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  • 1.
    Antoni, Gunnar
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Preclinical PET Platform.
    Lubberink, Mark
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    Estrada, Sergio
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Preclinical PET Platform.
    Axelsson, Jan
    Carlson, Kristina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Haematology.
    Lindsjö, Lars
    Kero, Tanja
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Granstam, Sven-Olof
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Physiology.
    Rosengren, Sara
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Haematology.
    Vedin, Ola
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, centrumbildningar mm, UCR-Uppsala Clinical Research Center.
    Wassberg, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    Wikström, Gerhard
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology.
    Westermark, Per
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Molecular and Morphological Pathology.
    Sörensen, Jens
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    In Vivo Visualization of Amyloid Deposits in the Heart with 11C-PIB and PET2013In: Journal of Nuclear Medicine, ISSN 0161-5505, E-ISSN 1535-5667, Vol. 54, no 2, p. 213-220Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cardiac amyloidosis is a differential diagnosis in heart failure and is associated with high mortality. There is currently no noninvasive imaging test available for specific diagnosis. N-[methyl-11C]2-(4′-methylamino-phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole (11C-PIB) PET is used in the evaluation of brain amyloidosis. We evaluated the potential use of 11C-PIB PET in systemic amyloidosis affecting the heart.

    Methods:

    Patients (n = 10) diagnosed with systemic amyloidosis—including heart involvement of either monoclonal immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) or transthyretin (ATTR) type—and healthy volunteers (n = 5) were investigated with PET/CT using 11C-PIB to study cardiac amyloid deposits and with 11C-acetate to measure myocardial blood flow to study the impact of global and regional perfusion on PIB retention.

    Results:

    Myocardial 11C-PIB uptake was visually evident in all patients 15–25 min after injection and was not seen in any volunteer. A significant difference in 11C-PIB retention in the heart between patients and healthy controls was found. The data indicate that myocardial amyloid deposits in patients diagnosed with systemic amyloidosis could be visualized with 11C-PIB. No correlation between 11C-PIB retention index and myocardial blood flow as measured with 11C-acetate was found on the global level, whereas a positive correlation on the segmental level was seen in a single patient.

    Conclusion:

    11C-PIB and PET could be a method to study systemic amyloidosis of type AL and ATTR affecting the heart and should be investigated further both as a diagnostic tool and as a noninvasive method for treatment follow-up.

  • 2. Antoni, Gunnar
    et al.
    Omura, H
    Bergström, Mats
    Furuya, Y
    Moulder, R
    Roberto, A
    Sundin, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    Watanabe, Y
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Preclinical PET Platform.
    Synthesis of l-2,4-Diamino[4-11C]butyric acid and its use in some In vitro and In vivo tumour models1997In: Nuclear Medicine and Biology, ISSN 0969-8051, E-ISSN 1872-9614, Vol. 24, no 6, p. 595-601Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    l-2,4-Diamino[4-11C]butyric acid (DAB) was synthesized by an enzyme catalysed carrier added (0.1 μmol KCN) reaction of hydrogen [11C]cyanide with O-acetyl-l-serine followed by reduction. l-[11C]DAB was obtained with a radiochemical purity higher than 96% and with a decay corrected radiochemical yield of 30–40% within a 32 min reaction time. The enantiomeric excess was 98%. The uptake of l-[11C]DAB was investigated in multicellular aggregates of six different cell lines and animal tumour models. l-[11C]DAB is potentially useful for the assessment of pharmacokinetics of l-DAB in vivo for part of its evaluation as an antitumoural agent, although its use for diagnostic purposes seems limited.

  • 3.
    Antoni, Gunnar
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry.
    Omura, H
    Ikemoto, M
    Moulder, R
    Watanabe, Y
    Långström, B
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Enzyme catalysed synthesis of L-(4-11C) aspartate and L-(5-11C) glutamate2001In: J. Labbelled Compd. Radiopharm.Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 4.
    Appel, Lieuwe
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    Bergström, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy.
    Lassen, Jorgen Buus
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Physical Organic Chemistry.
    Tesofensine, a novel triple monoamine re-uptake inhibitor with anti-obesity effects: Dopamine transporter occupancy as measured by PET2014In: European Neuropsychopharmacology, ISSN 0924-977X, E-ISSN 1873-7862, Vol. 24, no 2, p. 251-261Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Tesofensine (TE) is a novel triple monoannine re-uptake inhibitor inducing a potent inhibition of the re-uptake process in the synaptic cleft of the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. In recent preclinical and clinical evaluations TE showed a robust anti-obesity effect, but the specific mechanism of this triple monoamine re-uptake inhibitor still needs to be further elucidated. This positron emission tomography (PET) study, using [C-11]beta CIT-FE, aimed to assess the degree of the dopamine transporter (DAT) occupancy, at constant TE plasma levels, following different oral, multiple doses of TE during totally 8-12 days. In addition, the relationships between DAT occupancy and TE plasma concentrations, or doses, were investigated to enable assessment of DAT occupancies in subsequent clinical trials. The results demonstrated that TE induced a dose-dependent blockade of DAT following multiple doses of 0.125-1 mg TE at anticipated steady-state conditions. The mean striatal DAT occupancy varied dose-dependently between 18% and 77%. A signnoid E-max model well described the relationship between striatal DAT occupancy and TE plasma concentrations or doses. It was estimated that the maximum achievable DAT occupancy was about 80% and that half of this effect was accomplished by approximately 0.25 mg TE and a plasma drug concentration of 4 ng/ml. The results indicated an important mechanism of action of TE on DAT. Further, these results suggest that the previously reported dose-dependent weight loss, in TE treated subjects, was in part mediated by an up-regulation of dopaminergic pathways due to enhanced amounts of synaptic dopamine after blockade of DAT.

  • 5. Aziz, Q
    et al.
    Andersson, J L
    Valind, S
    Sundin, Anders
    Hamdy, S
    Jones, A K
    Foster, E R
    Långström, Bengt
    Thompson, D G
    Identification of human brain loci processing esophageal sensation using positron emission tomography1997In: Gastroenterology, ISSN 0016-5085, E-ISSN 1528-0012, Vol. 113, no 1, p. 50-59Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND & AIMS:

    Brain loci that process human esophageal sensation remain unidentified. The aim of this study was to identify the brain loci that process nonpainful and painful human esophageal sensation.

    METHODS:

    In 8 healthy subjects (7 men; age range, 24-47 years), distal esophageal stimulation was performed by repeatedly inflating a balloon at volumes that produced either no sensation, definite sensation, or pain. Two positron emission tomography scans were performed for each sensation using H2(15)O. Magnetic resonance brain scans were also performed in each subject, and the positron emission tomography data were coregistered with magnetic resonance scans. Analysis of covariance-corrected t images showing the contrasts definite sensation-baseline, pain-baseline, and pain-definite sensation were created.

    RESULTS:

    Nonpainful stimulation elicited bilateral activations along the central sulcus, insular cortex, and frontal/parietal operculum (P < 0.01). Painful stimulation produced more intense activations of the same areas and additional activation of the right anterior insular cortex and the anterior cingulate gyrus. Multiple areas of decreased activation were also observed; prominent among these was the right prefrontal cortex, which was inhibited during both nonpainful and painful stimulation.

    CONCLUSIONS:

    Esophageal sensation activates bilaterally the insula, primary somatosensory cortex, and operculum. The right anterior insular cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus process esophageal pain.

  • 6.
    Baidya, Anurag T. K.
    et al.
    Indian Inst Technol BHU, Dept Pharmaceut Engn & Technol, Uttar pradesh 221005, India..
    Das, Bhanuranjan
    Indian Inst Technol BHU, Dept Pharmaceut Engn & Technol, Uttar pradesh 221005, India..
    Devi, Bharti
    Indian Inst Technol BHU, Dept Pharmaceut Engn & Technol, Uttar pradesh 221005, India..
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC.
    Ågren, Hans
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Chemical and Bio-Molecular Physics.
    Darreh-Shori, Taher
    Karolinska Inst, Dept Neurobiol Care Sci & Soc, Div Clin Geriatr, Ctr Alzhe Res imr, S-14152 Stockholm, Sweden..
    Kumar, Rajnish
    Indian Inst Technol BHU, Dept Pharmaceut Engn & Technol, Uttar pradesh 221005, India..
    Mechanistic Insight into the Inhibition of Choline Acetyltransferase by Proton Pump Inhibitors2023In: ACS Chemical Neuroscience, E-ISSN 1948-7193, Vol. 14, no 4, p. 749-765Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Various pharmacoepidemiological investigational studies have indicated that Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) may increase the likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and non-AD related dementias. Previously, we have reported the inhibition of the acetylcholine biosynthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) by PPIs, for which omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole exhibited IC50 values of 0.1, 1.5, and 5.3 mu M, respectively. In this study we utilize a battery of computational tools to perceive a mechanistic insight into the molecular interaction of PPIs with the ChAT binding pocket that may further help in designing novel ChAT ligands. Various in-silico tools make it possible for us to elucidate the binding interaction, conformational stability, and dynamics of the protein-ligand complexes within a 200 ns time frame. Further, the binding free energies for the PPI-ChAT complexes were explored. The results suggest that the PPIs exhibit equal or higher binding affinity toward the ChAT catalytic tunnel and are stable throughout the simulated time and that the pyridine ring of the PPIs interacts primarily with the catalytic residue His324. A free energy landscape analysis showed that the folding process was linear, and the residue interaction network analysis can provide insight into the roles of various amino acid residues in stabilization of the PPIs in the ChAT binding pocket. As a major factor for the onset of Alzheimer's disease is linked to cholinergic dysfunction, our previous and the present findings give clear insight into the PPI interaction with ChAT. The scaffold can be further simplified to develop novel ChAT ligands, which can also be used as ChAT tracer probes for the diagnosis of cholinergic dysfunction and to initiate timely therapeutic interventions to prevent or delay the progression of AD.

  • 7.
    Balamurugan, Kanagasabai
    et al.
    Royal Inst Technol KTH, AlbaNova Univ Ctr, Sch Biotechnol, Div Theoret Chem & Biol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden..
    Murugan, Natarajan Arul
    Royal Inst Technol KTH, AlbaNova Univ Ctr, Sch Biotechnol, Div Theoret Chem & Biol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden..
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Organic Chemistry.
    Nordberg, Agneta
    Karolinska Univ Hosp, Karolinska Inst, Dept Neurobiol Care Sci & Soc, Ctr Alzheimer Res,Translat Alzheimer Neurobiol,De, S-14186 Stockholm, Sweden..
    Agren, Hans
    Royal Inst Technol KTH, AlbaNova Univ Ctr, Sch Biotechnol, Div Theoret Chem & Biol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.;Siberian Fed Univ, Inst Nanotechnol Spect & Quantum Chem, Svobodny Pr 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia..
    Effect of Alzheimer Familial Chromosomal Mutations on the Amyloid Fibril Interaction with Different PET Tracers: Insight from Molecular Modeling Studies2017In: ACS Chemical Neuroscience, E-ISSN 1948-7193, Vol. 8, no 12, p. 2655-2666Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder. Along with an increasing number of elderly worldwide, it poses a great challenge for the society and health care. Although sporadic AD is the common form of AD, 2-3% of the AD cases are expected to be due to mutations in the fi region of the amyloid precursor protein, which is referred to as autosomal dominant AD (ADAD). These mutations may cause changes in the secondary structure of the amyloid fi fibrils and may alter the fibrillization rate leading to changes in the disease development and could also affect the binding to tracers used in diagnosis. In particular, from some recent clinical studies using PET tracers for detection of fibrillar amyloids, it is evident that in ADAD patients with Arctic mutation no amyloid plaque binding can be detected with the "C Pittsburgh Compound B (C-11-PIB). However, for in vitro conditions, significant binding of H-3-PIB has been reported for the amyloid fibrils carrying the Arctic mutation. The aim of the present study is to investigate if there is any mutation specific binding of commonly used amyloid tracers, namely, florbetaben, florbetapir, FPIB, AZD4694, and AZD2184, by means of molecular modeling techniques. Other than Arctic, ADAD mutations, such as the Dutch, Italian, Iowa, and Flemish mutations, are considered in this study. We report that all tracers except florbetapir show reduced binding affinity toward amyloid beta fibrils with the Arctic mutation when compared to the native type. Moreover, florbetapir is the only tracer that binds to all mutants with increased affinity when compared to the native fibril. The results obtained from these studies could increase the understanding of the structural changes caused by mutation and concomitant changes in the interaction pattern of the PET tracers with the mutated variants, which in turn can be useful in selecting the appropriate tracers for the purpose of diagnosis as well as for designing new tracers with desirable properties.

  • 8.
    Barletta, Julien
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Karimi, Farhad
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Synthesis of [11C-carbonyl]hydroxyureas by a rhodium-mediated carbonylation reaction using [11C]carbon monoxide2006In: Journal of labelled compounds & radiopharmaceuticals, ISSN 0362-4803, E-ISSN 1099-1344, Vol. 49, no 5, p. 429-436Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    [11C]Hydroxyurea has been successfully labelled using [11C]carbon monoxide at low concentration. The decay-corrected radiochemical yield was 38±3%, and the trapping efficiency of [11C]carbon monoxide in the order of 90±5%. This synthesis was performed by a rhodium-mediated carbonylation reaction starting with azidotrimethylsilane and the rhodium complex being made in situ by chloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) dimer ([Rh(cod)Cl]2) and 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe). (13C)Hydroxyurea was synthesized using this method and the position of the labelling was confirmed by 13C-NMR. In order to perform accurate LC–MS identification, the derivative 1-hydroxy-3-phenyl[11C]urea was synthesized in a 35±4% decay-corrected radiochemical yield. After 13 µA h bombardment and 21 min synthesis, 1.6 GBq of pure 1-hydroxy-3-phenyl[11C]urea was collected starting from 6.75 GBq of [11C]carbon monoxide and the specific radioactivity of this compound was in the order of 686 GBq/µmol (3.47 nmol total mass). [11C]Hydroxyurea could be used in conjunction with PET to evaluate the uptake of this anticancer agent into tumour tissue in individual patients.

  • 9.
    Bergstrom, M
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology.
    Juhlin, C
    Department of Surgical Sciences.
    Bonasera, TA
    Sundin, A
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology.
    Rastad, J
    Department of Surgical Sciences.
    Åkerström, Göran
    Department of Surgical Sciences.
    Langstrom, B
    Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry.
    PET imaging of adrenal cortical tumors with the 11beta-hydroxylase tracer11C-metomidate.2000In: J Nucl Med, Vol. 41, p. 275-Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 10. Bergström, Mats
    et al.
    Juhlin, Claes
    Bonasera, Tomas A
    Sundin, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Radiology. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    Rastad, Jonas
    Åkerström, Göran
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Endocrine Surgery.
    Långström, Bengt
    PET imaging of adrenal cortical tumors with the 11beta-hydroxylase tracer 11C-metomidate2000In: Journal of Nuclear Medicine, ISSN 0161-5505, E-ISSN 1535-5667, Vol. 41, no 2, p. 275-282Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of the study was to evaluate PET with the tracer 11C-metomidate as a method to identify adrenal cortical lesions.

    METHODS:

    PET with 11C-metomidate was performed in 15 patients with unilateral adrenal mass confirmed by CT. All patients subsequently underwent surgery, except 2 who underwent biopsy only. The lesions were histopathologically examined and diagnosed as adrenal cortical adenoma (n = 6; 3 nonfunctioning), adrenocortical carcinoma (n = 2), and nodular hyperplasia (n = 1). The remaining were noncortical lesions, including 1 pheochromocytoma, 1 myelolipoma, 2 adrenal cysts, and 2 metastases.

    RESULTS:

    All cortical lesions were easily identified because of exceedingly high uptake of 11C-metomidate, whereas the noncortical lesions showed very low uptake. High uptake was also seen in normal adrenal glands and in the stomach. The uptake was intermediate in the liver and low in other abdominal organs. Images obtained immediately after tracer injection displayed high uptake in the renal cortex and spleen. The tracer uptake in the cortical lesions increased throughout the examination. For quantitative evaluation of tracer binding in individual lesions, a model with the splenic radioactivity concentration assigned to represent nonspecific uptake was applied. Values derived with this method, however, did show the same specificity as the simpler standardized uptake value concept, with similar difference observed for cortical versus noncortical lesions.

    CONCLUSION:

    PET with 11C-metomidate has the potential to be an attractive method for the characterization of adrenal masses with the ability to discriminate lesions of adrenal cortical origin from noncortical lesions.

  • 11.
    Bergström, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences.
    Sörensen, Jens
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    Khan, Tanweera Shaheena
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences.
    Juhlin, Claes
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences.
    Eriksson, Barbro
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Tumor Biology.
    Sundin, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Radiology. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    Bonasera, T.A.
    Fasth, K.-J.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    PET with [11C]-Metomidate for the Visualization of Adrenocortical Tumors and Discrimination from Other Lesions1999In: Clinical Positron Imaging, ISSN 1095-0397, E-ISSN 1878-5751, Vol. 2, no 6, p. 339-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose:

    The purpose of the study was to evaluate the potential role of PET with the adrenocortical-specific tracer 11C-metomidate in the characterization of incidentally found adrenal cortical lesions and in adrenocortical carcinomas.

    Methods:

    PET with 11C-metomidate was performed in 15 patients with unilateral adrenal mass confirmed by CT (incidentalomas) and in 9 additional patients with adrenocortical cancer. All incidentalomas subsequently underwent surgery, except 2 subjected to biopsy only. These lesions were histopathologically examined and diagnosed as adrenal cortical adenoma (n = 6; 3 nonfunctioning), adrenocortical carcinoma (n = 2) and nodular hyperplasia (n = 1). The remaining were non-cortical lesions including 1 pheochromocytoma, 1 myelolipoma, 2 adrenal cysts, and 2 metastases.

    Results:

    All lesions, except 1, with an adrenocortical origin were easily identified due to exceedingly high uptake of 11C-metomidate, whereas the non-cortical lesions showed very low uptake. The 1 false negative was a cancer that at surgery was found to be extensively necrotic. High uptake was also seen in normal adrenal glands. The tracer uptake kinetics indicated trapping of the tracer in the cortical lesions. For quantitative evaluation of tracer binding in individual lesions, the simple SUV concept was found to be equally accurate as more elaborate kinetic analyses.

    Conclusion:

    The patients presented and altogether over 40 PET investigations have demonstrated 11C-metomidate to be an attractive tracer for the characterization of adrenal masses with the ability to discriminate lesions of adrenal cortical origin from non-cortical lesions. Additionally the method allows the assessment of metastases from adrenocortical cancers, and the very high contrast has allowed partial whole-body examinations.

  • 12.
    Bergström, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Yates, Roger
    Wall, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology.
    Kågedal, Matts
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy.
    Syvänen, Stina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Blood-brain barrier penetration of zolmitriptan--modelling of positron emission tomography data2006In: Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, ISSN 1567-567X, E-ISSN 1573-8744, Vol. 33, no 1, p. 75-91Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Positron emission tomography (PET) with the drug radiolabelled allows a direct measurement of brain or other organ kinetics, information which can be essential in drug development. Usually, however, a PET-tracer is administered intravenously (i.v.), whereas the therapeutic drug is mostly given orally or by a different route to the PET-tracer. In such cases, a recalculation is needed to make the PET data representative for the alternative administration route. To investigate the blood-brain barrier penetration of a drug (zolmitriptan) using dynamic PET and by PK modelling quantify the brain concentration of the drug after the nasal administration of a therapeutic dose. [11C]Zolmitriptan at tracer dose was administered as a short i.v. infusion and the brain tissue and venous blood kinetics of [11C]zolmitriptan was measured by PET in 7 healthy volunteers. One PET study was performed before and one 30 min after the administration of 5 mg zolmitriptan as nasal spray. At each of the instances, the brain radioactivity concentration after subtraction of the vascular component was determined up to 90 min after administration and compared to venous plasma radioactivity concentration after correction for radiolabelled metabolites. Convolution methods were used to describe the relationship between arterial and venous tracer concentrations, respectively between brain and arterial tracer concentration. Finally, the impulse response functions derived from the PET studies were applied on plasma PK data to estimate the brain zolmitriptan concentration after a nasal administration of a therapeutic dose. The studies shows that the PET data on brain kinetics could well be described as the convolution of venous tracer kinetics with an impulse response including terms for arterial-to-venous plasma and arterial-to-brain impulse responses. Application of the PET derived impulse responses on the plasma PK from nasal administration demonstrated that brain PK of zolmitriptan increased with time, achieving about 0.5 mg/ml at 30 min and close to a maximum of 1.5 mg/ml after 2 hr. A significant brain concentration was observed already after 5 min. The data support the notation of a rapid brain availability of zolmitriptan after nasal administration.

  • 13.
    Bergström, Sara K.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry.
    Edenwall, Niklas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry.
    Lavén, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry.
    Velikyan, Irina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry.
    Markides, Karin E.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry.
    Polyamine deactivation of integrated poly(dimethylsiloxane) structures investigated by radionuclide imaging and capillary electrophoresis experiments2005In: Analytical Chemistry, ISSN 0003-2700, E-ISSN 1520-6882, Vol. 77, no 3, p. 938-942Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) material provides a number of advantageous features, such as flexibility, elasticity, and transparency, making it useful in integrated analytical systems. Hard fused-silica capillary structures and soft PDMS channels can easily be combined by a tight fit, which offers many alternatives for structure combinations. PDMS and fused silica are in different ways prone to adsorption of low levels of organic compounds. The need for modification of the inner wall surface of PDMS channels may often be necessary, and in this paper, we describe an easy and effective method using the amine-containing polymer PolyE-323 to deactivate both fused-silica and PDMS surfaces. The adsorption of selected peptides to untreated surfaces was compared to PolyE-323-modified surfaces, using both radionuclide imaging and capillary electrophoresis experiments. The polyamine modification displayed a substantially reduced adsorption of three hydrophobic test peptides compared to the native PDMS surface. Filling and storage of aqueous solution were also possible in PolyE-323-modified PDMS channels. In addition, hybrid microstructures of fused silica and PDMS could simultaneously be deactivated in one simple coating procedure.

  • 14.
    Beshara, Soheir
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences.
    Sörensen, Jens
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences.
    Lubberink, Mark
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology.
    Tolmachev, Vladimir
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University.
    Antoni, Gunnar
    Uppsala University.
    Danielson, Bo G.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences.
    Lundqvist, Hans
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology.
    Pharmacokinetics and red cell utilization of 52Fe/59Fe-labelled iron polymaltose in anaemic patients using positron emission tomography2003In: British Journal of Haematology, ISSN 0007-1048, E-ISSN 1365-2141, Vol. 120, no 5, p. 853-859Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Parenteral iron-polysaccharide complexes are increasingly applied. The pharmacokinetics of iron sucrose have been assessed by our group using positron emission tomography (PET). A single intravenous injection of 100 mg iron as iron (III) hydroxide-polymaltose complex, labelled with a tracer in the form of 52Fe/59Fe, was similarly assessed in six patients using PET for about 8 h. Red cell utilization was followed for 4 weeks. Iron polymaltose was similarly distributed to the liver, spleen and bone marrow. However, a larger proportion of this complex was rapidly distributed to the bone marrow. The shorter equilibration phase for the liver, about 25 min, indicates the minimal role of the liver for direct distribution. Splenic uptake also reflected the reticuloendothelial handling of this complex. Red cell utilization ranged from 61% to 99%. Despite the relatively higher uptake by the bone marrow, there was no saturation of marrow transport systems at this dose level. In conclusion, high red cell utilization of iron polymaltose occurred in anaemic patients. The major portion of the injected dose was rapidly distributed to the bone marrow. In addition, the reticuloendothelial uptake of this complex may reflect the safety of polysaccharide complexes. Non-saturation of transport systems to the bone marrow indicated the presence of a large interstitial transport pool, which might possibly be transferrin.

  • 15.
    Beshara, Soheir
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry.
    Sörensen, Jens
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Physiology.
    Lubberink, Mark
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    Tolmachev, Vladimir
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Biomedical Radiation Sciences.
    Långström, Bengt
    PET Centre, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Antoni, Gunnar
    PET Centre, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Danielsson, Bo G.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Internal Medicine.
    Lundqvist, Hans
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Biomedical Radiation Sciences.
    Pharmacokinetics and red cell utilization of 52Fe/59Fe-labelled iron polymaltose in anaemic patients using positron emission tomography2003In: British Journal of Haematology, ISSN 0007-1048, E-ISSN 1365-2141, Vol. 120, no 5, p. 853-859Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Parenteral iron-polysaccharide complexes are increasingly applied. The pharmacokinetics of iron sucrose have been assessed by our group using positron emission tomography (PET). A single intravenous injection of 100 mg iron as iron (III) hydroxide-polymaltose complex, labelled with a tracer in the form of 52Fe/59Fe, was similarly assessed in six patients using PET for about 8 h. Red cell utilization was followed for 4 weeks. Iron polymaltose was similarly distributed to the liver, spleen and bone marrow. However, a larger proportion of this complex was rapidly distributed to the bone marrow. The shorter equilibration phase for the liver, about 25 min, indicates the minimal role of the liver for direct distribution. Splenic uptake also reflected the reticuloendothelial handling of this complex. Red cell utilization ranged from 61% to 99%. Despite the relatively higher uptake by the bone marrow, there was no saturation of marrow transport systems at this dose level. In conclusion, high red cell utilization of iron polymaltose occurred in anaemic patients. The major portion of the injected dose was rapidly distributed to the bone marrow. In addition, the reticuloendothelial uptake of this complex may reflect the safety of polysaccharide complexes. Non-saturation of transport systems to the bone marrow indicated the presence of a large interstitial transport pool, which might possibly be transferrin.

  • 16. Björkman, M.
    et al.
    Långström, B
    Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry.
    Functionalization of 11C-labeled olefins via a Heck couplin reaction.2000In: Journal of the Chemical Society-Perkin Transactions, ISSN 1470-4358, Vol. 1, no 18, p. 3031-34Article in journal (Other scientific)
  • 17.
    Blom, Elisabeth
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Itsenko, Oleksiy
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Synthesis of 18F-labeled biotin analogues2011In: Journal of labelled compounds & radiopharmaceuticals, ISSN 0362-4803, E-ISSN 1099-1344, Vol. 54, no 10, p. 681-683Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A one-step 18F-labeling strategy was used to prepare three labeled analogues of the vitamin biotin, which can be a useful tracer because of its high affinity for avidin. The labeled compounds were obtained in decay-corrected yields of up to 35%, and specific radioactivity of 320 ± 60 GBq/mmol. When evaluated in situ, the analogues showed good affinity for avidin: 60–75% of the radiolabeled compounds were bound to avidin within 5 min. The binding was site-specific, as shown by blocking experiments with native biotin.

  • 18.
    Blom, Elisabeth
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Karimi, Farhad
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Eriksson, Olof
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology.
    Hall, Håkan
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of 18F-β-carboline alkaloids as PET ligands2008In: Journal of labelled compounds & radiopharmaceuticals, ISSN 0362-4803, E-ISSN 1099-1344, Vol. 51, no 6, p. 277-282Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A one-step 18F-labelling strategy was used to prepare four 18F-labelled analogues of 7-methoxy-1-methyl-9H-β-carboline (harmine): 7-(2-[18F]fluoroethoxy)-1-methyl-9H-β-carboline (5), 7-(3-[18F]fluoro-propoxy)-1-methyl-9H-β-carboline (6), 7-[2-(2-[18F]fluoroethoxy)ethoxy]-1-methyl-9H-β-carboline (7), and 7-{2-[2-(2-[18F]fluoroethoxy)ethoxy]-ethoxy}-1-methyl-9H-β-carboline (8). These were synthesized as potential PET ligands for monoamine oxidase A. A solution of pure labelled compound in buffer was obtained in < 70 min from end of radionuclide production, with a decay-corrected yield of up to 23%. The average specific binding to MAO-A in rat brain, determined by autoradiography experiments, was highest for compounds 7 and 8 (89 ± 2 and 96 ± 1% respectively), which was obtained at < 1 nM radioligand concentration.

  • 19.
    Blom, Elisabeth
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Karimi, Farhad
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    [F-18]/F-19 exchange in fluorine containing compounds for potential use in F-18-labelling strategies2009In: Journal of labelled compounds & radiopharmaceuticals, ISSN 0362-4803, E-ISSN 1099-1344, Vol. 52, no 12, p. 504-511Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Exchange of [F-18]fluoride with F-19 in various organofluorine compounds in concentrations ranging from 0.06 to 56 mM was explored. We aimed to explore whether exchange reactions can be a potential useful labelling strategy, when there are no requirement of high specific radioactivity. Parameters such as solvents, temperature, conventional vs microwave heating, and the degree of fluorine load in some aromatic and alkyl compounds were investigated with regard to radiochemical yield and specific radioactivity. A series of fluorobenzophenones (1-6), 1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethanone (7), various activated and deactivated fluoro benzenes (8-16), N-(pentafluorophenyl)benzamide (17), (pentafluorophenyl)formamide (18), (tridecafluorohexyl) benzene (19) and tetradecafluorohexane (20) were subjected to [F-18]/F-19 exchange. To test this strategy to label biologically active molecules containing fluorine atoms in an aryl group, two analogues of WAY-100635 (21-22), Lapatinib (23), 2,5,6,7,8-pentafluoro-3-methyinaphthoquinone (24) and 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propan-l-one (25) were investigated. The multi-fluorinated molecules containing an electron-withdrawing group were successfully labelled at room temperature, whereas the monofluorinated, as well as those containing an electron-donating group, required heating for the exchange reaction to take place.

  • 20.
    Blom, Elisabeth
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Karimi, Farhad
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Use of perfluoro groups in nucleophilic 18F-fluorination2010In: Journal of labelled compounds & radiopharmaceuticals, ISSN 0362-4803, E-ISSN 1099-1344, Vol. 53, no 1, p. 24-30Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Substrates with leaving groups that contained perfluoro moieties were investigated in labelling chemistry in order to exploit their properties to improve reactivity and purification. [F-18] (Fluoromethyl) benzene was used as the model target compound. Precursors containing perfluoroalkyl and perfluoroaryl sulfonate moieties were subjected to nucleophilic F-18-fluorination, and the impact of perfluoro groups on the substitution reaction and product purification was investigated. [F-18]Fluoride interacted with perfluoroalkyl chains, precluding nucleophilic substitution. When perfluoroaryl groups were used, the substitution proceeded, and the separation of product was explored. The radiolabelled product was obtained in 32% analytical yield and the radiochemical purity was increased to approximately 77% using fluorous solid phase extraction purification.

  • 21.
    Blom, Elisabeth
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Velikyan, Irina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    68Ga-Labeling of Biotin Analogues and their Characterization2009In: Bioconjugate chemistry, ISSN 1043-1802, E-ISSN 1520-4812, Vol. 20, no 6, p. 1146-1151Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Biotin- and Ga-68-based tracers have been suggested as tools that could be used to monitor the survival of avidin-coated islets of Langerhans isolated from pancreas and used in transplantation, i.e., to liver. Three biotin analogues with various alkyl and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains coupled to DOTA were synthesized and labeled with Ga-68. The Ga-68 labeling was studied at room temperature as well as elevated temperature using either conventional or microwave heating. Radioactivity incorporation reached 95% within 5 and 2 min using the, respectively, conventional and microwave heating modes. The specific activity of the tracers was improved by preconcentration and purification of the generator eluate. The binding of the labeled and nonlabeled conjugates to avidin in solution was compared to the binding of native biotim. All compounds maintained good affinity for avidin, though introducing the linkers and chelator, especially the PEG-groups, somewhat decreased the binding affinity. The extent of binding of the labeled compounds to avidin was 54-91% after 5 min. Blocking experiments were performed confirming the specificity of the binding of biotin analogues to avidin. The stability of the three labeled compounds in human serum was studied. The stability of the biotin analogue 8 (65% within 30 min) and avidin-biotin complex (80% within 120 min) might be sufficient for the monitoring of the islets of Langerhans. The tracers will be evaluated in in vitro experiments of avidin-coated islets of Langerhans and in transplantation models in vivo.

  • 22.
    Blom, Elisabeth
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Velikyan, Irina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Radiology.
    Estrada, Sergio
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Preclinical PET Platform.
    Hall, Håkan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Preclinical PET Platform.
    Muhammad, Taj
    Ding, Chenmin
    Nair, Manoj
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    68Ga-Labeling of RGD peptides and biodistribution2012In: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, E-ISSN 1940-5901, Vol. 5, no 2, p. 165-172Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Several peptides comprising Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) domain and macrocyclic chelator were labeled with 68Ga for the imaging of angiogenesis. The analogues varied in peptide constitution, linker and chelator type. The labeling efficiency did not vary with the peptide constitution and linker type, but depended on the chelator type. Four of the compounds containing 2,2',2'',2'''-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayl)tetraacetic acid (DOTA) chelator were labeled at 90 ± 5°C using conventional or microwave heating reaching 90% of 68Ga incorporation after 5 and 2 min respectively, when the concentration of the precursor was 2.5 μM. The compound having 2,2',2''-(1,4,7-triazonane-1,4,7-triyl)triacetic acid (NOTA) as the chelator could be labeled at room temperature within 5 min using 2.5 μM peptide precursor. Two of the compounds contained a poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) linker to the chelator. The biodistribution of the analogues was studied in male rats.

  • 23.
    Blom, Elisabeth
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC.
    Velikyan, Irina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Biomedical Radiation Sciences. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    Estrada, Sergio
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Preclinical PET Platform.
    Hall, Håkan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Preclinical PET Platform.
    Muhammad, Taj
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science.
    Ding, Chenmin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science.
    Nair, Manoj
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Physical Organic Chemistry.
    Ga-68-Labeling of RGD peptides and biodistribution2012In: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, E-ISSN 1940-5901, Vol. 5, no 2, p. 165-172Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Several peptides comprising Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) domain and macrocyclic chelator were labeled with Ga-68 for the imaging of angiogenesis. The analogues varied in peptide constitution, linker and chelator type. The labeling efficiency did not vary with the peptide constitution and linker type, but depended on the chelator type. Four of the compounds containing 2,2', 2 '', 2'''-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayl) tetraacetic acid (DOTA) chelator were labeled at 90 +/- 5 degrees C using conventional or microwave heating reaching 90% of Ga-68 incorporation after 5 and 2 min respectively, when the concentration of the precursor was 2.5 mu M. The compound having 2,2', 2 ''-(1,4,7-triazonane1,4,7-triyl)triacetic acid (NOTA) as the chelator could be labeled at room temperature within 5 min using 2.5 mu M peptide precursor. Two of the compounds contained a poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) linker to the chelator. The biodistribution of the analogues was studied in male rats.

  • 24.
    Blom, Elisabeth
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Velikyan, Irina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Biomedical Radiation Sciences.
    Monazzam, Azita
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Tumor Biology.
    Razifar, Pasha
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Centre for Image Analysis. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computerized Image Analysis and Human-Computer Interaction.
    Nair, Manoj
    Razifar, Payam
    Vanderheyden, Jean-Luc
    Krivoshein, Arcadius V.
    Backer, Marina
    Backer, Joseph
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Synthesis and characterization of scVEGF-PEG-[68Ga]NOTA and scVEGF-PEG-[68Ga]DOTA PET tracers2011In: Journal of labelled compounds & radiopharmaceuticals, ISSN 0362-4803, E-ISSN 1099-1344, Vol. 54, no 11, p. 685-692Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) on tumor endothelial cells is a critical driver of tumor angiogenesis. Novel anti-angiogenic drugs target VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling and induce changes in VEGFR-2 prevalence. To monitor VEGFR-2 prevalence in the course of treatment, we are evaluating (68)Ga positron emission tomography imaging agents based on macrocyclic chelators, site-specifically conjugated via polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkers to engineered VEGFR-2 ligand, single-chain (sc) VEGF. The (68)Ga-labeling was performed at room temperature with NOTA (2,2', 2 ''-(1,4,7-triazonane-1,4,7-triyl) triacetic acid) conjugates or at 90 degrees C by using either conventional or microwave heating with NOTA and DOTA (2,2', 2 '', 2'''-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayl) tetraacetic acid) conjugates. The fastest (similar to 2min) and the highest incorporation (>90%) of (68)Ga into conjugate that resulted in the highest specific radioactivity (similar to 400MBq/nmol) was obtained with microwave heating of the conjugates. The bioactivity of the NOTA-and DOTA-containing tracers was validated in 3-D tissue culture model of 293/KDR cells engineered to express high levels of VEGFR-2. The NOTA-containing tracer also displayed a rapid accumulation (similar to 20s after intravenous injection) to steady-state level in xenograft tumor models. A combination of high specific radioactivity and maintenance of functional activity suggests that scVEGF-PEG-[(68)Ga] NOTA and scVEGF-PEG-[(68)Ga] DOTA might be promising tracers for monitoring VEGFR-2 prevalence and should be further explored.

  • 25.
    Borges, João Batista
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Physiology. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care.
    Velikyan, Irina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Biomedical Radiation Sciences.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Sörensen, Jens
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Physiology. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    Ulin, Johan
    Maripuu, Enn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Medical Physics.
    Sandström, Mattias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Oncology.
    Widström, Charles
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Medical Physics.
    Hedenstierna, Göran
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Physiology.
    Ventilation Distribution Studies Comparing Technegas and "Gallgas" Using (GaCl3)-Ga-68 as the Label2011In: Journal of Nuclear Medicine, ISSN 0161-5505, E-ISSN 1535-5667, Vol. 52, no 2, p. 206-209Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ventilation distribution can be assessed by SPECT with Technegas. This study was undertaken in piglets with different degrees of ventilation inhomogeneity to compare PET using Ga-68-labeled pseudogas or "Gallgas" with Technegas. Methods: Twelve piglets were studied in 3 groups: control, lobar obstruction, and diffuse airway obstruction. Two more piglets were assessed for lung volume (functional residual capacity). Results: In controls, SPECT and PET images showed an even distribution of radioactivity. With lobar obstruction, the absence of ventilation of the obstructed lobe was visible with both techniques. In diffuse airway obstruction, SPECT images showed an even distribution of radioactivity, and PET images showed more varied radioactivity over the lung. Conclusion: PET provides detailed ventilation distribution images and a better appreciation of ventilation heterogeneity. Gallgas with PET is a promising new diagnostic tool for the assessment of ventilation distribution.

  • 26. Carter, Stephen F.
    et al.
    Scholl, Michael
    Almkvist, Ove
    Wall, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science.
    Engler, Henry
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Physiology.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Physical Organic Chemistry.
    Nordberg, Agneta
    Evidence for Astrocytosis in Prodromal Alzheimer Disease Provided by (11)C-Deuterium-L-Deprenyl: A Multitracer PET Paradigm Combining (11)C-Pittsburgh Compound B and (18)F-FDG2012In: Journal of Nuclear Medicine, ISSN 0161-5505, E-ISSN 1535-5667, Vol. 53, no 1, p. 37-46Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Astrocytes colocalize with fibrillar amyloid-beta (A beta) plaques in postmortem Alzheimer disease (AD) brain tissue. It is therefore of great interest to develop a PET tracer for visualizing astrocytes in vivo, enabling the study of the regional distribution of both astrocytes and fibrillar A beta. A multitracer PET investigation was conducted for patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), patients with mild AD, and healthy controls using (11)C-deuterium-L-deprenyl ((11)C-DED) to measure monoamine oxidase B located in astrocytes. Along with (11)C-DED PET, (11)C-Pittsburgh compound B ((11)C-PIB; fibrillar A beta deposition), (18)F-FDG (glucose metabolism), T1 MRI, cerebrospinal fluid, and neuropsychologic data were acquired from the patients. Methods: (11)C-DED PET was performed in MCI patients (n = 8; mean age 6 SD, 62.6 +/- 7.5 y; mean Mini Mental State Examination, 27.5 +/- 2.1), AD patients (n = 7; mean age, 65.1 +/- 6.3 y; mean Mini Mental State Examination, 24.4 +/- 5.7), and healthy age-matched controls (n = 14; mean age, 64.7 +/- 3.6 y). A modified reference Patlak model, with cerebellar gray matter as a reference, was chosen for kinetic analysis of the (11)C-DED data. (11)C-DED data from 20 to 60 min were analyzed using a digital brain atlas. Mean regional (18)F-FDG uptake and (11)C-PIB retention were calculated for each patient, with cerebellar gray matter as a reference. Results: ANOVA analysis of the regional (11)C-DED binding data revealed a significant group effect in the bilateral frontal and bilateral parietal cortices related to increased binding in the MCI patients. All patients, except 3 with MCI, showed high (11)C-PIB retention. Increased (11)C-DED binding in most cortical and subcortical regions was observed in MCI (11)C-PIB+ patients relative to controls, MCI (11)C-PIB (negative) patients, and AD patients. No regional correlations were found between the 3 PET tracers. Conclusion: Increased (11)C-DED binding throughout the brain of the MCI (11)C-PIB+ patients potentially suggests that astrocytosis is an early phenomenon in AD development.

  • 27.
    Danfors, Torsten
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience. neurologi.
    von Knorring, Anne-Liis
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience. BUP.
    Hartvig, Per
    Hospital Pharmacy.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    Moulder, Robert
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    Strömberg, Bo
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Women's and Children's Health.
    Torstenson, Richard
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    Wester, Ulrika
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Women's and Children's Health.
    Watanabe, Yasuyoshi
    Department of Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
    Eeg-Olofsson, Orvar
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Women's and Children's Health.
    Tetrahydrobiopterin in the treatment of children with autistic disorder. A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study2005In: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, ISSN 0271-0749, E-ISSN 1533-712X, Vol. 25, no 5, p. 485-489Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Twelve children, all boys, aged 4 to 7 years, with a diagnosis of autistic disorder and low concentrations of spinal 6R-l-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (tetrahydrobiopterin) were selected to participate in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. The children received a daily dose of 3 mg tetrahydrobiopterin per kilogram during 6 months alternating with placebo. Treatment-induced effects were assessed with the Childhood Autism Rating Scale every third month. The results showed small nonsignificant changes in the total scores of Childhood Autism Rating Scale after 3- and 6-month treatment. Post hoc analysis looking at the 3 core symptoms of autism, that is, social interaction, communication, and stereotyped behaviors, revealed a significant improvement of the social interaction score after 6 months of active treatment. In addition, a high positive correlation was found between response of the social interaction score and IQ. The results indicate a possible effect of tetrahydrobiopterin treatment.

  • 28. Darreh-Shori, Taher
    et al.
    Forsberg, Anton
    Modiri, Negar
    Andreasen, Niels
    Blennow, Kaj
    Kamil, Chelenk
    Ahmed, Hiba
    Almkvist, Ove
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Nordberg, Agneta
    Differential levels of apolipoprotein E and butyrylcholinesterase show strong association with pathological signs of Alzheimer's disease in the brain in vivo2011In: Neurobiology of Aging, ISSN 0197-4580, E-ISSN 1558-1497, Vol. 32, no 12, p. 2320.e15-2320.e32Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Recently, we reported that 3 of the known risk factors of Alzheimer's disease (AD), i.e., advanced age, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) epsilon 4, and female gender, are associated with differential levels of ApoE proteins and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD patients. The ApoE epsilon 4 allele and certain BuChE polymorphisms synergistically affect the conversion rate of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD. Here, we investigated interrelationships between ApoE and BuChE levels, and pathological markers of AD in vivo. CSF from patients with probable AD, assessed for cerebral glucose metabolism (CMRglc; n = 50) and Pittsburgh compound B (PIB) retention (beta-amyloid [A beta] load, n = 29) by positron emission tomography (PET), was used for measurement of BuChE, ApoE, A beta, tau, phosphorylated tau (P-tau) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) levels. Levels of ApoE and BuChE strongly correlated with CMRglc (fluorodeoxyglucose [FDG]-PET, r = 0.54, p < 0.0001, n = 50), cerebral A beta load (PIB retention, r = 0.73, p < 0.0001, n = 29), and CSF P-tau (r = 0.73, p < 0.0001, n = 33). High ApoE protein was tied to low CMRglc and high PIB retention and P-tau. BuChE levels had opposite relationships. Other CSF covariates were levels of interleukin-1 beta and A beta(42) peptide. The pattern of the patients' cognitive Z-scores strongly supported these observations. High ApoE protein was also linked to changes in 3 of the biodynamic properties of BuChE. In vitro analysis indicated that high ApoE protein levels were related to an increased pool of dormant BuChE molecules with an abnormally high intrinsic catalytic rate in CSF, which was "turned on" by excess A beta peptides. The findings suggest that abnormally high levels of ApoE may play a causative role in the pathological events of AD, particularly those involving the early cholinergic deficit in the AD brain, through modulation of cholinesterases activities, hence disturbing the acetylcholine-dependent activity of neurons and nonexcitable cells such as glial cells.

  • 29. Darreh-Shori, Taher
    et al.
    Vijayaraghavan, Swetha
    Aeinehband, Shahin
    Piehl, Fredrik
    Lindblom, Rickard P F
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Thoracic Surgery.
    Nilsson, Bo
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Clinical Immunology.
    Ekdahl, Kristina Nilsson
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Clinical Immunology.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Physical Organic Chemistry.
    Almkvist, Ove
    Nordberg, Agneta
    Functional variability in butyrylcholinesterase activity regulates intrathecal cytokine and astroglial biomarker profiles in patients with Alzheimer's disease2013In: Neurobiology of Aging, ISSN 0197-4580, E-ISSN 1558-1497, Vol. 34, no 11, p. 2465-2481Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity is associated with activated astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease brain. The BuChE-K variant exhibits 30%-60% reduced acetylcholine (ACh) hydrolyzing capacity. Considering the increasing evidence of an immune-regulatory role of ACh, we investigated if genetic heterogeneity in BuChE affects cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of inflammation and cholinoceptive glial function. Alzheimer's disease patients (n = 179) were BCHE-K-genotyped. Proteomic and enzymatic analyses were performed on CSF and/or plasma. BuChE genotype was linked with differential CSF levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein, S100B, interleukin-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. BCHE-K noncarriers displayed 100%-150% higher glial fibrillary acidic protein and 64%-110% higher S100B than BCHE-K carriers, who, in contrast, had 40%-80% higher interleukin-1b and 21%-27% higher TNF-alpha compared with noncarriers. A high level of CSF BuChE enzymatic phenotype also significantly correlated with higher CSF levels of astroglial markers and several factors of the innate complement system, but lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines. These individuals also displayed beneficial paraclinical and clinical findings, such as high cerebral glucose utilization, low beta-amyloid load, and less severe progression of clinical symptoms. In vitro analysis on human astrocytes confirmed the involvement of a regulated BuChE status in the astroglial responses to TNF-alpha and ACh. Histochemical analysis in a rat model of nerve injury-induced neuroinflammation, showed focal assembly of astroglial cells in proximity of BuChE-immunolabeled sites. In conclusion, these results suggest that BuChE enzymatic activity plays an important role in regulating intrinsic inflammation and activity of cholinoceptive glial cells and that this might be of clinical relevance. The dissociation between astroglial markers and inflammatory cytokines indicates that a proper activation and maintenance of astroglial function is a beneficial response, rather than a disease-driving mechanism. Further studies are needed to explore the therapeutic potential of manipulating BuChE activity or astroglial functional status.

  • 30. Doi, Hisashi
    et al.
    Barletta, Julien
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Suzuki, Masaaki
    Noyori, Ryoji
    Watanabe, Yasuyoshi
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Synthesis of 11C-labelled N,N’-diphenylurea and ethyl phenylcarbamate by rhodium-promoted carbonylation reaction via [11C]-isocyanatobenzene using phenyl azide and [11C]carbon monoxide2004In: Organic and biomolecular chemistry, ISSN 1477-0520, E-ISSN 1477-0539, Vol. 2, no 21, p. 3063-3066Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The reaction with phenyl azide and [11C]carbon monoxide to give N,N'-diphenyl[11C]urea and ethyl phenyl[11C]carbamate has been studied with the aim of development of a new methodology for carbonylation using [11C]carbon monoxide with high specific radioactivity. The synthesis of 11C-labelled N,N'-diphenylurea from phenyl azide and [11C]carbon monoxide, with 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane-bound Rh(I) complex at 120 degrees C at a pressure of 35 MPa in the presence of aniline was accomplished in 82% trapping efficiency and 82% conversion yield. This approach was also useful for the synthesis of ethyl phenyl[11C]carbamate with lithium ethoxide as a nucleophilic reagent giving 90% trapping efficiency and 76% conversion yield. These reactions can be considered to proceed via a [11C]isocyanate or a [11C]isocyanate-coordinated Rh complex to give the corresponding 11C-products. This protocol provides the chemical basis for the synthesis of [11C]urea and [11C]carbamate derived from [11C]isocyanates.

  • 31.
    Edgren, E
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences.
    Enblad, P
    Department of Neuroscience.
    Grenvik, Å
    Lilja, A
    Valind, S
    Wiklund, L
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences.
    Hedstrand, U
    Stiernstrom, H
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences.
    Persson, L
    Department of Neuroscience.
    Pontén, U
    Department of Neuroscience.
    Långström, B
    Cerebral blood flow and metabolism after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A pathophysiologic and prognostic positron emission tomography pilot study.2003In: Resuscitation, Vol. 57, p. 161-Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 32.
    Eich, Torsten
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology.
    Eriksson, Olof
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology.
    Sundin, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology.
    Estrada, Sergio
    Brandhorst, Daniel
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology.
    Brandhorst, Heide
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Nilsson, Bo
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology.
    Korsgren, Olle
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology.
    Lundgren, Torbjörn
    Positron emission tomography: A real-time tool to quantify early islet engraftment in a preclinical large animal model2007In: Transplantation, ISSN 0041-1337, E-ISSN 1534-6080, Vol. 84, no 7, p. 893-898Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background. Clinical islet transplantation is currently being explored as a therapeutic option for persons with type I diabetes and hypoglycemic unawareness. Techniques to monitor graft survival are urgently needed to optimize the procedure. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to develop a technique for imaging survival of transplanted islets in the peritransplant and early posttransplant phase.

    Methods. Isolated porcine islets were labeled in vitro with 2-deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) and infused intraportally into anesthetized pigs (n=10). Dynamic examination was performed on a positron emission tomography/computed tomography hybrid system.

    Results. More than 95% of the radioactivity was confined to the islets at the time of transplantation. The peak percentage of infused radioactivity within the liver, quantified at the end of the islet infusion, was only 54±5.1%. The distribution of the radioactivity in the liver was found to be heterogeneous. A whole-body examination showed no accumulation in the lungs or brain; extrahepatic radioactivity was, except urinary excretion, evenly distributed in the pig body.

    Conclusions. Our results imply that almost 50% of the islets were damaged to the extent that the FDG contained was release within minutes after intraportal transplantation. The distribution of radioactivity without accumulation in the brain indicates that the activity is released from lysed islet cells in the form of [18F]FDG-6P rather than native [18F]FDG. The presented technique shows promise to become a powerful and quantitative tool, readily available in the clinic, to evaluate initial islet engraftment and survival.

  • 33. Eng, W.
    et al.
    Atack, J. R.
    Bergström, M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    Sanabria, S.
    Appel, Lieuwe
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    Dawson, G. R.
    Sciberras, D.
    Hargreaves, R. J.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Burns, H. D.
    Occupancy of human brain GABA(A) receptors by the novel alpha 5 subtype-selective benzodiazepine site inverse agonist alpha 5IA as measured using [C-11]flumazenil PET imaging2010In: Neuropharmacology, ISSN 0028-3908, E-ISSN 1873-7064, Vol. 59, no 7-8, p. 635-639Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    GABA(A) receptor alpha 5-selective inverse agonists enhance cognitive performance in pre-clinical species. However, a key aspect of the clinical development of such compounds is the demonstration that in man such compounds are devoid of the anxiogenic-like activity associated with non-selective inverse agonists such as FG 7142. The triazolophthalazine alpha 5IA (3-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-6-[(1-methyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl) methyloxy]-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-a]phthalazine) is an alpha 5-selective inverse agonist which enhances cognitive performance in rodents and encouragingly in human Phase I Safety and Tolerability studies it was devoid of the anxiogenic-like activity associated with FG 7142. However, in order to appropriately interpret this latter observation, it was considered important to demonstrate that the absence of anxiogenic-like activity occurs at significant levels of receptor occupancy. Consequently, the occupancy of human brain GABAA receptors was measured using [C-11]flumazenil positron emission tomography in three healthy normal young male volunteers following a single oral dose of 2 mg alpha 5IA. One hour after dosing, mean occupancy levels were 53% and this fell to 16% by 8 h post-dose, with the plasma alpha 5IA concentration corresponding to 50% occupancy being 10 ng/mL. These data clearly show that an alpha 5-selective inverse agonist is not associated with anxiogenic-like side effects at doses that give 50% occupancy.

  • 34.
    Engler, Henry
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    Nennesmo, Inger
    Kumlien, Eva
    Gambini, JP
    Lundberg, PO
    Savitcheva, Irina
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Physical Organic Chemistry.
    Imaging astrocytosis with PET in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: case report with histopathological findings2012In: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, E-ISSN 1940-5901, Vol. 5, no 2, p. 201-207Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In a previous study, patients with suspect Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease (CJD) have been examined with Positron Emission Tomography (PET) combining N-[11C-methyl]-L-deuterodeprenyl (DED) and [(18)F] 2- fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in an attempt to detect astrocytosis and neuronal dysfunction, two of the hallmarks in CJD. Increased DED uptake with pronounced hypometabolism matching the areas with high DED retention was found in the fronto-parieto-occipital areas and cerebellum of patients with confirmed CJD. However, the temporal lobes did not present such a pattern. In 6 of the 15 examined patients the autopsy was performed, but a strict comparison between the PET results and the histopathology could not be done. Recently, one patient with suspect CJD was examined with PET using DED and FDG. The results of the examinations in this patient showed a pattern similar to that found in the brain of the CJD patients from the first study. The patient died shortly after the examination and an autopsy could be performed. The autopsy showed neuronal death, astrocytosis and spongiform changes in the brain. The diagnosis of definite sporadic CJD was established by the Western blot analysis, confirming the presence of the prion resistant protein (PrPres). The PET data demonstrated high DED uptake and extreme low glucose uptake in the left brain hemisphere whereas the right side was less affected. The autopsy was performed allowing the comparison between high DED uptake and the histopathological findings of reactive astrocytosis revealed by immunostaining with antibodies against glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP). The results confirmed the presence of a pattern with high ratio DED/FDG, similar to that found in the previous study and revealing for the first time, a good correlation between high DED uptake and high density of reactive astrocytes as demonstrated by immunostaining.

  • 35.
    Engler, Henry
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences.
    Santillo, Alexander Frizell
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences.
    Wang, Shu Xia
    Lindau, Maria
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences.
    Savitcheva, Irina
    Nordberg, Agneta
    Lannfelt, Lars
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Kilander, Lena
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences.
    In vivo amyloid imaging with PET in frontotemporal dementia2008In: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, ISSN 1619-7070, E-ISSN 1619-7089, Vol. 35, no 1, p. 100-106Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: N-methyl[11C]2-(4'methylaminophenyl)-6-hydroxy-benzothiazole (PIB) is a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer with amyloid binding properties which allows in vivo measurement of cerebral amyloid load in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a syndrome that can be clinically difficult to distinguish from AD, but in FTD amyloid deposition is not a characteristic pathological finding. PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to investigate PIB retention in FTD. METHODS: Ten patients with the diagnosis of FTD participated. The diagnosis was based on clinical and neuropsychological examination, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scan, and PET with 18 Fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG). The PIB retention, measured in regions of interest, was normalised to a reference region (cerebellum). The results were compared with PIB retention data previously obtained from 17 AD patients with positive PIB retention and eight healthy controls (HC) with negative PIB retention. Statistical analysis was performed with a students t-test with significance level set to 0.00625 after Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: Eight FTD patients showed significantly lower PIB retention compared to AD in frontal (p < 0.0001), parietal (p < 0.0001), temporal (p = 0.0001), and occipital (p = 0.0003) cortices as well as in putamina (p < 0.0001). The PIB uptake in these FTD patients did not differ significantly from the HC in any region. However, two of the 10 FTD patients showed PIB retention similar to AD patients. CONCLUSION: The majority of FTD patients displayed no PIB retention. Thus, PIB could potentially aid in differentiating between FTD and AD.

  • 36.
    Engman, Jonas
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Åhs, Fredrik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Furmark, Tomas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Linnman, Clas
    Pissiota, Anna
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University Hospital.
    Appel, Lieuwe
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    Frans, Örjan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Physical Organic Chemistry.
    Fredrikson, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Age, sex and NK1 receptors in the human brain: A positron emission tomography study with [C-11]GR2051712012In: European Neuropsychopharmacology, ISSN 0924-977X, E-ISSN 1873-7862, Vol. 22, no 8, p. 562-568Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The substance P/neurokinin 1 (SP/NK1) system has been implicated in the processing of negative affect. Its role seems complex and findings from animal studies have not been easily translated to humans. Brain imaging studies on NK1 receptor distribution in humans have revealed an abundance of receptors in cortical, striatal and subcortical areas, including the amygdala. A reduction in NK1 receptors with increasing age has been reported in frontal, temporal, and parietal cortices, as well as in hippocampal areas. Also, a previous study suggests sex differences in cortical and subcortical areas, with women displaying fewer NK1 receptors. The present PET study explored NK1 receptor availability in men (n = 9) and women (n = 9) matched for age varying between 20 and 50 years using the highly specific NK1 receptor antagonist [11C]GR205171 and a reference tissue model with cerebellum as the reference region. Age by sex interactions in the amygdala and the temporal cortex reflected a lower NK1 receptor availability with increasing age in men, but not in women. A general age-related decline in NK1 receptor availability was evident in the frontal, temporal, and occipital cortices, as well as in the brainstem, caudate nucleus, and thalamus. Women had lower NK1 receptor availability in the thalamus. The observed pattern of NK1 receptor distribution in the brain might have functional significance for brain-related disorders showing age- and sex-related differences in prevalence.

  • 37.
    Eriksson, Barbro
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences. Onkologisk endokrinologi.
    Bergström, M
    Örlefors, Håkan
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences. Onkologisk endokrinologi.
    Sundin, Anders
    Öberg, Kjell
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences. Onkologisk endokrinologi.
    Långström, B
    PET for clinical diagnosis and research in neuroendocrine tumors2003In: Diagn Nuclear Medicine 4th edition, 2003, p. 747-754Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 38.
    Eriksson, Barbro
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Tumor Biology.
    Bergström, Mats
    Sundin, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Radiology.
    Juhlin, Claes
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences.
    Örlefors, Håkan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Oncology.
    Öberg, Kjell
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Oncology. onk endo.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    The role of PET in localization of neuroendocrine and adrenocortical tumors2002In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, ISSN 0077-8923, E-ISSN 1749-6632, Vol. 970, p. 159-169Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Positron emission tomography (PET) supplies a range of labeled compounds to be used for the characterization of tumor biochemistry. Some of these have proved to be of value for clinical diagnosis, treatment follow up, and clinical research. The first routinely used PET tracer in oncology, 18F-labeled deoxyglucose (FDG), was successfully used for diagnosis of cancer, reflecting increased expression of glucose transporter in cancerous tissue. This tracer, however, usually does not show sufficient uptake in well-differentiated tumors such as neuroendocrine tumors. We developed a tracer more specific to neuroendocrine tumors—the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) labeled with 11C—and demonstrated increased uptake and irreversible trapping of this tracer in carcinoid tumors. The uptake was so selective and the resolution was so high that we could detect more liver and lymph node metastases with PET than with CT or octreotide scintigraphy. To further improve the method, especially to reduce the high renal excretion of the tracer producing streaky artifacts in the area of interest, we introduced premedication by the decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa, leading to a six-fold decreased renal excretion while the tumor uptake increased three-fold, hence improving the visualization of the tumors.

    11C-labeled l-DOPA was evaluated as an alternative tracer, especially for endocrine pancreatic tumors, which usually do not demonstrate enhanced urinary serotonin metabolites. However, only half of the EPTs, mainly functioning tumors, could be detected with l-DOPA. Instead 5-HTP seems to be a universal tracer for EPT and foregut carcinoids. With new, more sensitive PET cameras, larger field of view and procedures for whole-body coverage, the PET examination with 5-HTP is now routinely performed as reduced whole-body PET examinations with coverage of the thorax and abdomen. With this method we have been able to visualize small neuroendocrine lesions in the pancreas and thorax (e.g., ACTH-producing bronchial carcinoids) not detectable by any other method, including octreotide scintigraphy, MRI, and CT. Another tracer, the 11β-hydroxylase inhibitor, metomidate labeled with 11C, was developed to simplify diagnosis and follow-up of patients with incidentalomas. A large series of patients with incidentally found adrenal masses have been investigated and so far all lesions of adrenocortical origin have been easily identified because of exceedingly high uptake of 11C-metomidate, whereas noncortical lesions showed very low uptake. In addition, adrenocortical cancer shows high uptake, suggesting that this PET tracer can be used for staging purposes.

  • 39.
    Eriksson, Barbro
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences.
    Bergström, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET.
    Örlefors, Håkan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences.
    Sundin, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology.
    Öberg, Kjell
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences. Endokrin onkologi.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Preclinical PET Platform.
    Use of PET in neuroendocrine tumors: In vivo applications and in vitro studies2000In: The Quarterly journal of nuclear medicine, ISSN 1125-0135, Vol. 44, no 1, p. 68-76Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Positron emission tomography (PET) performed with various radiolabelled compounds facilitates the study of tumor biochemistry. If the tumor uptake of an administered tracer is greater than that of surrounding normal tissue, it is also possible to localize the tumor. In initial studies, 18F-labeled deoxyglucose (FDG) was attempted to visualize the tumors, since this tracer had been successfully used in oncology, reflecting increased glucose metabolism in cancerous tissue. However, this tracer was not to any significant degree taken up by the neuroendocrine tumors. Instead, the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) labeled with 11C was used and showed an increased uptake and irreversible trapping of this tracer in carcinoid tumors. The uptake was selective and the resolution so high that we could detect more liver and lymph node metastases with PET than with CT or octreotide scintigraphy. One problem was, however, the high renal excretion of the tracer producing streaky artifacts in the area of interest. Using the decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa, given as peroral premedication, the renal excretion decreased 6-fold and at the same time the tumor uptake increased 3-fold, hence improving the visualization of the tumors. When patients were followed during treatment with PET using 5-HTP as a tracer, a > 95% correlation between changes in urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (U-5-HIAA) and changes in the transport rate constant for 5-HTP was observed. Thus, PET can be used to monitor treatment effects. Elevation of U-5-HIAA is considered to be uncommon in endocrine pancreatic tumors (EPTs). Initially, 11C-labeled L-DOPA was attempted as another amine important in the APUD system. With L-DOPA about half of the EPTs, mainly functioning tumors, could be detected. Recently, 5-HTP was explored as a universal tracer also for EPT and foregut carcinoids, extending the PET-examination to both thorax and abdomen (whole-body PET-examination). With this method we were able to visualize small lesions in the pancreas and thorax (e.g. ACTH-producing bronchial carcinoids) not detectable by any other method including octreotide scintigraphy, MRI and CT. Several other tracers have been investigated, e.g. the monoamineoxidase (MAO-A) inhibitor harmine with promising results in non-functioning EPTs. We are currently exploring a wide range of biochemical systems, including enzymes and receptors, both for neurotransmitters and for peptides and proteins in in vitro assays with the potential to use some of the developed tracers for in vivo visualization and tumor biological studies. In conclusion, PET is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors. It can detect small lesions in the thorax and abdomen not detected by other methods, which has been of great value preoperatively in several cases. It detects more lesions in the liver and lymph nodes than other methods and furthermore, it can be used to monitor treatment effects.

  • 40.
    Eriksson, Barbro
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Tumor Biology.
    Örlefors, Håkan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular epidemiology.
    Sundin, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Radiology.
    Skogseid, Britt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Tumor Biology.
    Långstrom, Bengt
    Bergström, Mats
    Öberg, Kjell
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Oncology.
    Positron emission tomography in neuroendocrine tumours1999In: The Italian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, ISSN 1125-8055, Vol. Suppl 2, p. S167-S171Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Positron emission tomography is an in vivo tracer and imaging technique that utilizes short-lived positron emitting radionuclides (11C, 15O, 13N, 18F) with half-lives ranging between 2 min and 2 hours. These radionuclides are interesting from the labelling viewpoint since they are natural constituents of most biologically active compounds. The short half-life is an advantage with regard to the irradiation dose to the patient but it is also a limitation since it requires the production of these radionuclides in close vicinity to the positron emission tomography camera.

  • 41.
    Eriksson, Barbro
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Oncology.
    Örlefors, Håkan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Oncology.
    Öberg, Kjell
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Oncology.
    Sundin, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Radiology.
    Bergström, Mats
    Långström, Bengt
    PET Centre, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Developments in PET for the detection of endocrine tumours2005In: Baillière's Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, ISSN 1521-690X, E-ISSN 1532-1908, Vol. 19, no 2, p. 311-324Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Positron emission tomography (PET) supplies a range of labelled compounds to be used for the characterization of tumour biochemistry. Some of these have proved to be of value for clinical diagnosis, treatment follow-up, and clinical research. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET scanning is now a widely accepted imaging approach in clinical oncology, reflecting increased expression of glucose transporters in cancerous tissue. This tracer, however, does not show sufficient uptake in well-differentiated tumours such as neuroendocrine tumours. Endocrine tumours have the unique characteristics of taking up and decarboxylating amine precursors. These so-called APUD characteristics offer highly specific targets for PET tracers. Using this approach, radiopharmaceuticals such as [11C]-5-hydroxytryptophan and [11C]-l-dihydroxyphenylalanine for localization of carcinoid and endocrine pancreatic tumours, 6-[18F]-fluorodopamine and [11C]-hydroxyephedrine for phaeochromocytomas, and [11C]-metomidate for adrenal cortical tumours have been developed. Functional imaging with PET using these compounds is now being employed to complement rather than replace other imaging modalities. Development of new PET radiopharmaceuticals may in the future allow in vivo detection of tumour biological properties, such as malignant potential and responsiveness to treatment.

  • 42.
    Eriksson, Jonas
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Antoni, Gunnar
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Synthesis of [1-C-11]propyl and [1-C-11]butyl iodide from [C-11]carbon monoxide and their use in alkylation reactions2006In: Journal of labelled compounds & radiopharmaceuticals, ISSN 0362-4803, E-ISSN 1099-1344, Vol. 49, no 12, p. 1105-1116Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A method to prepare [1-C-11]propyl iodide and [1-C-11]butyl iodide from [C-11]carbon monoxide via a three step reaction sequence is presented. Palladium mediated formylation of ethene with [C-11]carbon monoxide and hydrogen gave [1-C-11]propionaldehyde and [1-C-11]propionic acid. The carbonylation products were reduced and subsequently converted to [1-C-11]propyl iodide. Labelled propyl iodide was obtained in 58 +/- 4% decay corrected radiochemical yield and with a specific radioactivity of 270 +/- 33 GBq/mu mol within 15 min from approximately 12 GBq of [C-11]carbon monoxide. The position of the label was confirmed by C-13-labelling and C-13-NMR analysis. [1-C-11]Butyl iodide was obtained correspondingly from propene and approximately 8 GBq of [C-11]carbon monoxide, in 34 +/- 2% decay corrected radiochemical yield and with a specific radioactivity of 146 +/- 20 GBq/mu mol. The alkyl iodides were used in model reactions to synthesize [O-propyl-1-C-11]propyl and [O-butyl-1-C-11]butyl benzoate. Propyl and butyl analogues of etomidate, a (beta-11-hydroxylase inhibitor, were also synthesized.

  • 43.
    Eriksson, Jonas
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Preparative Medicinal Chemistry.
    Antoni, Gunnar
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Preparative Medicinal Chemistry.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Organic Chemistry.
    Itsenko, Oleksiy
    Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Dept Med Phys & Biomed Engn, Gothenburg, Sweden..
    The development of 11C-carbonylation chemistry: A systematic view2021In: Nuclear Medicine and Biology, ISSN 0969-8051, E-ISSN 1872-9614, Vol. 92, p. 115-137Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The prospects for using carbon-11 labelled compounds in molecular imaging has improved with the development of diverse synthesis methods, including C-11-carbonylations and refined techniques to handle [C-11]carbon monoxide at a nanomole scale. Facilitating biological research and molecular imaging was the driving force when [C-11]carbon monoxide was used in the first in vivo application with carbon-11 in human (1945) and when [C-11]carbon monoxide was used for the first time as a chemical reagent in the synthesis of [C-11]phosgene (1978). This review examines a rich plethora of labelled compounds synthesized from [C-11]carbon monoxide, their chemistry and use in molecular imaging. While the strong development of the C-11-carbonylation chemistry has expanded the carbon-11 domain considerably, it could be argued that the number of C-11-carbonyl compounds entering biological investigations should be higher. The reason for this may partly be the lack of commercially available synthesis instruments designed for C-11-carbonylations. But as this review shows, novel and greatly simplified methods to handle [C-11]carbon monoxide have been developed. The next important challenge is to make full use of these technologies and synthesis methods in PET research. When there is a PET-tracer that meets a more general need, the incentive to implement C-11-carbonylation protocols will increase.

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  • 44.
    Eriksson, Jonas
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Ulin, Johan
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    [C-11]methyl iodide from [C-11]methane and iodine using a non-thermal plasma method2006In: Journal of labelled compounds & radiopharmaceuticals, ISSN 0362-4803, E-ISSN 1099-1344, Vol. 49, no 13, p. 1177-1186Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A method and an apparatus for preparing [C-11]methyl iodide from [C-11]methane and iodine in a single pass through a non-thermal plasma reactor has been developed. The plasma was created by applying high voltage (400 V/31 kHz) to electrodes in a stream of helium gas at reduced pressure. The [C-11]methane used in the experiments was produced from [C-11]carbon dioxide via reduction with hydrogen over nickel. [C-11]methyl iodide was obtained with a specific radioactivity of 412 +/- 32 GBq/mu mol within 6 min from approximately 24 GBq of [C-11]carbon dioxide. The decay corrected radiochemical yield was 13 +/- 3% based on [C-11]carbon dioxide at start of synthesis. [C-11]Flumazenil was synthesized via a N-alkylation with the prepared [C-11]methyl iodide.

  • 45.
    Eriksson, Jonas
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Åberg, Ola
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Synthesis of [11C]/[13C]acrylamides by palladium-mediated carbonylation2007In: European Journal of Organic Chemistry, ISSN 1434-193X, E-ISSN 1099-0690, no 3, p. 455-461Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Two methods are presented for the synthesis of acrylamides labelled with C-11 (beta(+), t(1/2) = 20.4 min) and C-11 in the carbonyl position. In the first method, [1-C-11]acrylic acid is synthesised from [C-11]carbon monoxide by palladium-mediated hydroxy-carbonylation of acetylene. The labelled carboxylic acid is converted into the acyl chloride and subsequently treated with amine to yield N-benzyl[carbonyl(11)C]acrylamide, The second method utilizes [C-11]carbon monoxide in a palladium-mediated carbonylative cross-coupling of vinyl halides and amines. A higher radiochemical yield is achieved with the latter method and the amount of amine needed is decreased to 1/20. The C-11-labelled acrylamides were isolated in up to 81 % decay-corrected radiochemical yield. Starting from 10 +/- 0.5GBq of [C-11]carbon monoxide, N-benzyl[carbonyl-C-11]acrylamide was obtained in 4 min with a specific radioactivity of 330 +/- 4 GBq mu mol-(1). Co-labelling with C-11 and C-13 enabled confirmation of the labelled position by C-13 NMR spectroscopy.

  • 46.
    Eriksson, Olle
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology.
    Wall, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology.
    Olsson, Ulf
    Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Unit Appl Stat & Math, Uppsala, Sweden..
    Marteinsdottir, Ina
    Linkoping Univ, Dept Clin & Expt Med, Linkoping, Sweden..
    Holstad, Maria
    Univ Uppsala Hosp, Dept Neurosci, Psychiat Unit, Uppsala, Sweden..
    Ågren, Hans
    Univ Gothenburg, Inst Neurosci & Physiol, Gothenburg, Sweden..
    Hartvig, Per
    Univ Copenhagen, Dept Drug Design & Pharmacol, Copenhagen, Denmark..
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Organic Chemistry.
    Naessén, Tord
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology.
    Women with Premenstrual Dysphoria Lack the Seemingly Normal Premenstrual Right-Sided Relative Dominance of 5-HTP-Derived Serotonergic Activity in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortices - A Possible Cause of Disabling Mood Symptoms2016In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 11, no 9, article id e0159538Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Study Objective To investigate potential quantitative and qualitative differences in brain serotonergic activity between women with Premenstrual Dysphoria (PMD) and asymptomatic controls. Background Serotonin-augmenting drugs alleviate premenstrual mood symptoms in the majority of women with PMD while serotonin-depleting diets worsen PMD symptoms, both indicating intrinsic differences in brain serotonergic activity in women with PMD compared to asymptomatic women. Methods Positron-emission tomography with the immediate precursor of serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), radiolabelled by 11C in the beta-3 position, was performed in the follicular and luteal phases for 12 women with PMD and 8 control women. Brain radioactivity-a proxy for serotonin precursor uptake and synthesis-was measured in 9 regions of interest (ROIs): the right and left sides of the medial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, putamen and caudate nucleus, and the single "whole brain". Results There were no significant quantitative differences in brain 5-HTP-derived activity between the groups in either of the menstrual phases for any of the 9 ROIs. However, multivariate analysis revealed a significant quantitative and qualitative difference between the groups. Asymptomatic control women showed a premenstrual right sided relative increase in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 5-HTP derived activity, whereas PMD women displayed the opposite (p = 0.0001). Menstrual phase changes in this asymmetry (premenstrual-follicular) correlated with changes in self ratings of 'irritability' for the entire group (rs = -0.595, p = 0.006). The PMD group showed a strong inverse correlation between phase changes (pre-menstrual-follicular) in plasma levels of estradiol and phase changes in the laterality (dx/sin) of radiotracer activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal ROI (r(s) = -0.635; 0.027). The control group showed no such correlation. Conclusion Absence of increased premenstrual right-sided relative 5-HTP-derived activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortices was found to strongly correlate to premenstrual irritability. A causal relationship here seems plausible, and the findings give further support to an underlying frontal brain disturbance in hormonally influenced serotonergic activity in women with PMD. Because of the small number of subjects in the study, these results should be considered preliminary, requiring verification in larger studies.

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  • 47.
    Eriksson, Olof
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Preclinical PET Platform.
    Carlsson, Fredrik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Clinical Immunology.
    Blom, Elisabeth
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Physical Organic Chemistry.
    Sundin, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Radiology.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Physical Organic Chemistry.
    Korsgren, Olle
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Clinical Immunology.
    Velikyan, Irina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Biomedical Radiation Sciences. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Radiology.
    Preclinical evaluation of a 68Ga-labeled biotin analogue for applications in islet transplantation2012In: Nuclear Medicine and Biology, ISSN 0969-8051, E-ISSN 1872-9614, Vol. 39, no 3, p. 415-421Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    INTRODUCTION:

    Islet transplantation is a promising treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus, but the fate of the cells after intraportal infusion is unclear. It is therefore imperative to develop novel techniques for noninvasive imaging and quantification of events following islet transplantation.

    METHODS:

    Small islet-like microbeads, avidin-covered agarose resins (AARs), were used as a model system for islet transplantation. Capability for specific [(68)Ga]Ga-DOTA-(PEG)(2)-biotin uptake and retention for either AARs or human islets conjugated with avidin by means of a heparin scaffold was studied in vitro. Biodistribution of the novel positron emission tomography (PET) tracer [(68)Ga]Ga-DOTA-(PEG)(2)-biotin was evaluated in mice treated by intraportal transplantation of AARs by μPET/computed tomography and ex vivo organ distribution and compared with control mice.

    RESULTS:

    AARs had high capability to bind [(68)Ga]Ga-DOTA-(PEG)(2)-biotin, close to 50% of administrated tracer/μl in vitro (>0.25 MBq/μl). Avidin-tagged human islets could bind on average 2.2% of administered tracer/μl. Specificity (>90%) and retention (>90% after 1 h) were high for both AARs and avidin-tagged islets. Hepatic tracer uptake and retention were increased in mice transplanted with AARs [standardized uptake value (SUV)=2.6] compared to the untreated group (SUV=1.4). In vivo uptake of tracer to AARs was blocked by preadministration of unlabeled biotin.

    CONCLUSIONS:

    Avidin-tagged islet-like objects can be tracked in hepatic volume after intraportal transplantation by using [(68)Ga]Ga-DOTA-(PEG)(2)-biotin and PET.

  • 48.
    Eriksson, Olof
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, Radiology.
    Eich, Torsten
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, Clinical Immunology.
    Sundin, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Radiology.
    Tibell, Annika
    Tufveson, Gunnar
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Transplantation Surgery.
    Andersson, H.
    Felldin, M.
    Foss, A.
    Kyllönen, L.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Nilsson, Bo
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, Clinical Immunology.
    Korsgren, Olle
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, Clinical Immunology.
    Lundgren, Torbjörn
    Positron emission tomography in clinical islet transplantation2009In: American Journal of Transplantation, ISSN 1600-6135, E-ISSN 1600-6143, Vol. 9, no 12, p. 2816-2824Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The fate of islets in clinical transplantation is unclear. To elude on this positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET/CT) was performed for 60 min during islet transplantation in five patients receiving six transplants. A fraction of the islets (23%) were labeled with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([(18)F]FDG) and carefully mixed with unlabeled islets just prior to intraportal transplantation. The peak radioactivity concentration in the liver was found at 19 min after start of islet infusion and corresponded to only 75% of what was expected, indicating that islets are lost during the transplantation procedure. No accumulation of radioactivity was found in the lungs. A nonphysiological peak of C-peptide was found in plasma during and immediately after transplantation in all subjects. Distribution in the liver was heterogeneous with wide variations in location and concentration. Islets found in areas with concentrations of >400 IEQ/cc liver tissue varied between 1% and 32% of the graft in different subjects. No side effects attributed to the PET/CT procedure were found. Clinical outcome in all patients was comparable to that previously observed indicating that the [(18)F]FDG labeling procedure did not harm the islets. The technique has potential to be used to assess approaches to enhance islet survival and engraftment in clinical transplantation.

  • 49.
    Eriksson, Olof
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Translational PET Imaging. Antaros Med AB, Mölndal, Sweden..
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Organic Chemistry.
    Antoni, Gunnar
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Preparative Medicinal Chemistry. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Preclinical PET-MRI Platform.
    News ways of understanding the complex biology of diabetes using PET2021In: Nuclear Medicine and Biology, ISSN 0969-8051, E-ISSN 1872-9614, Vol. 92, p. 65-71Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The understanding of metabolic disease and diabetes on a molecular level has increased significantly due to the recent advances in molecular biology and biotechnology. However, in vitro studies and animal models do not always translate to the human disease, perhaps illustrated by the failure of many drug candidates in the clinical phase. Non-invasive biomedical imaging techniques such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) offer tools for direct visualization and quantification of molecular processes in humans. Developments in this area potentially enable longitudinal in vivo studies of receptors and processes involved in diabetes guiding drug development and diagnosis in the near future. This mini-review focuses on describing the overall perspective of how PET can be used to increase our understanding and improve treatment of diabetes. The methodological aspects and future developments and challenges are highlighted.

  • 50.
    Eriksson, Olof
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, Radiology.
    Wallberg, Andreas
    Syvänen, Stina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Josephsson, Raymond
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Virology.
    Långström, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry.
    Bergström, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    A computerized Infusion Pump for control of tissue tracer concentration during Positron Emission Tomography in vivo Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic measurements2008In: BMC Medical Physics, E-ISSN 1756-6649, Vol. 8, no 2Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND:

    A computer controlled infusion pump (UIPump) for regulation of target tissue concentration of radioactive compounds was developed for use in biological research and tracer development for PET.

    METHODS:

    Based on observed tissue or plasma kinetics after a bolus injection of the tracer an algorithm calculates the infusion needed to obtain a specified target kinetic curve. A computer feeds this infusion scheme into an infusion pump connected to an animal via a venous catheter. The concept was validated using [11C]Flumazenil administrated to Sprague-Dawley rats where the whole brain distribution and kinetic of the tracer was measured over time using a microPET-scanner. The accuracy and precision of the system was assessed by producing steady-state levels of the tracer and by mimicking kinetics after oral administration.

    RESULTS:

    Various kinetic profiles could be generated, including rapid achievement of constant levels, or step-wise increased levels. The resulting tissue curves had low deviation from the target curves according to the specified criteria: AUC (%): 4.2 +/- 2.8, Maximal deviation (%): 13.6 +/- 5.0 and R2: 0.95 +/- 0.02.

    CONCLUSION:

    The UIPump-system is suitable for use in PET-research for assessment of PK/PD properties by simulation of different tracer tissue kinetics in vivo.

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