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  • 1.
    Ahammad, Mohammad Faisal
    et al.
    Univ Leeds, Leeds Univ Business Sch, Ctr Int Business CIBUL, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England..
    Konwar, Ziko
    Univ Leeds, Leeds Univ Business Sch, Ctr Int Business CIBUL, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England..
    Papageorgiadis, Nikolaos
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Business Studies. Univ Liverpool, Sch Management, Int Business, Chatham Bldg,Chatham St, Liverpool, England.
    Wang, Chengang
    Univ Bradford, Sch Management, Int Business, Bradford BD9 4JL, W Yorkshire, England..
    Inbar, Jacob
    Ariel Univ, Fac Social Sci & Humanities, Dept Econ & Business Management, IL-40700 Ariel, Israel..
    R&D capabilities, intellectual property strength and choice of equity ownership in cross-border acquisitions: evidence from BRICS acquirers in Europe2018In: R &D Management, ISSN 0033-6807, E-ISSN 1467-9310, Vol. 48, no 2, p. 177-194Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of the study is to investigate two relatively underexplored factors, namely, the R&D (research and development) capabilities of target firms and the strength of intellectual property (IP) institutions in target economies, that influences the choice of equity ownership in cross border acquisitions (CBAs) undertaken by multinational enterprises (MNEs) from BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) economies. They developed the key hypothesis on foreign market entry through CBAs by incorporating insights from transaction costs economics, the resource-based view and institutional theory to investigate the determinants of full versus partial equity ownership. Using logistic regression estimation methods to a sample of 111 CBA deals of BRICS MNEs in 22 European countries, it was found that BRICS MNEs were likely to pursue full rather than partial acquisition mode when target firms have high R&D capabilities. However, the greater the degree of strength of IP institutions in target economies and higher the target firms' R&D capabilities, the more likely it is for BRICS MNEs to undertake partial, rather than, full acquisition mode. They provided interesting theoretical insights and managerial implications that might underlie some of the key findings on CBAs by emerging market MNEs.

  • 2.
    Alexiou, Constantinos
    et al.
    Cranfield Sch Management, Bedford, England..
    Nellis, Joseph
    Cranfield Sch Management, Bedford, England..
    Papageorgiadis, Nikolaos
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Business Studies. Univ Liverpool, Sch Management, Liverpool, Merseyside, England..
    The effect of patent enforcement strength and FDI on economic growth2016In: Multinational Business Review, ISSN 1525-383X, Vol. 24, no 4, p. 334-353Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose - This paper aims to study the effects of the strength of patent enforcement on economic growth following the signing of the agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and the role of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) flows in mediating and enhancing this relationship. Design/methodology/approach - Following a generalized method of moments methodology, use is made of a new longitudinal index measuring the strength of enforcement-related aspects of patent systems. Findings - Stronger levels of patent enforcement have a significant positive effect on the economic growth of both developed and developing countries. Importantly, inward FDI flows have a mediating role in positively boosting this effect for all countries and particularly for developed countries. Originality/value - This is the first empirical study of the role of the strength of patent enforcement ("law in action") in stimulating economic growth, as previous empirical studies have focused on the effect of the strength of patent law protection ("law on the books"). The failure in the past to allow for "law in action" was mainly due to the lack of available data that could proxy for the strength of patent enforcement levels in a country. This study utilizes a newly published, longitudinal index that captures the strength of the enforcement-related aspects of patent systems.

  • 3.
    Christopoulou, Danai
    et al.
    Univ Liverpool, Management Sch, Chatham Bldg, Liverpool L69 7ZH, Merseyside, England..
    Papageorgiadis, Nikolaos
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Business Studies. Univ Liverpool, Management Sch, Chatham Bldg, Liverpool L69 7ZH, Merseyside, England..
    Wang, Chengang
    Univ Bradford, Sch Management, Emm Lane, Bradford BD9 4JL, W Yorkshire, England..
    Magkonis, Georgios
    Univ Portsmouth, Richmond Bldg,Portland St, Portsmouth PO1 3DE, Hants, England..
    IPR Law Protection and Enforcement and the Effect on Horizontal Productivity Spillovers from Inward FDI to Domestic Firms: A Meta-analysis2021In: MIR: Management International Review, ISSN 0938-8249, E-ISSN 1861-8901, Vol. 61, no 2, p. 235-266Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We study the role of the strength of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) law protection and enforcement in influencing horizontal productivity spillovers from inward FDI to domestic firms in host countries. While most WTO countries adopted strong IPR legislation due to exogenous pressure resulting from the signing of the Trade-Related Aspects of IPR (TRIPS) agreement, public IPR enforcement strength continues to vary significantly between countries. We meta-analyse 49 studies and find that public IPR enforcement strength has a direct positive effect on horizontal productivity spillovers from inward FDI to domestic firms and a negative moderating effect on the relationship between IPR law protection strength and horizontal productivity spillovers from inward FDI to domestic firms.

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  • 4.
    Papageorgiadis, Nikolaos
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Business Studies.
    Cross, Adam R.
    Alexiou, Constantinos
    International patent systems strength 1998-20112014In: Journal of world business (Print), ISSN 1090-9516, E-ISSN 1878-5573, Vol. 49, no 4, p. 586-597Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper we report on a composite index of international patent systems strength for 48 developing and industrialized countries annually from 1998 to 2011. Building upon earlier indices we develop a conceptual framework informed by transaction cost theory and derive measures which emphasize the importance of enforcement-related aspects of the patent system of countries. Findings reveal harmonization of the regulative aspects of patent protection internationally in the post-TRIPs era but not of overall national patent systems. The index should inform studies on the relationship between national patent systems and a range of international business and other phenomena.

  • 5.
    Papageorgiadis, Nikolaos
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Business Studies. Univ Liverpool, Management Sch, Chatham Bldg, Liverpool L69 7ZH, Merseyside, England.
    McDonald, Frank
    Univ Leeds, CIBUL, Business Sch, Maurice Keyworth Bldg, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
    Defining and Measuring the Institutional Context of National Intellectual Property Systems in a post-TRIPS world2019In: Journal of International Management, ISSN 1075-4253, E-ISSN 1873-0620, Vol. 25, no 1, p. 3-18Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Indices that approximate for the quality and strength of intellectual property (IP) systems are commonly used as variables in empirical international management studies. However, while international IP systems have radically transformed after the implementation of the TRIPS agreement, these contextual changes have not been accounted for in existing international management research approaches. This study examines the institutional context of IP systems in the post TRIPS implementation years by conceptualizing how IP Law on the books (regulations) and IP Law in practice (enforcement) combine. This enables the identification of two new contextual categories of IP systems that have not been conceptually, theoretically, or empirically captured in existing international management research. A review of the existing literature on indices measuring different aspects of national IP systems provides insights into how to improve future theoretical and empirical international management work that aims to study the effects of the context of IP systems in the post TRIPS era.

  • 6.
    Papageorgiadis, Nikolaos
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Business Studies. Univ Liverpool, Management Sch, Chatham Bldg, Liverpool L69 7ZH, Merseyside, England.
    McDonald, Frank
    Univ Leeds, Leeds Univ Business Sch, CIBUL, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
    Wang, Chengang
    Univ Bradford, Sch Management, Emm Lane, Bradford BD9 4JL, W Yorkshire, England.
    Konara, Palitha
    Univ Sussex, Business Sch, Brighton BN1 9RH, E Sussex, England.
    The characteristics of intellectual property rights regimes: How formal and informal institutions affect outward FDI location2020In: International Business Review, ISSN 0969-5931, E-ISSN 1873-6149, Vol. 29, no 1, article id 101620Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study examines the institutional arrangements that define the characteristics of national legal systems that are used to protect intellectual property (IP) assets embedded in outward FDI. The focus of the study is on how the institutional underpinnings of IPR regimes affect the costs and risk of using legal arenas to enable effective use of IP assets. Following a property rights approach it is postulated that formal and informal institutional arrangements influence how IP regimes affect the transaction costs and risk associated with converting ownership rights over IP into economic rights. Informal institutions are considered to affect the behaviour of agents involved in enforcing legal rights. This behaviour influences how IP law is implemented in legal arenas and thereby impacts on the efficacy of IPR regimes to help secure economic rights from the use of IP assets. Using data on outward FDI from the USA to 42 host countries the results find that the strength of informal institutions connected to the enforcement of IP in a country directly affects outcomes and positively moderates the effect of formal legal aspects of IP law on FDI flows. The results highlight the importance of informal institutional aspects connected to the behaviour of enforcement agents when using national legal systems to protect IP rights in cross frontier transactions.

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