Alternatif medya nedir? Çoğulcu, demokratik toplumlarda alternatif medya nasıl bir rol oynar? Alternatif medya, topluluk medyası, sivil toplum medyası ve rizomatik medya arasındaki benzerlikler ve farklar nelerdir? Alternatif medya uygulamada nasıl işler?Bu anlaşılır ve özlü metin, alternatif medyayı kuşatan karmaşık siyasal, toplumsal ve ekonomik tartışmalar aracılığıyla okura kapsamlı bir kılavuz sunuyor ve bu iletişim biçiminin tazelenen önemine dair berrak ve net bir bakış getiriyor. Kitabın yazarları, Birleşik Krallık, Kuzey Amerika ve Brezilya'nın aralarında bulunduğu ülkelerde yürütülen çeşitli saha çalışmalarını bir araya getirerek konuya dair özgün bir kuramsal çerçeve tasarlıyor. Kitap, hem "eski" hem de "yeni" medyaya bakmak suretiyle alternatif bir medyanın önemini savunuyor ve kapsamı genişletmenin bir yolu olarak siyasal bir gündem önerisinde bulunuyor.Alternatif Medyayı Anlamak medya, gazetecilik ve iletişim çalışmaları öğrencileri, araştırmacıları, akademisyenleri ve gazeteciler için değerli bir okuma.
The article’s objective is to analyse the discursive construction of the Czechnation in three cultural magazines, produced by Czech exiles in London duringWWII. The theoretical backbone for this analysis is provided by Laclau andMouffe’s (1985) discourse theory, which in turn supports a discourse-theoreticalre-reading of the literature on the nation, first in general and then in relationto the Czech nation. These three theoretical components support an analysis of650 selected contributions in 36 issues of the three main cultural journals of theCzech London exile: Obzor [Horizon], Kulturní zápisník [Cultural Notebook]and Review. This discourse-theoretical analysis shows the presence, particularityand contingency of a series of internal nodal points (temporal, spatial, linguistic,cultural and popular), in combination with the external nodal point of diversityin relation to outgroups. In the conclusion, the political nature of this construction,which we label the politics of poetry, is emphasized.
The state of audience research in European countries is not yet properly charted due to the fragmented and varied nature of the field. Obtaining an overview was both an objective of the Action in its own right, and a precondition of other achievements. For the first meeting of the Working Groups (WG) in Lisbon (November 11-13, 2010), the Steering Group (SG) of the Action invited the members to submit short national essays that review existing and emerging audience research in their respective countries. The reviews could be theoretical, topical, methodological, empirical or institutional. Most of them were presented in the WG sessions of the Lisbon meeting. The SG requested some revisions or additional essays in order to better cover the countries for which the essays where too focused, or to cover the countries that were not represented at all. In total, 58 essays covering the 30 participating countries were delivered and are available on the Action website at: http://www.cost-transforming-audiences.eu. This research report brings together these 59 essays as well as a tentative synthesis in the concluding section.
Journalism scholars have noted a steady rise of skepticism among the public in the latter half of the past century. "The passing of the 'High Modernism'" of journalism as Daniel Hallin (1992: 14) famously put it, shows in a loss of faith in journalists (Kovach & Rosenstiel: 41) and a seeming dissolution of journalists' covenant with the public (Cappella and Jamieson, 1997). But the era of 'postmodernism' (McQuail, 1994) or 'liquid modernity' (Bauman, 2000) in journalism also fundamentally impacted upon journalists' self-perception - or the trust they have in their profession and their own practices. The "absence of a sense of doubt or contradiction," (Hallin: idem) on the part of journalists has in the past decades been challenged in the face of such developments as commercialization, cross-media mergers and the rise of new media that deprive the journalist of his/her privileged position as "society's truth-teller" (McNair 1998: 71). Since the above mentioned developments have contributed to the erosion of the status (and thus legitimation) of journalists (Hallin, 2006) and have evoked the claim of 'the end of journalism' in a traditional sense, we may expect journalists to invest more effort in generating trust in their profession both for the audience and themselves. In order to analyze these strategies we will take a discourse-theoretical perspective on journalism that regards the latter as a discourse centered on a number of privileged signifiers that are connected up in a hegemonic discursive formation. This theoretical model -mainly opened up by Foucault, Laclau and Mouffe and ?i?ek - allows us to analyze how this journalistic hegemonic discursive formation deals with so-called dislocations, i.e. events that destabilize and de-legitimize the dominant discourse by introducing elements that cannot be domesticated within its framework. More in particular we will be looking at how a number of the core journalistic values are being discredited in the era of 'liquid modernity'. Examples are the broad changes in the possibilities for circulating news (that challenge journalist's autonomy), in the attitude towards the representation of reality (that contest journalist's modernist bias towards truth (Zelizer 2004:112)) and the introduction of commercial imperatives in news production (that delegitimize journalist's claims on bringing service to the public). The actions journalists engage in as a means to deal with these changes and reaffirm their own status and professionalism in the face of challenge have been researched in a number of ways. These have, for instance, been investigated from a macro-perspective as actions of 'paradigmatic repair' (Reese 1990) that are directed at reaffirming the ideological model(s) of journalism (see Carpentier 2008 en 2009). Tightly interlinked with this are studies that address the meso-level of the newspaper institution (see Reese 1990; Tuchman 1972). This article proposes to look at the normalizing strategies that are at work at the level of the journalistic identity. In order to analyze these strategies we will turn to a specific field, namely that of online news, as this is one of the sites where the threats sketched out above have forcefully come to the surface. It is exactly at such moments of threat that the truth-claims and strategies of generating trust are most clearly at work. By investigating online journalism, we wish to shed light on three discursive strategies employed in reaction to these threats: A first strategy is the marginalization of rivaling media (through the logics of the constitutive outside) which disarticulates online journalists from the discourse of 'good' and 'professional' journalism. Secondly, mainstream journalism has tried to maintain its professional identity by normalizing the mainstream online environment which entails limiting the possibilities offered by the online environment and incorporating alternative voices in the mainstream model. Thirdly, we witness a rearticulation of the nodal points embedded in the mainstream discourse. We may here think of a tendency towards foregrounding the journalist as individual and thus of reinforcing his claims on trustworthiness. Of importance here is also the increasingly interpretative role taken on by the journalist (Hallin 1992: 19) and the growing importance of the public image of journalists in blogs and other writings of an autobiographical nature. We will contend that these all link up with a reinforcement of journalistic myths that (re)surface in the face of 'the end of journalism'.
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The essay takes a historical reflection on the identity of the intellectual as a starting point, highlighting four key debates that have tried to provide meaning to this identity. These debates concern the intellectual's class position, the intellectual's connection to other classes and social groups, the location of the intellectual and the relationship with the university, and the publicness of the intellectual. These debates then feed into a more engaged reflection on the desirability of intellectuals to intervene in a society characterised by three types of crisis - the crisis of representative democracy, the economic crisis and the crisis of mimesis - investigating how their rethorics can be transformed into counter-hegemonic discourses. Although it is argued that the production of new ideological projects is not straightforward - because of the complex relationship between agency and discursive structures, the evenly difficult relationship between complexity and simplicity, and the ontological issues triggered by the crisis of mimesis - the essay pleads for the establishment of networks of intellectuals, driven by principles of value centrality, modular collaboration and non-essentialism, that allow them to critically rethink our core social structures, in order to establish new horizons to imagine social change.
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The chapter engages in a discussion about the knotted relations between the discursive and the material, starting from the discourse-theoretical position developed by Laclau and Mouffe, which emphasizes the importance of the discursive as producing necessary but contingent frameworks of intelligentibility. Even if Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse theory acknowledges the importance of the material, this chapter also argues for a clearer development of the material’s capacity to intervene in the discursive. Two concepts are proposed to think this through further, namely, the dislocation and the invitation, where the former captures a more disruptive mechanism and the latter a more constructive mechanism. In the last part of the chapter, the workings of both concepts are illustrated in a case study on a Cypriot community media organization, called the Cyprus Community Media Centre (CCMC). This case study shows how the counter-hegemonic project of the CCMC, with its materials, manages to disrupt the antagonistic-nationalist discourses that circulate on this island and is simultaneously disrupted because the discursive and material components of the CCMC assemblage do not let themselves be harnessed and encapsulated that easily either.
Participatory research is facing three challenges—how to deal with the theoretisation and conceptualisation of participation; how to support the research with analytical models; and how the evaluate the research outcomes. This article aims to address these three problems by distinguishing two main approaches (a sociological and a political) in participatory theory and developing a four-level and 12-step analytical model that functions within the political approach. In this analytical model, a series of key concepts are used: process, field, actor, decision-making moment and power. The normative-evaluative problem is addressed by reverting to the critical perspective to evaluate the societal desirability of particular participatory intensities. This critical perspective—potentially—adds a 13th and final normative layer to the analytical model.
The article starts with a discussion on the material and discursive components of conflicttransformation, arguing for the need to complement the dominance of material andpsychological approaches with a more discursive-cultural approach. This plea contextualisesthe analysis of a series of broadcasts of the Cypriot web community radio station, MYCYradio.Supported by the Mouffe’s (discourse-) theoretical conceptualisations of antagonism andagonism, the analysis focuses on the broadcasts of three MYCYradio shows. For each show, 10episodes, broadcast between September and November 2013 are analysed, using discoursetheoreticalanalysis. Through this analysis, four main re-articulations are identified in theMYCYradio shows: the overcoming/decentralising of the divide, the deconstruction of the self(and the enemy), the reconfiguration of time, and the elaboration of the cost of the conflict.The analysis shows that community media, despite the many different problems they face,have particular abilities to support agonistic discourses.