obs Paris, Paris, France..
    Pollock, C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Giles, B. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Torbert, R. B.
    Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA..
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Avanov, L. A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Dorelli, J. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Gershman, D. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Astron Dept, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Paterson, W. R.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, CNES,IRAP, Toulouse, France..
    Saito, Y.
    JAXA, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan..
    MMS Observation of Magnetic Reconnection in the Turbulent Magnetosheath2017In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 122, no 11, p. 11442-11467Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper we use the full armament of the MMS (Magnetospheric Multiscale) spacecraft to study magnetic reconnection in the turbulent magnetosheath downstream of a quasi-parallel bow shock. Contrarily to the magnetopause and magnetotail cases, only a few observations of reconnection in the magnetosheath have been reported. The case study in this paper presents, for the first time, both fluid-scale and kinetic-scale signatures of an ongoing reconnection in the turbulent magnetosheath. The spacecraft are crossing the reconnection inflow and outflow regions and the ion diffusion region (IDR). Inside the reconnection outflows D shape ion distributions are observed. Inside the IDR mixing of ion populations, crescent-like velocity distributions and ion accelerations are observed. One of the spacecraft skims the outer region of the electron diffusion region, where parallel electric fields, energy dissipation/conversion, electron pressure tensor agyrotropy, electron temperature anisotropy, and electron accelerations are observed. Some of the difficulties of the observations of magnetic reconnection in turbulent plasma are also outlined.

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