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  • 1.
    Rad, Alexander
    Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekonomivetenskap och juridik.
    Bank risk management: How do bank employees deal with risk at the strategic and operational levels?2017Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
  • 2.
    Rad, Alexander
    Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekonomivetenskap och juridik.
    Basel II and the associated uncertainties for banking practices2016In: Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, ISSN 1755-4179, E-ISSN 1755-4187, Vol. 8, no 3, p. 229-245Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose

    This paper aims to explore uncertainties in the interaction between Basel II and banking practices.

    Design/methodology/approach

    The research setting is a centralized bank’s risk control organization and its commercial lending operations. The bank, despite its early adoption of the Basel II Accord, experienced severe credit losses during the global financial crisis. The data consist of interviews with twelve decision-makers and risk specialists at the bank and interviews with four professionals outside the bank after the global financial crisis.

    Findings

    This paper finds that there are three types of uncertainties in the interaction between Basel II and banking practices. The paper also describes corroborative examples of efforts to reduce such uncertainties. Among such efforts, the decision-makers excluded the risk specialists from decision-making and decentralized decision-making to branch offices.

    Research limitations/implications

    Although the literature generally portrays bank decision-makers and risk specialists as opposing groups, this research finds that the bank interviewees present complementary and confirmatory accounts on three types of uncertainties.

    Practical implications

    The findings suggest that increased regulatory pressure have operational implications for banking practices.

    Originality/value

    The paper has contemporary relevance with its sole focus on credit risk after the transition period provided for Basel II Accord.

  • 3.
    Rad, Alexander
    Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekonomivetenskap och juridik.
    Risk management–control system interplay: case studies of two banks2016In: Journal of Accouting & Organizational Change, ISSN 1832-5912, E-ISSN 1839-5473, Vol. 12, no 4, p. 522-546Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose

    This paper aims to explore the interplay between risk management and control systems in banks, specifically investigating the managerial intentions underlying the design of management control systems.

    Design/methodology/approach

    This study is based on 31 interviews with personnel of two banks in a European country.

    Findings

    The main finding is that belief systems drive the interplay between risk management and control systems in the studied banks. In several instances, belief systems and boundary systems were operating complementarily. Cross-case analyses of the two banks demonstrate that risk management (i.e. the Basel II Accord) replaced established operating procedures for loan origination and portfolio monitoring at the first bank, whereas senior managers suppressed Basel II to maintain established loan origination and portfolio monitoring procedures at the second one.

    Originality/value

    This is one of very few studies investigating the interplay between risk management and control systems in banks.

  • 4.
    Rad, Alexander
    Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekonomivetenskap och juridik.
    The importance of trust for inter-organizational relationships: A study of interbank market practices in a crisis2017In: Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management/Emerald, ISSN 1176-6093, E-ISSN 1758-7654, Vol. 14, no 3, p. 282-306Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose

    This paper aims to examine interbank market practices in a crisis to understand the importance of trust in dealing with control problems and managing risk in inter-organizational relationships (IORs).

    Design/methodology/approach

    A qualitative field study was conducted to collect data from two case-study banks and two key banking industry institutions.

    Findings

    The findings illustrate the use of trust-based partner-selection criteria such as guaranteed banks (i.e., banks granted special status by key banking industry institutions) and “clan-related” banks. In addition, the findings present several trust-based performance-control processes regarding the selected counterparties, such as negative expectations, goodwill and information sharing.

    Research limitations/implications

    This paper highlights IORs and considers how associated control problems and risks are affected by trust in the context of a large-scale crisis.

    Practical implications

    The findings provide insights into interbank market practices during the global financial crisis with respect to partner selection and performance control.

    Originality/value

    The empirical case of the banking industry helps broaden our understanding of inter-IORs.

  • 5.
    Rad, Alexander
    et al.
    Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekonomivetenskap och juridik.
    Wahlberg, Olof
    Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekonomivetenskap och juridik.
    Öhman, Peter
    Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekonomivetenskap och juridik.
    How Lending Officers Construe Assessments of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Loan Applications: A Repertory Grid Study2013In: Journal of constructivist psychology, ISSN 1072-0537, E-ISSN 1521-0650, Vol. 26, no 4, p. 262-279Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Repertory grid technique and principal component analysis were used to map and analyze how 75 lending officers (LOs) viewed their assessments of small and medium-sized enterprises’ loan applications in one bank and region. A standard set of elements and constructs, derived during pre- and pilot studies, was used. Analysis of individual grids demonstrated that the principal components indicated the existence of similarities in LOs’ construing at an aggregated level. Analysis of the mean grid of all respondents indicated that the LOs were encouraged by the bank's lending strategy and supporting system(s) to perform “procedural lending” with a focus on hard and future-oriented information. At the same time, the LOs deemphasized relationship lending, in particular, personal relationships.

  • 6.
    Rad, Alexander
    et al.
    Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekonomivetenskap och juridik.
    Yazdanfar, Darush
    Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekonomivetenskap och juridik.
    Öhman, Peter
    Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekonomivetenskap och juridik.
    Female and male risk aversion: An empirical study of loan officers’ assessment of SME loan applications2014In: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, ISSN 1756-6266, E-ISSN 1756-6274, Vol. 6, no 2, p. 121-141Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose – The aim of the paper is to analyse female and male loan officers' (LOs) risk aversion as they assess different types of small- and medium-sized enterprises' (SMEs) loan applications.

    Design/methodology/approach – The data were gathered from a sample of 75 Swedish LOs, using the repertory grid technique and related questions. The data were analysed statistically.

    Findings – The findings demonstrate that female LOs focus more on collateral (used as a proxy for risk aversion) in their evaluations of first-time loan applications than male LOs. However, the findings also suggest that there are no significant differences between the two groups as far as risk aversion when they evaluate additional loan applications. The other variables controlled for (age, tenure, insight, education, and location) did not significantly affect the LOs' risk aversion.

    Research limitations/implications – The study might have benefited from the use of complementary data collection approaches. Access to actual assessment and decision-making procedures could have increased the understanding of female and male LOs' attitudes toward risk.

    Practical implications – The findings suggest that by the use of female-male LO teams, banks may achieve more balanced assessments of SMEs' loan applications.

    Originality/value – To the authors' knowledge, the literature has not explicitly addressed risk aversion among female and male LOs with respect to different types of bank loans. Moreover, the authors investigated risk aversion in the context of standardised assessments procedures used to reduce exposure to credit risk.

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