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  • 1.
    Alm, Love
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Chappell, Charles R.
    Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Vanderbilt Dyer Observ, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
    Dargent, Jeremy
    Univ Pisa, Phys Dept Enrico Fermi, Pisa, Italy.
    Fuselier, Stephen A.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA;Univ Texas San Antonio, Dept Phys & Astron, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Haaland, Stein
    Max Planck Inst Solar Syst Res, Gottingen, Germany;Univ Bergen, Birkeland Ctr Space Sci, Bergen, Norway.
    Lavraud, Benoit
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, CNRS, UPS,CNES, Toulouse, France.
    Li, Wenya
    Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Tenfjord, Paul
    Univ Bergen, Birkeland Ctr Space Sci, Bergen, Norway.
    Toledo-Redondo, Sergio
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, CNRS, UPS,CNES, Toulouse, France.
    Vines, Sarah K.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA.
    MMS Observations of Multiscale Hall Physics in the Magnetotail2019In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 46, no 17-18, p. 10230-10239Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS) observations of Hall physics in the magnetotail, which compared to dayside Hall physics is a relatively unexplored topic. The plasma consists of electrons, moderately cold ions (T similar to 1.5 keV) and hot ions (T similar to 20 keV). MMS can differentiate between the cold ion demagnetization region and hot ion demagnetization regions, which suggests that MMS was observing multiscale Hall physics. The observed Hall electric field is compared with a generalized Ohm's law, accounting for multiple ion populations. The cold ion population, despite its relatively high initial temperature, has a significant impact on the Hall electric field. These results show that multiscale Hall physics is relevant over a much larger temperature range than previously observed and is relevant for the whole magnetosphere as well as for other astrophysical plasma.

  • 2.
    André, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Li, Wenya
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Toledo-Redondo, S.
    European Space Agcy ESAC, Madrid, Spain..
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Norgren, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Burch, J.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    KTH, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Marklund, G.
    KTH, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Ergun, R.
    Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Torbert, R.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Magnes, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Giles, B.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Moore, T. E.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Chandler, M. O.
    NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL USA..
    Pollock, C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Young, D. T.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Avanov, L. A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Dorelli, J. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Gershman, D. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Paterson, W. R.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, Toulouse, France.;CNRS, UMR 5277, Toulouse, France..
    Saito, Y.
    Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, JAXA, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan..
    Magnetic reconnection and modification of the Hall physics due to cold ions at the magnetopause2016In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 43, no 13, p. 6705-6712Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Observations by the four Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft are used to investigate the Hall physics of a magnetopause magnetic reconnection separatrix layer. Inside this layer of currents and strong normal electric fields, cold (eV) ions of ionospheric origin can remain frozen-in together with the electrons. The cold ions reduce the Hall current. Using a generalized Ohm's law, the electric field is balanced by the sum of the terms corresponding to the Hall current, the vxB drifting cold ions, and the divergence of the electron pressure tensor. A mixture of hot and cold ions is common at the subsolar magnetopause. A mixture of length scales caused by a mixture of ion temperatures has significant effects on the Hall physics of magnetic reconnection.

  • 3.
    André, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Odelstad, Elias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Eriksson, Anders I.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Karlsson, T.
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn, Dept Space & Plasma Phys, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Wieser, G. Stenberg
    Swedish Inst Space Phys, Kiruna, Sweden.
    Vigren, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Norgren, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Johansson, Fredrik L.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Henri, P.
    Lab Phys & Chim Environm & Espace, Orleans, France.
    Rubin, M.
    Univ Bern, Phys Inst, Bern, Switzerland.
    Richter, I.
    TU Braunschweig, Inst Geophys & Extraterr Phys, Braunschweig, Germany.
    Lower hybrid waves at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko2017In: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, ISSN 0035-8711, E-ISSN 1365-2966, Vol. 469, p. S29-S38Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate the generation of waves in the lower hybrid frequency range by density gradients in the near plasma environment of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. When the plasma is dominated by water ions from the comet, a situation with magnetized electrons and unmagnetized ions is favourable for the generation of lower hybrid waves. These waves can transfer energy between ions and electrons and reshape the plasma environment of the comet. We consider cometocentric distances out to a few hundred km. We find that when the electron motion is not significantly interrupted by collisions with neutrals, large average gradients within tens of km of the comet, as well as often observed local large density gradients at larger distances, are often likely to be favourable for the generation of lower hybrid waves. Overall, we find that waves in the lower hybrid frequency range are likely to be common in the near plasma environment.

  • 4.
    Boldu O Farrill Treviño, Joan Jordi
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Morooka, Michiko
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Dimmock, Andrew P.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Soucek, J.
    Pisa, D.
    Maksimovic, M.
    Ion-acoustic waves associated with interplanetary shocks2023In: Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 5.
    Breuillard, H.
    et al.
    Univ Paris Sud, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Lab Phys Plasmas, UMR7648,CNRS,Ecole Polytech,Observ Paris, Paris, France..
    Le Contel, O.
    Univ Paris Sud, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Lab Phys Plasmas, UMR7648,CNRS,Ecole Polytech,Observ Paris, Paris, France..
    Chust, T.
    Univ Paris Sud, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Lab Phys Plasmas, UMR7648,CNRS,Ecole Polytech,Observ Paris, Paris, France..
    Berthomier, M.
    Univ Paris Sud, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Lab Phys Plasmas, UMR7648,CNRS,Ecole Polytech,Observ Paris, Paris, France..
    Retino, A.
    Univ Paris Sud, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Lab Phys Plasmas, UMR7648,CNRS,Ecole Polytech,Observ Paris, Paris, France..
    Turner, D. L.
    Aerosp Corp, Space Sci Dept, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA..
    Nakamura, R.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Baumjohann, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Cozzani, G.
    Univ Paris Sud, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Lab Phys Plasmas, UMR7648,CNRS,Ecole Polytech,Observ Paris, Paris, France..
    Catapano, F.
    Univ Paris Sud, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Lab Phys Plasmas, UMR7648,CNRS,Ecole Polytech,Observ Paris, Paris, France..
    Alexandrova, A.
    Univ Paris Sud, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Lab Phys Plasmas, UMR7648,CNRS,Ecole Polytech,Observ Paris, Paris, France..
    Mirioni, L.
    Univ Paris Sud, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Lab Phys Plasmas, UMR7648,CNRS,Ecole Polytech,Observ Paris, Paris, France..
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Argall, M. R.
    Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Space Sci Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Fischer, D.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Wilder, F. D.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Gershman, D. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Varsani, A.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Marklund, G.
    Royal Inst Technol, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Goodrich, K. A.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Ahmadi, N.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Space Sci Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Needell, G.
    Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Space Sci Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Chutter, M.
    Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Space Sci Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Rau, D.
    Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Space Sci Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Dors, I.
    Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Space Sci Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Magnes, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Bromund, K. R.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Wei, H.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Plaschke, F.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Anderson, B. J.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA..
    Le, G.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Moore, T. E.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Paterson, W. R.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Pollock, C. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Dorelli, J. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Avanov, L. A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Saito, Y.
    Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan..
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR5277, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, Toulouse, France..
    Fuselier, S. A.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Mauk, B. H.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA..
    Cohen, I. J.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA..
    Fennell, J. F.
    Univ Paris Sud, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Lab Phys Plasmas, UMR7648,CNRS,Ecole Polytech,Observ Paris, Paris, France..
    The Properties of Lion Roars and Electron Dynamics in Mirror Mode Waves Observed by the Magnetospheric MultiScale Mission2018In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 123, no 1, p. 93-103Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mirror mode waves are ubiquitous in the Earth's magnetosheath, in particular behind the quasi‐perpendicular shock. Embedded in these nonlinear structures, intense lion roars are often observed. Lion roars are characterized by whistler wave packets at a frequency ∼100 Hz, which are thought to be generated in the magnetic field minima. In this study, we make use of the high time resolution instruments on board the Magnetospheric MultiScale mission to investigate these waves and the associated electron dynamics in the quasi‐perpendicular magnetosheath on 22 January 2016. We show that despite a core electron parallel anisotropy, lion roars can be generated locally in the range 0.05–0.2fce by the perpendicular anisotropy of electrons in a particular energy range. We also show that intense lion roars can be observed up to higher frequencies due to the sharp nonlinear peaks of the signal, which appear as sharp spikes in the dynamic spectra. As a result, a high sampling rate is needed to estimate correctly their amplitude, and the latter might have been underestimated in previous studies using lower time resolution instruments. We also present for the first‐time 3‐D high time resolution electron velocity distribution functions in mirror modes. We demonstrate that the dynamics of electrons trapped in the mirror mode structures are consistent with the Kivelson and Southwood (1996) model. However, these electrons can also interact with the embedded lion roars: first signatures of electron quasi‐linear pitch angle diffusion and possible signatures of nonlinear interaction with high‐amplitude wave packets are presented. These processes can lead to electron untrapping from mirror modes.

    Download full text (pdf)
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  • 6.
    Breuillard, H.
    et al.
    CNRS, LPP, UMR, Paris, France..
    Le Contel, O.
    CNRS, LPP, UMR, Paris, France..
    Retino, A.
    CNRS, LPP, UMR, Paris, France..
    Chasapis, A.
    Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA..
    Chust, T.
    CNRS, LPP, UMR, Paris, France..
    Mirioni, L.
    CNRS, LPP, UMR, Paris, France..
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Wilder, F. D.
    Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Cohen, I.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA..
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Royal Inst Technol, Alfven Lab, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Marklund, G. T.
    Royal Inst Technol, Alfven Lab, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Goodrich, K. A.
    Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Macri, J.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Needell, J.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Chutter, M.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Rau, D.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Dors, I.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Magnes, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst IWF, Graz, Austria..
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Bromund, K. R.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Plaschke, F.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst IWF, Graz, Austria..
    Fischer, D.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst IWF, Graz, Austria..
    Leinweber, H. K.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Anderson, B. J.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA..
    Le, G.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Slavin, J. A.
    Univ Michigan, Dept Climate & Space Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA..
    Kepko, E. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Baumjohann, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst IWF, Graz, Austria..
    Mauk, B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Fuselier, S. A.
    Univ Texas San Antonio, Dept Phys & Astron, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Nakamura, R.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst IWF, Graz, Austria..
    Multispacecraft analysis of dipolarization fronts and associated whistler wave emissions using MMS data2016In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 43, no 14, p. 7279-7286Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Dipolarization fronts (DFs), embedded in bursty bulk flows, play a crucial role in Earth's plasma sheet dynamics because the energy input from the solar wind is partly dissipated in their vicinity. This dissipation is in the form of strong low-frequency waves that can heat and accelerate energetic electrons up to the high-latitude plasma sheet. However, the dynamics of DF propagation and associated low-frequency waves in the magnetotail are still under debate due to instrumental limitations and spacecraft separation distances. In May 2015 the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission was in a string-of-pearls configuration with an average intersatellite distance of 160km, which allows us to study in detail the microphysics of DFs. Thus, in this letter we employ MMS data to investigate the properties of dipolarization fronts propagating earthward and associated whistler mode wave emissions. We show that the spatial dynamics of DFs are below the ion gyroradius scale in this region (approximate to 500km), which can modify the dynamics of ions in the vicinity of the DF (e.g., making their motion nonadiabatic). We also show that whistler wave dynamics have a temporal scale of the order of the ion gyroperiod (a few seconds), indicating that the perpendicular temperature anisotropy can vary on such time scales.

  • 7.
    Breuillard, H.
    et al.
    Univ Paris Sud, Sorbonne Univ, Ecole Polytech, Lab Phys Plasmas,UMR7648,CNRS, Paris, France.
    Matteini, L.
    UPMC Univ Paris 06, Univ Paris Diderot, PSL Res Univ, LESIA Observ Paris,CNRS, Meudon, France.
    Argall, M. R.
    Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
    Sahraoui, F.
    Univ Paris Sud, Sorbonne Univ, Ecole Polytech, Lab Phys Plasmas,UMR7648,CNRS, Paris, France.
    Andriopoulou, M.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria.
    Le Contel, O.
    Univ Paris Sud, Sorbonne Univ, Ecole Polytech, Lab Phys Plasmas,UMR7648,CNRS, Paris, France.
    Retino, A.
    Univ Paris Sud, Sorbonne Univ, Ecole Polytech, Lab Phys Plasmas,UMR7648,CNRS, Paris, France.
    Mirioni, L.
    Univ Paris Sud, Sorbonne Univ, Ecole Polytech, Lab Phys Plasmas,UMR7648,CNRS, Paris, France.
    Huang, S. Y.
    Wuhan Univ, Sch Elect & Informat, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Gershman, D. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Wilder, F. D.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Goodrich, K. A.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Ahmadi, N.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Yordanova, Emiliya
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Turner, D. L.
    Aerosp Corp, Space Sci Dept, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Chasapis, A.
    Univ Delaware, Newark, DE USA.
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA.
    Magnes, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria.
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Plaschke, F.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria.
    Moore, T. E.
    Giles, B. L.
    Paterson, W. R.
    Pollock, C. J.
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Paul Sabatier, CNRS UMR5277, IRAP, Toulouse, France.
    Fuselier, S. A.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Cohen, I. J.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA.
    New Insights into the Nature of Turbulence in the Earth's Magnetosheath Using Magnetospheric MultiScale Mission Data2018In: Astrophysical Journal, ISSN 0004-637X, E-ISSN 1538-4357, Vol. 859, no 2, article id 127Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Earth's magnetosheath, which is characterized by highly turbulent fluctuations, is usually divided into two regions of different properties as a function of the angle between the interplanetary magnetic field and the shock normal. In this study, we make use of high-time resolution instruments on board the Magnetospheric MultiScale spacecraft to determine and compare the properties of subsolar magnetosheath turbulence in both regions, i. e., downstream of the quasi-parallel and quasi-perpendicular bow shocks. In particular, we take advantage of the unprecedented temporal resolution of the Fast Plasma Investigation instrument to show the density fluctuations down to sub-ion scales for the first time. We show that the nature of turbulence is highly compressible down to electron scales, particularly in the quasi-parallel magnetosheath. In this region, the magnetic turbulence also shows an inertial (Kolmogorov-like) range, indicating that the fluctuations are not formed locally, in contrast with the quasi-perpendicular magnetosheath. We also show that the electromagnetic turbulence is dominated by electric fluctuations at sub-ion scales (f > 1Hz) and that magnetic and electric spectra steepen at the largest-electron scale. The latter indicates a change in the nature of turbulence at electron scales. Finally, we show that the electric fluctuations around the electron gyrofrequency are mostly parallel in the quasi-perpendicular magnetosheath, where intense whistlers are observed. This result suggests that energy dissipation, plasma heating, and acceleration might be driven by intense electrostatic parallel structures/waves, which can be linked to whistler waves.

  • 8.
    Burch, J. L.
    et al.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.
    Dokgo, K.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.
    Hwang, K. J.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.
    Torbert, R. B.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Webster, J. M.
    Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX USA.
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
    Allen, R. C.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA.
    Chen, L-J
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
    Wang, S.
    Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
    Genestreti, K. J.
    Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Earth & Planetary Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA.
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Earth & Planetary Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA.
    Le Contel, O.
    Univ Paris Sud, Observ Paris, Sorbonne Univ, Lab Phys Plasmas,CNRS,Ecole Polytech, Paris, France.
    High-Frequency Wave Generation in Magnetotail Reconnection: Linear Dispersion Analysis2019In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 46, no 8, p. 4089-4097Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Plasma and wave measurements from the NASA Magnetospheric Multiscale mission are presented for magnetotail reconnection events on 3 July and 11 July 2017. Linear dispersion analyses were performed using distribution functions comprising up to six drifting bi-Maxwellian distributions. In both events electron crescent-shaped distributions are shown to be responsible for upper hybrid waves near the X-line. In an adjacent location within the 3 July event a monodirectional field-aligned electron beam drove parallel-propagating beam-mode waves. In the 11 July event an electron distribution consisting of a drifting core and two crescents was shown to generate upper-hybrid and beam-mode waves at three different frequencies, explaining the observed broadband waves. Multiple harmonics of the upper hybrid waves were observed but cannot be explained by the linear dispersion analysis since they result from nonlinear beam interactions. Plain Language Summary Magnetic reconnection is a process that occurs throughout the universe in ionized gases (plasmas) containing embedded magnetic fields. This process converts magnetic energy to electron and ion energy, causing phenomena such as solar flares and auroras. The NASA Magnetospheric Multiscale mission has shown that in magnetic reconnection regions there are intense electric field oscillations or waves and that electrons form crescent and beam-like populations propagating both along and perpendicular to the magnetic field. This study shows that the observed electron populations are responsible for high-frequency waves including their propagation directions and frequency ranges.

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  • 9.
    Burch, J. L.
    et al.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Cassak, P. A.
    Univ Virginia, Dept Phys & Astron, Morgantown, WV USA..
    Webster, J. M.
    Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX USA..
    Torbert, R. B.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Dorelli, J. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Rager, A. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA..
    Hwang, K. -J
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.
    Phan, T. D.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Genestreti, K. J.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Allen, R. C.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA..
    Chen, L. -J
    Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
    Wang, S.
    Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Gershman, D.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Le Contel, O.
    Univ Paris Sud, Observ Paris, Lab Phys Plasmas, CNRS,Ecole Polytech,UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Wilder, F. D.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Hesse, M.
    Univ Bergen, Dept Phys & Technol, Bergen, Norway..
    Drake, J. F.
    Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Swisdak, M.
    Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Price, L. M.
    Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Shay, M. A.
    Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA..
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Royal Inst Technol, Dept Space & Plasma Phys, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Pollock, C. J.
    Denali Sci, Healy, AK USA..
    Denton, R. E.
    Dartmouth Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Hanover, NH 03755 USA..
    Newman, D. L.
    Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Localized Oscillatory Energy Conversion in Magnetopause Reconnection2018In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 45, no 3, p. 1237-1245Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Data from the NASA Magnetospheric Multiscale mission are used to investigate asymmetric magnetic reconnection at the dayside boundary between the Earth's magnetosphere and the solar wind. High-resolution measurements of plasmas and fields are used to identify highly localized (similar to 15 electron Debye lengths) standing wave structures with large electric field amplitudes (up to 100 mV/m). These wave structures are associated with spatially oscillatory energy conversion, which appears as alternatingly positive and negative values of J . E. For small guide magnetic fields the wave structures occur in the electron stagnation region at the magnetosphere edge of the electron diffusion region. For larger guide fields the structures also occur near the reconnection X-line. This difference is explained in terms of channels for the out-of-plane current (agyrotropic electrons at the stagnation point and guide field-aligned electrons at the X-line).

  • 10.
    Burch, J. L.
    et al.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX, USA.
    Webster, J. M.
    Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX USA.
    Genestreti, K. J.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria.
    Torbert, R. B.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX, USA; Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH, USA.
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Fuselier, S. A.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX, USA.
    Dorelli, J. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Rager, A. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA; Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington DC, USA..
    Phan, T. D.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA.
    Allen, R. C.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA.
    Chen, L. -J
    Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD, USA.
    Wang, S.
    Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD, USA.
    Le Contel, O.
    Univ Paris Sud, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Lab Phys Plasmas, CNRS, Ecole Polytech,Observ Paris, Paris, France.
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Earth & Planetary Sci, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Earth & Planetary Sci, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO, USA.
    Jaynes, A. N.
    Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA, USA.
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Royal Inst Technol, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Wilder, F. D.
    Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO, USA.
    Hwang, K. -J
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX, USA.
    Goldstein, J.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX, USA.
    Wave Phenomena and Beam-Plasma Interactions at the Magnetopause Reconnection Region2018In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 123, no 2, p. 1118-1133Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper reports on Magnetospheric Multiscale observations of whistler mode chorus and higher-frequency electrostatic waves near and within a reconnection diffusion region on 23 November 2016. The diffusion region is bounded by crescent-shaped electron distributions and associated dissipation just upstream of the X-line and by magnetic field-aligned currents and electric fields leading to dissipation near the electron stagnation point. Measurements were made southward of the X-line as determined by southward directed ion and electron jets. We show that electrostatic wave generation is due to magnetosheath electron beams formed by the electron jets as they interact with a cold background plasma and more energetic population of magnetospheric electrons. On the magnetosphere side of the X-line the electron beams are accompanied by a strong perpendicular electron temperature anisotropy, which is shown to be the source of an observed rising-tone whistler mode chorus event. We show that the apex of the chorus event and the onset of electrostatic waves coincide with the opening of magnetic field lines at the electron stagnation point.

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  • 11.
    Cao, D.
    et al.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Fu, H. S.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Cao, J. B.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Wang, T. Y.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Chen, Z. Z.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Peng, F. Z.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Huang, S. Y.
    Wuhan Univ, Sch Elect & Informat, Wuhan, Peoples R China.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA.
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Le Contel, O.
    UPMC, Ecole Polytech, CNRS, Lab Phys Plasmas, Palaiseau, France.
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.
    MMS observations of whistler waves in electron diffusion region2017In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 44, no 9, p. 3954-3962Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Whistler waves that can produce anomalous resistivity by affecting electrons' motion have been suggested as one of the mechanisms responsible for magnetic reconnection in the electron diffusion region (EDR). Such type of waves, however, has rarely been observed inside the EDR so far. In this study, we report such an observation by Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. We find large-amplitude whistler waves propagating away from the X line with a very small wave-normal angle. These waves are probably generated by the perpendicular temperature anisotropy of the -300eV electrons inside the EDR, according to our analysis of dispersion relation and cyclotron resonance condition; they significantly affect the electron-scale dynamics of magnetic reconnection and thus support previous simulations.

  • 12.
    Carbone, F.
    et al.
    Univ Calabria, Natl Res Council, Inst Atmospher Pollut Res, I-87036 Arcavacata Di Rende, Italy..
    Sorriso-Valvo, Luca
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Ist Sci & Tecnol Plasmi, CNR, Via Amendola 122-D, I-70126 Bari, Italy.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Steinvall, Konrad
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vecchio, A.
    Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Univ, Univ PSL, Observ Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cite,5 Pl Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France.;Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Res Inst Math Astrophys & Particle Phys, Nijmegen, Netherlands..
    Telloni, D.
    Natl Inst Astrophys, Astrophys Observ Torino, Turin, Italy..
    Yordanova, Emiliya
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Edberg, Niklas J. T.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Eriksson, Anders I.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Johansson, Erik P. G.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vásconez, C. L.
    Escuela Politec Nacl, Dept Fis, Ladron de Guevara E11-253, Quito 170525, Ecuador..
    Maksimovic, M.
    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Res Inst Math Astrophys & Particle Phys, Nijmegen, Netherlands..
    Bruno, R.
    Natl Inst Astrophys INAF, Inst Space Astrophys & Planetol IAPS, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Rome, Italy..
    D'Amicis, R.
    Natl Inst Astrophys INAF, Inst Space Astrophys & Planetol IAPS, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Rome, Italy..
    Bale, S. D.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.;Univ Calif Berkeley, Phys Dept, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Chust, T.
    Univ Paris Saclay, Observ Paris, Sorbonne Univ, Ecole Polytech,LPP,CNRS, Paris, France..
    Krasnoselskikh, V.
    CNRS, LPC2E, 3A Ave Rech Sci, Orleans, France..
    Kretzschmar, M.
    CNRS, LPC2E, 3A Ave Rech Sci, Orleans, France.;Univ Orleans, Orleans, France..
    Lorfèvre, E.
    CNES, 18 Ave Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France..
    Plettemeier, D.
    Tech Univ Dresden, Wurzburger Str 35, D-01187 Dresden, Germany..
    Soucek, J.
    Czech Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Prague, Czech Republic..
    Steller, M.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Stverák, S.
    Czech Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Prague, Czech Republic.;Czech Acad Sci, Astron Inst, Prague, Czech Republic..
    Trávnicek, P.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.;Czech Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Prague, Czech Republic..
    Vaivads, A.
    CNRS, LPC2E, 3A Ave Rech Sci, Orleans, France.;Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Dept Space & Plasma Phys, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Horbury, T. S.
    Imperial Coll London, Blackett Lab, Space & Atmospher Phys, London SW7 2AZ, England..
    O'Brien, H.
    Imperial Coll London, Blackett Lab, Space & Atmospher Phys, London SW7 2AZ, England..
    Angelini, V.
    Imperial Coll London, Blackett Lab, Space & Atmospher Phys, London SW7 2AZ, England..
    Evans, V.
    Imperial Coll London, Blackett Lab, Space & Atmospher Phys, London SW7 2AZ, England..
    Statistical study of electron density turbulence and ion-cyclotron waves in the inner heliosphere: Solar Orbiter observations2021In: Astronomy and Astrophysics, ISSN 0004-6361, E-ISSN 1432-0746, Vol. 656, article id A16Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Context. The recently released spacecraft potential measured by the RPW instrument on board Solar Orbiter has been used to estimate the solar wind electron density in the inner heliosphere.

    Aims. The measurement of the solar wind’s electron density, taken in June 2020, has been analysed to obtain a thorough characterization of the turbulence and intermittency properties of the fluctuations. Magnetic field data have been used to describe the presence of ion-scale waves.

    Methods. To study and quantify the properties of turbulence, we extracted selected intervals. We used empirical mode decomposition to obtain the generalized marginal Hilbert spectrum, equivalent to the structure functions analysis, which additionally reduced issues typical of non-stationary, short time series. The presence of waves was quantitatively determined by introducing a parameter describing the time-dependent, frequency-filtered wave power.

    Results. A well-defined inertial range with power-law scalng was found almost everywhere in the sample studied. However, the Kolmogorov scaling and the typical intermittency effects are only present in fraction of the samples. Other intervals have shallower spectra and more irregular intermittency, which are not described by models of turbulence. These are observed predominantly during intervals of enhanced ion frequency wave activity. Comparisons with compressible magnetic field intermittency (from the MAG instrument) and with an estimate of the solar wind velocity (using electric and magnetic field) are also provided to give general context and help determine the cause of these anomalous fluctuations.

  • 13.
    Chen, L-J
    et al.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 916, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA..
    Wang, S.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 916, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.;Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20747 USA..
    Le Contel, O.
    Univ Paris Sud, Sorbonne Univ, Observ Paris, CNRS,Ecole Polytech, F-91128 Paris, France..
    Rager, A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 916, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA..
    Hesse, M.
    Univ Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway..
    Drake, J.
    Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20747 USA..
    Dorelli, J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 916, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA..
    Ng, J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 916, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.;Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20747 USA..
    Bessho, N.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 916, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.;Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20747 USA..
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Wilson, Lynn B., III
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 916, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA..
    Moore, T.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 916, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA..
    Giles, B.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 916, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA..
    Paterson, W.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 916, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA..
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse UPS, CNRS, CNES, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, F-31027 Toulouse 4, France..
    Genestreti, K.
    Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Nakamura, R.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8042 Graz, Austria..
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80305 USA..
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Burch, J.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Pollock, C.
    Denali Sci, Healy, AK 99743 USA..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA..
    Lindqvist, P-A
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, SE-11428 Stockholm, Sweden..
    Avanov, L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 916, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.;Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20747 USA..
    Lower-Hybrid Drift Waves Driving Electron Nongyrotropic Heating and Vortical Flows in a Magnetic Reconnection Layer2020In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 125, no 2, article id 025103Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We report measurements of lower-hybrid drift waves driving electron heating and vortical flows in an electron-scale reconnection layer under a guide field. Electrons accelerated by the electrostatic potential of the waves exhibit perpendicular and nongyrotropic heating. The vortical flows generate magnetic field perturbations comparable to the guide field magnitude. The measurements reveal a new regime of electron-wave interaction and how this interaction modifies the electron dynamics in the reconnection layer.

  • 14.
    Chust, T.
    et al.
    Sorbonne Univ, Univ Paris Saclay, Observ Paris, Ecole Polytech,LPP,CNRS, Paris, France..
    Kretzschmar, M.
    Univ Orleans, CNRS, LPC2E, 3A Ave Rech Sci, Orleans, France..
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Le Contel, O.
    Sorbonne Univ, Univ Paris Saclay, Observ Paris, Ecole Polytech,LPP,CNRS, Paris, France..
    Retino, A.
    Sorbonne Univ, Univ Paris Saclay, Observ Paris, Ecole Polytech,LPP,CNRS, Paris, France..
    Alexandrova, A.
    Sorbonne Univ, Univ Paris Saclay, Observ Paris, Ecole Polytech,LPP,CNRS, Paris, France..
    Berthomier, M.
    Sorbonne Univ, Univ Paris Saclay, Observ Paris, Ecole Polytech,LPP,CNRS, Paris, France..
    Hadid, L. Z.
    Sorbonne Univ, Univ Paris Saclay, Observ Paris, Ecole Polytech,LPP,CNRS, Paris, France..
    Sahraoui, F.
    Sorbonne Univ, Univ Paris Saclay, Observ Paris, Ecole Polytech,LPP,CNRS, Paris, France..
    Jeandet, A.
    Sorbonne Univ, Univ Paris Saclay, Observ Paris, Ecole Polytech,LPP,CNRS, Paris, France..
    Leroy, P.
    Sorbonne Univ, Univ Paris Saclay, Observ Paris, Ecole Polytech,LPP,CNRS, Paris, France..
    Pellion, J-C
    Sorbonne Univ, Univ Paris Saclay, Observ Paris, Ecole Polytech,LPP,CNRS, Paris, France..
    Bouzid, V
    Sorbonne Univ, Univ Paris Saclay, Observ Paris, Ecole Polytech,LPP,CNRS, Paris, France..
    Katra, B.
    Sorbonne Univ, Univ Paris Saclay, Observ Paris, Ecole Polytech,LPP,CNRS, Paris, France..
    Piberne, R.
    Sorbonne Univ, Univ Paris Saclay, Observ Paris, Ecole Polytech,LPP,CNRS, Paris, France..
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Dept Space & Plasma Phys, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Krasnoselskikh, V
    Univ Orleans, CNRS, LPC2E, 3A Ave Rech Sci, Orleans, France..
    Soucek, J.
    Czech Acad Sci, Dept Space Phys, Inst Atmospher Phys, Prague, Czech Republic..
    Santolik, O.
    Czech Acad Sci, Dept Space Phys, Inst Atmospher Phys, Prague, Czech Republic.;Charles Univ Prague, Fac Math & Phys, Prague, Czech Republic..
    Lorfevre, E.
    CNES, 18 Ave Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France..
    Plettemeier, D.
    Tech Univ Dresden, Wurzburger Str 35, D-01187 Dresden, Germany..
    Steller, M.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Stverak, S.
    Czech Acad Sci, Astron Inst, Prague, Czech Republic..
    Vecchio, A.
    Czech Acad Sci, Astron Inst, Prague, Czech Republic.;Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Maksimovic, M.
    Univ PSL, Sorbonne Univ, Univ Paris, Observ Paris,LESIA,CNRS, Meudon, France.;Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Astrophys, Radboud Radio Lab, Nijmegen, Netherlands..
    Bale, S. D.
    Univ PSL, Sorbonne Univ, Univ Paris, Observ Paris,LESIA,CNRS, Meudon, France..
    Horbury, T. S.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.;Univ Calif Berkeley, Phys Dept, Berkeley, CA USA.;Stellar Sci, Berkeley, CA USA..
    O'Brien, H.
    Imperial Coll, Dept Phys, London SW7 2AZ, England..
    Evans, V
    Imperial Coll, Dept Phys, London SW7 2AZ, England..
    Angelini, V
    Imperial Coll, Dept Phys, London SW7 2AZ, England..
    Observations of whistler mode waves by Solar Orbiter's RPW Low Frequency Receiver (LFR): In-flight performance and first results2021In: Astronomy and Astrophysics, ISSN 0004-6361, E-ISSN 1432-0746, Vol. 656, article id A17Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Context. The Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument is one of the four in situ instruments of the ESA/NASA Solar Orbiter mission, which was successfully launched on February 10, 2020. The Low Frequency Receiver (LFR) is one of its subsystems, designed to characterize the low frequency electric (quasi-DC - 10 kHz) and magnetic (similar to 1 Hz-10 kHz) fields that develop, propagate, interact, and dissipate in the solar wind plasma. Combined with observations of the particles and the DC magnetic field, LFR measurements will help to improve the understanding of the heating and acceleration processes at work during solar wind expansion.

    Aims. The capability of LFR to observe and analyze a variety of low frequency plasma waves can be demontrated by taking advantage of whistler mode wave observations made just after the near-Earth commissioning phase of Solar Orbiter. In particular, this is related to its capability of measuring the wave normal vector, the phase velocity, and the Poynting vector for determining the propagation characteristics of the waves.

    Methods. Several case studies of whistler mode waves are presented, using all possible LFR onboard digital processing products, waveforms, spectral matrices, and basic wave parameters.

    Results. Here, we show that whistler mode waves can be very properly identified and characterized, along with their Doppler-shifted frequency, based on the waveform capture as well as on the LFR onboard spectral analysis.

    Conclusions. Despite the fact that calibrations of the electric and magnetic data still require some improvement, these first whistler observations show a good overall consistency between the RPW LFR data, indicating that many science results on these waves, as well as on other plasma waves, can be obtained by Solar Orbiter in the solar wind.

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  • 15.
    Cozzani, G.
    et al.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Direct Observations of Electron Firehose Fluctuations in the Magnetic Reconnection Outflow2023In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 128, no 5, article id e2022JA031128Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Electron temperature anisotropy-driven instabilities such as the electron firehose instability (EFI) are especially significant in space collisionless plasmas, where collisions are so scarce that wave-particle interactions are the leading mechanisms in the isotropization of the distribution function and energy transfer. Observational statistical studies provided convincing evidence in favor of the EFI constraining the electron distribution function and limiting the electron temperature anisotropy. Magnetic reconnection is characterized by regions of enhanced temperature anisotropy that could drive instabilities-including the electron firehose instability-affecting the particle dynamics and the energy conversion. However, in situ observations of the fluctuations generated by the EFI are still lacking and the interplay between magnetic reconnection and EFI is still largely unknown. In this study, we use high-resolution in situ measurements by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft to identify and investigate EFI fluctuations in the magnetic reconnection exhaust in the Earth's magnetotail. We find that the wave properties of the observed fluctuations largely agree with theoretical predictions of the non-propagating EF mode. These findings are further supported by comparison with the linear kinetic dispersion relation. Our results demonstrate that the magnetic reconnection outflow can be the seedbed of EFI and provide the first direct in situ observations of EFI-generated fluctuations.

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  • 16.
    Cozzani, Giulia
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Egedal, J.
    Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA..
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, A.
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Space & Plasma Phys, S-11428 Stockholm, Sweden..
    Alexandrova, A.
    Univ Paris Saclay, Sorbonne Univ, Lab Phys Plasmas, CNRS,Observ Paris,Ecole Polytech,Inst Polytech Pa, F-91128 Palaiseau, France..
    Le Contel, O.
    Univ Paris Saclay, Sorbonne Univ, Lab Phys Plasmas, CNRS,Observ Paris,Ecole Polytech,Inst Polytech Pa, F-91128 Palaiseau, France..
    Nakamura, R.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8042 Graz, Austria..
    Fuselier, S. A.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.;Univ Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA..
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Structure of a Perturbed Magnetic Reconnection Electron Diffusion Region in the Earth's Magnetotail2021In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 127, no 21, article id 215101Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We report in situ observations of an electron diffusion region (EDR) and adjacent separatrix region in the Earth's magnetotail. We observe significant magnetic field oscillations near the lower hybrid frequency which propagate perpendicularly to the reconnection plane. We also find that the strong electron-scale gradients close to the EDR exhibit significant oscillations at a similar frequency. Such oscillations are not expected for a crossing of a steady 2D EDR, and can be explained by a complex motion of the reconnection plane induced by current sheet kinking propagating in the out-of-reconnection-plane direction. Thus, all three spatial dimensions have to be taken into account to explain the observed perturbed EDR crossing. These results shed light on the interplay between magnetic reconnection and current sheet drift instabilities in electron-scale current sheets and highlight the need for adopting a 3D description of the EDR, going beyond the two-dimensional and steady-state conception of reconnection.

  • 17.
    Dimmock, Andrew P.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Gedalin, M.
    Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Phys, Beer Sheva, Israel..
    Lalti, Ahmad
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Trotta, D.
    Imperial Coll London, London, England..
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Johlander, Andreas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Swedish Def Res Agcy, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Vainio, R.
    Univ Turku, Turku, Finland..
    Blanco-Cano, X.
    Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Dept Ciencias Espaciales, Inst Geofis, Ciudad De Mexico, Mexico..
    Kajdic, P.
    Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Dept Ciencias Espaciales, Inst Geofis, Ciudad De Mexico, Mexico..
    Owen, C. J.
    UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, London, England..
    Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. F.
    Univ Kiel, Inst Expt & Appl Phys, D-24118 Kiel, Germany..
    Backstreaming ions at a high Mach number interplanetary shock: Solar Orbiter measurements during the nominal mission phase2023In: Astronomy and Astrophysics, ISSN 0004-6361, E-ISSN 1432-0746, Vol. 679, article id A106Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Context: Solar Orbiter, a mission developed by the European Space Agency, explores in situ plasma across the inner heliosphere while providing remote-sensing observations of the Sun. The mission aims to study the solar wind, but also transient structures such as interplanetary coronal mass ejections and stream interaction regions. These structures often contain a leading shock wave that can differ from other plasma shock waves, such as those around planets. Importantly, the Mach number of these interplanetary shocks is typically low (1-3) compared to planetary bow shocks and most astrophysical shocks. However, our shock survey revealed that on 30 October 2021, Solar Orbiter measured a shock with an Alfven Mach number above 6, which can be considered high in this context.

    Aims: Our study examines particle observations for the 30 October 2021 shock. The particles provide clear evidence of ion reflection up to several minutes upstream of the shock. Additionally, the magnetic and electric field observations contain complex electromagnetic structures near the shock, and we aim to investigate how they are connected to ion dynamics. The main goal of this study is to advance our understanding of the complex coupling between particles and the shock structure in high Mach number regimes of interplanetary shocks.

    Methods: We used observations of magnetic and electric fields, probe-spacecraft potential, and thermal and energetic particles to characterize the structure of the shock front and particle dynamics. Furthermore, ion velocity distribution functions were used to study reflected ions and their coupling to the shock. To determine shock parameters and study waves, we used several methods, including cold plasma theory, singular-value decomposition, minimum variance analysis, and shock Rankine-Hugoniot relations. To support the analysis and interpretation of the experimental data, test-particle analysis, and hybrid particle in-cell simulations were used.

    Results: The ion velocity distribution functions show clear evidence of particle reflection in the form of backstreaming ions several minutes upstream. The shock structure has complex features at the ramp and whistler precursors. The backstreaming ions may be modulated by the complex shock structure, and the whistler waves are likely driven by gyrating ions in the foot. Supra-thermal ions up to 20 keV were observed, but shock-accelerated particles with energies above this were not.

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  • 18.
    Dimmock, Andrew P.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Yordanova, Emiliya
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Blanco-Cano, X.
    Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geofis, Dept Ciencias Espaciales, Ciudad Univ, Ciudad De Mexico, Mexico..
    KajdiC, P.
    Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geofis, Dept Ciencias Espaciales, Ciudad Univ, Ciudad De Mexico, Mexico..
    Karlsson, T.
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Div Space & Plasma Phys, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Fedorov, A.
    IRAP UPS CNRS, Toulouse, France..
    Owen, C. J.
    UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, London, England..
    Werner, Elisabeth
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Johlander, Andreas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Mirror Mode Storms Observed by Solar Orbiter2022In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 127, no 11, article id e2022JA030754Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mirror modes (MMs) are ubiquitous in space plasma and grow from pressure anisotropy. Together with other instabilities, they play a fundamental role in constraining the free energy contained in the plasma. This study focuses on MMs observed in the solar wind by Solar Orbiter (SolO) for heliocentric distances between 0.5 and 1 AU. Typically, MMs have timescales from several to tens of seconds and are considered quasi-MHD structures. In the solar wind, they also generally appear as isolated structures. However, in certain conditions, prolonged and bursty trains of higher frequency MMs are measured, which have been labeled previously as MM storms. At present, only a handful of existing studies have focused on MM storms, meaning that many open questions remain. In this study, SolO has been used to investigate several key aspects of MM storms: their dependence on heliocentric distance, association with local plasma properties, temporal/spatial scale, amplitude, and connections with larger-scale solar wind transients. The main results are that MM storms often approach local ion scales and can no longer be treated as quasi-magnetohydrodynamic, thus breaking the commonly used long-wavelength assumption. They are typically observed close to current sheets and downstream of interplanetary shocks. The events were observed during slow solar wind speeds and there was a tendency for higher occurrence closer to the Sun. The occurrence is low, so they do not play a fundamental role in regulating ambient solar wind but may play a larger role inside transients.

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  • 19.
    Dokgo, Kyunghwan
    et al.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.
    Hwang, Kyoung-Joo
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.
    Burch, James L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.
    Choi, Eunjin
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.
    Yoon, Peter H.
    Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA;Kyung Hee Univ, Sch Space Res, Yongin, South Korea;Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daejeon, South Korea.
    Sibeck, David G.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Swedish Inst Space Phys, Uppsala, Sweden.
    High-Frequency Wave Generation in Magnetotail Reconnection: Nonlinear Harmonics of Upper Hybrid Waves2019In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 46, no 14, p. 7873-7882Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    MMS3 spacecraft passed the vicinity of the electron diffusion region of magnetotail reconnection on 3 July 2017, observing discrepancies between perpendicular electron bulk velocities and (E) over right arrow x (B) over right arrow drift, and agyrotropic electron crescent distributions. Analyzing linear wave dispersions, Burch et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082471) showed the electron crescent generates high-frequency waves. We investigate harmonics of upper-hybrid (UH) waves using both observation and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation, and the generation of electromagnetic radiation from PIC simulation. Harmonics of UH are linearly polarized and propagate along the perpendicular direction to the ambient magnetic field. Compared with two-dimensional PIC simulation and nonlinear kinetic theory, we show that the nonlinear beam-plasma interaction between the agyrotropic electrons and the core electrons generates harmonics of UH. Moreover, PIC simulation shows that agyrotropic electron beam can lead to electromagnetic (EM) radiation at the plasma frequency and harmonics.

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  • 20.
    Dokgo, Kyunghwan
    et al.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Hwang, Kyoung-Joo
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Burch, James L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Yoon, Peter H.
    Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.;Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daejeon, South Korea.;Kyung Hee Univ, Sch Space Res, Yongin, South Korea..
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Li, Wenya
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    High-Frequency Waves Driven by Agyrotropic Electrons Near the Electron Diffusion Region2020In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 47, no 5, article id e2020GL087111Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Magnetosphere Multiscale mission reveals that agyrotropic electrons and intense waves are prevalently present in the electron diffusion region. Prompted by two distinct Magnetosphere Multiscale observations, this letter investigates by theoretical means and the properties of agyrotropic electron beam-plasma instability and explains the origin of different structures in the wave spectra. The difference is owing to the fact that in one instance, a continuous beam mode is excited, while in the other, discrete Bernstein modes are excited, and the excitation of one mode versus the other depends on physical input parameters, which are consistent with observations. Analyses of dispersion relations show that the growing mode becomes discrete when the maximum growth rate is lower than the electron cyclotron frequency. Making use of particle-in-cell simulations, we found that the broadening angle Delta in the gyroangle space is also an important factor controlling the growth rate. Ramifications of the present finding are also discussed. Plain Language Summary Magnetospheric Multiscale mission has observed magnetic reconnection process, which converts magnetic energy to kinetic energy of charged particles. Extremely rapid time scale data reveal that electron scale high-frequency waves exist near the electron diffusion region of magnetic reconnection. Recently, two different types of waves observed; one is discrete electron-Bernstein waves, and the other is continuous beam modes. In this study, we formulated a unified theory for both types of waves. Comparing Magnetosphere Multiscale observations, the theory, and particle-in-cell simulations, this study shows that the same cause (agyrotropic electrons) can make two different wave structures depending on plasma parameters. The condition that the maximum growth rate of instabilities equals the electron cyclotron frequency can be considered as a threshold of the transition from discrete electron Bernstein waves to continuous beam modes.

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  • 21.
    Dokgo, Kyunghwan
    et al.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Hwang, Kyoung-Joo
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Burch, James L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Yoon, Peter H.
    Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Li, Wenya
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Chinese Acad Sci, State Key Lab Space Weather, Natl Space Sci Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    The Effects of Upper-Hybrid Waves on Energy Dissipation in the Electron Diffusion Region2020In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 47, no 19, article id e2020GL089778Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Using a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation, we investigate the effects and roles of upper-hybrid waves (UHW) near the electron diffusion region (EDR). The energy dissipation via the wave-particle interaction in our simulation agrees withJ center dot E(')measured by magnetospheric multiscale (MMS) spacecraft. It means that UHW contributes to the local energy dissipation. As a result of wave-particle interactions, plasma parameters which determine the larger-scale energy dissipation in the EDR are changed. They-directional current decreases while the pressure tensorP(yz)increases/decreases when the agyrotropic beam density is low/high, where(x, y, z)-coordinates correspond the(L, M, N)-boundary coordinates. Because the reconnection electric field comes from- partial differential P-yz/ partial differential z, our result implies that UHW plays an additional role in affecting larger-scale energy dissipation in the EDR by changing plasma parameters. We provide a simple diagram that shows how the UHW activities change the profiles of plasma parameters near the EDR comparing cases with and without UHW.

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  • 22.
    Ergun, R. E.
    et al.
    Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.;Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Chen, L. -J
    Wilder, F. D.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Ahmadi, N.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Eriksson, S.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Usanova, M. E.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Goodrich, K. A.
    Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.;Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Holmes, J. C.
    Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.;Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Sturner, A. P.
    Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.;Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Malaspina, D. M.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Newman, D. L.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.;Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Argall, M. R.
    Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Webster, J. M.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Drake, J. F.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Price, L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Cassak, P. A.
    West Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV USA..
    Swisdak, M.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Shay, M. A.
    Univ Delaware, Newark, DE USA..
    Graham, Daniel
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Dorelli, J. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Gershman, D.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, IREAP, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Avanov, L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Hesse, M.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, Toulouse, France.;Ctr Natl Rech Sci, Toulouse, France..
    Le Contel, O.
    Lab Phys Plasmas, Palaiseau, France..
    Retino, A.
    Lab Phys Plasmas, Palaiseau, France..
    Phan, T. D.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Goldman, M. V.
    Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Stawarz, J. E.
    Imperial Coll London, Blackett Lab, London, England..
    Schwartz, S. J.
    Imperial Coll London, Blackett Lab, London, England..
    Eastwood, J. P.
    Imperial Coll London, Blackett Lab, London, England..
    Hwang, K. -J
    Nakamura, R.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Wang, S.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, IREAP, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Drift waves, intense parallel electric fields, and turbulence associated with asymmetric magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause2017In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 44, no 7, p. 2978-2986Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Observations of magnetic reconnection at Earth's magnetopause often display asymmetric structures that are accompanied by strong magnetic field (B) fluctuations and large-amplitude parallel electric fields (E-||). The B turbulence is most intense at frequencies above the ion cyclotron frequency and below the lower hybrid frequency. The B fluctuations are consistent with a thin, oscillating current sheet that is corrugated along the electron flow direction (along the X line), which is a type of electromagnetic drift wave. Near the X line, electron flow is primarily due to a Hall electric field, which diverts ion flow in asymmetric reconnection and accompanies the instability. Importantly, the drift waves appear to drive strong parallel currents which, in turn, generate large-amplitude (similar to 100mV/m) E-|| in the form of nonlinear waves and structures. These observations suggest that turbulence may be common in asymmetric reconnection, penetrate into the electron diffusion region, and possibly influence the magnetic reconnection process.

  • 23.
    Ergun, R. E.
    et al.
    Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA;Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Hoilijoki, S.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Ahmadi, N.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Schwartz, S. J.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Wilder, F. D.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Torbert, R. B.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
    Lindqvist, P-A
    Royal Inst Technol, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, IGGP, Los Angeles, CA USA.
    Le Contel, O.
    Lab Phys Plasmas, Palaiseau, France.
    Holmes, J. C.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria.
    Stawarz, J. E.
    Imperial Coll London, Blackett Lab, London, England.
    Goodrich, K. A.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
    Eriksson, S.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Gershman, D.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Chen, L. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA;Univ Maryland, IREAP, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
    Magnetic Reconnection in Three Dimensions: Observations of Electromagnetic Drift Waves in the Adjacent Current Sheet2019In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 124, no 12, p. 10104-10118Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Magnetic reconnection at the subsolar magnetopause is persistently accompanied by strong fluctuations of the magnetic field (B), plasma density (n), and all components of the electric field (E) and current (J). The strongest fluctuations are at frequencies below the lower hybrid frequency and observed in a thin, intense current sheet adjacent to the electron diffusion region. In this current sheet, the background magnitudes of B and n are changing considerably, creating an inhomogeneous plasma environment. We show that the fluctuations in B and n are consistent with an oscillatory displacement of the current sheet in the surface normal direction. The displacement is propagating parallel to the magnetic reconnection X line. Wavelengths are on the order of or longer than the thickness of the current sheet to which they are confined, so we label these waves electromagnetic drift waves. E and J fluctuations are more complex than a simple displacement. They have significant variations in the component along B, which suggest that the drift waves also may be confined along B. The current sheet is supported by an electron drift driven by normal electric field, which, in turn, is balanced by an ion pressure gradient. We suggest that wave growth comes from an instability related to the drift between the electrons and ions. We discuss the possibility that drift waves can displace or penetrate into the electron diffusion region giving magnetic reconnection three-dimensional structure. Drift waves may corrugate the X line, possibly breaking the X line and generating turbulence.

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  • 24.
    Ergun, R. E.
    et al.
    Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA;Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Hoilijoki, S.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Ahmadi, N.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Schwartz, S. J.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Wilder, F. D.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Drake, J. F.
    Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
    Hesse, M.
    Univ Bergen, Birkeland Ctr Space Sci, Bergen, Norway.
    Shay, M. A.
    Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA.
    Ji, H.
    Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, POB 451, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA;Princeton Univ, Dept Astrophys Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
    Yamada, M.
    Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, POB 451, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Cassak, P. A.
    West Virginia Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA.
    Swisdak, M.
    Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Torbert, R. B.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
    Holmes, J. C.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria.
    Stawarz, J. E.
    Imperial Coll London, Blackett Lab, London, England.
    Goodrich, K. A.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
    Eriksson, S.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, IGGP, Los Angeles, CA USA.
    LeContel, O.
    Lab Phys Plasmas, Palaiseau, France.
    Magnetic Reconnection in Three Dimensions: Modeling and Analysis of Electromagnetic Drift Waves in the Adjacent Current Sheet2019In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 124, no 12, p. 10085-10103Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a model of electromagnetic drift waves in the current sheet adjacent to magnetic reconnection at the subsolar magnetopause. These drift waves are potentially important in governing 3-D structure of subsolar magnetic reconnection and in generating turbulence. The drift waves propagate nearly parallel to the X line and are confined to a thin current sheet. The scale size normal to the current sheet is significantly less than the ion gyroradius and can be less than or on the order of the wavelength. The waves also have a limited extent along the magnetic field (B), making them a three-dimensional eigenmode structure. In the current sheet, the background magnitudes of B and plasma density change significantly, calling for a treatment that incorporates an inhomogeneous plasma environment. Using detailed examination of Magnetospheric Multiscale observations, we find that the waves are best represented by series of electron vortices, superimposed on a primary electron drift, that propagate along the current sheet (parallel to the X line). The waves displace or corrugate the current sheet, which also potentially displaces the electron diffusion region. The model is based on fluid behavior of electrons, but ion motion must be treated kinetically. The strong electron drift along the X line is likely responsible for wave growth, similar to a lower hybrid drift instability. Contrary to a classical lower hybrid drift instability, however, the strong changes in the background B and n(o), the normal confinement to the current sheet, and the confinement along B are critical to the wave description.

  • 25.
    Eriksson, Elin
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Space & Plasma Phys, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Alm, Love
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Electron acceleration in a magnetotail reconnection outflow region using Magnetospheric MultiScale data2020In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 47, no 1, article id e2019GL085080Article in journal (Refereed)
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    fulltext
  • 26.
    Eriksson, Elin
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Divin, Andrey
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Physics Department, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Yordanova, Emiliya
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy.
    Electron Energization at a Reconnecting Magnetosheath Current Sheet2018In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 45, no 16Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present observations of electron energization within a sub-ion-scale magnetosheath current sheet (CS). A number of signatures indicate ongoing reconnection, including the thickness of the CS (∼0.7 ion inertial length), nonzero normal magnetic field, Hall magnetic fields with electrons carrying the Hall currents, and electron heating. We observe localized electron acceleration and heating parallel to the magnetic field at the edges of the CS. Electrostatic waves observed in these regions have low phase velocity and small wave potentials and thus cannot provide the observed acceleration and heating. Instead, we find that the electrons are accelerated by a parallel potential within the separatrix regions. Similar acceleration has been reported based on magnetopause and magnetotail observations.Thus, despite the different plasma conditions in magnetosheath, magnetopause, and magnetotail,the acceleration mechanism and corresponding heating of electrons is similar.

  • 27.
    Eriksson, Elin
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel. B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Yordanova, Emiliya
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Hietala, H.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Avanov, L. A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Dorelli, J. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Gershman, D. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Lavraud, B.
    CNRS, IRAP, Toulouse, France..
    Paterson, W. R.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Pollock, C. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Saito, Y.
    JAXA, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan..
    Magnes, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Russell, C.
    Torbert, R.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Ergun, R.
    Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Lindqvist, P-A
    Burch, J.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Strong current sheet at a magnetosheath jet: Kinetic structure and electron acceleration2016In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 121, no 10, p. 9608-9618Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Localized kinetic-scale regions of strong current are believed to play an important role in plasma thermalization and particle acceleration in turbulent plasmas. We present a detailed study of a strong localized current, 4900 nA m(-2), located at a fast plasma jet observed in the magnetosheath downstream of a quasi-parallel shock. The thickness of the current region is similar to 3 ion inertial lengths and forms at a boundary separating magnetosheath-like and solar wind-like plasmas. On ion scales the current region has the shape of a sheet with a significant average normal magnetic field component but shows strong variations on smaller scales. The dynamic pressure within the magnetosheath jet is over 3 times the solar wind dynamic pressure. We suggest that the current sheet is forming due to high velocity shears associated with the jet. Inside the current sheet we observe local electron acceleration, producing electron beams, along the magnetic field. However, there is no clear sign of ongoing reconnection. At higher energies, above the beam energy, we observe a loss cone consistent with part of the hot magnetosheath-like electrons escaping into the colder solar wind-like plasma. This suggests that the acceleration process within the current sheet is similar to the one that occurs at shocks, where electron beams and loss cones are also observed. Therefore, electron beams observed in the magnetosheath do not have to originate from the bow shock but can also be generated locally inside the magnetosheath.

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  • 28.
    Fuselier, S. A.
    et al.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.;Univ Texas San Antonio, Dept Phys & Astron, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA..
    Mukherjee, J.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Denton, M. H.
    New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM USA..
    Petrinec, S. M.
    Lockheed Martin Adv Technol Ctr, Palo Alto, CA USA..
    Trattner, K. J.
    Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Campus Box 392, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Toledo-Redondo, S.
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, CNRS, UPS,CNES, Toulouse, France..
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Aunai, N.
    Lab Phys Plasmas, Palaiseau, France..
    Chappell, C. R.
    Vanderbilt Univ, 221 Kirkland Hall, Nashville, TN 37235 USA..
    Glocer, A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Haaland, S.
    Max Planck Inst, Katlenburg Lindau, Germany..
    Hesse, M.
    Univ Bergen, Bergen, Norway..
    Kistler, L. M.
    Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, CNRS, UPS,CNES, Toulouse, France..
    Li, W. Y.
    Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Moore, T. E.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Graham, Daniel
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Tenfjord, P.
    Univ Bergen, Bergen, Norway..
    Dargent, J.
    Univ Pisa, Phys Dept E Fermi, Pisa, Italy..
    Vines, S. K.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA..
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    High-density O+ in Earth's outer magnetosphere and its effect on dayside magnetopause magnetic reconnection2019In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 124, no 12, p. 10257-10269Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The warm plasma cloak is a source of magnetospheric plasma that contain significant O+. When the O+ density in the magnetosphere near the magnetopause is >0.2 cm(-3) and the H+ density is <1.5 cm(-3), then O+ dominates the magnetospheric ion mass density by more than a factor of 2. A survey is conducted of such O+-rich warm plasma cloak intervals and their effect on reconnection at the Earth's magnetopause. The survey uses data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS) and the results are compared and combined with a previous survey of the warm plasma cloak. Overall, the warm plasma cloak and the O+-rich warm plasma cloak reduce the magnetopause reconnection rate by >20% due to mass-loading only about 2% to 4% of the time. However, during geomagnetic storms, O+ dominates the mass density of the warm plasma cloak and these mass densities are very high. Therefore, a separate study is conducted to determine the effect of the warm plasma cloak on magnetopause reconnection during geomagnetically disturbed times. This study shows that the warm plasma cloak reduces the reconnection rate significantly about 25% of the time during disturbed conditions.

  • 29.
    Fuselier, S. A.
    et al.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA;Univ Texas San Antonio, Dept Phys & Astron, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA.
    Trattner, K. J.
    Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Campus Box 392, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Petrinec, S. M.
    Lockheed Martin Adv Technol Ctr, Palo Alto, CA USA.
    Denton, M. H.
    New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM USA.
    Toledo-Redondo, S.
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, CNRS, UPS,CNES, Toulouse, France.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Aunai, N.
    Lab Phys Plasmas, Paris, France.
    Chappell, C. R.
    Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
    Glocer, A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Haaland, S. E.
    Max Planck Inst Solar Syst Res, Gottingen, Germany;Univ Bergen, Birkeland Ctr Space Sci, Bergen, Norway.
    Hesse, M.
    Univ Bergen, Birkeland Ctr Space Sci, Bergen, Norway.
    Kistler, L. M.
    Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, CNRS, UPS,CNES, Toulouse, France.
    Li, W.
    Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Moore, T. E.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Alm, Love
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Tenfjord, P.
    Univ Bergen, Birkeland Ctr Space Sci, Bergen, Norway.
    Dargent, J.
    Univ Pisa, Phys Dept E Fermi, Pisa, Italy.
    Vines, S. K.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA.
    Nykyri, K.
    Embry Riddle Aeronaut Univ, Ctr Space & Atmospher Res, Daytona Beach, FL USA.
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA.
    Mass Loading the Earth's Dayside Magnetopause Boundary Layer and Its Effect on Magnetic Reconnection2019In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 46, no 12, p. 6204-6213Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    When the interplanetary magnetic field is northward for a period of time, O+ from the high-latitude ionosphere escapes along reconnected magnetic field lines into the dayside magnetopause boundary layer. Dual-lobe reconnection closes these field lines, which traps O+ and mass loads the boundary layer. This O+ is an additional source of magnetospheric plasma that interacts with magnetosheath plasma through magnetic reconnection. This mass loading and interaction is illustrated through analysis of a magnetopause crossing by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft. While in the O+-rich boundary layer, the interplanetary magnetic field turns southward. As the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft cross the high-shear magnetopause, reconnection signatures are observed. While the reconnection rate is likely reduced by the mass loading, reconnection is not suppressed at the magnetopause. The high-latitude dayside ionosphere is therefore a source of magnetospheric ions that contributes often to transient reduction in the reconnection rate at the dayside magnetopause.

  • 30.
    Fuselier, S. A.
    et al.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.;Univ Texas San Antonio, Dept Phys & Astron, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA..
    Vines, S. K.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.;Univ Texas San Antonio, Dept Phys & Astron, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA.;Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA..
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Petrinec, S. M.
    Lockheed Martin Adv Technol Ctr, Palo Alto, CA USA..
    Trattner, K. J.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Cassak, P. A.
    West Virginia Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA..
    Chen, L. -J
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Eriksson, S.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Giles, B. L.
    Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Plantol, Toulouse, France.;CNRS, Toulouse, France..
    Lewis, W. S.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Mukherjee, J.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Norgren, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Phan, T. -D
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Torbert, R. B.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Webster, J. M.
    Rice Univ, Phys & Astron, Houston, TX USA..
    Large-scale characteristics of reconnection diffusion regions and associated magnetopause crossings observed by MMS2017In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 122, no 5, p. 5466-5486Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission was designed to make observations in the very small electron diffusion region (EDR), where magnetic reconnection takes place. From a data set of over 4500 magnetopause crossings obtained in the first phase of the mission, MMS had encounters near or within 12 EDRs. These 12 events and associated magnetopause crossings are considered as a group to determine if they span the widest possible range of external and internal conditions (i.e., in the solar wind and magnetosphere). In addition, observations from MMS are used to determine if there are multiple X-lines present and also to provide information on X-line location relative to the spacecraft. These 12 events represent nearly the widest possible range of conditions at the dayside magnetopause. They occur over a wide range of local times and magnetic shear angles between the magnetosheath and magnetospheric magnetic fields. Most show evidence for multiple reconnection sites.

  • 31.
    Gao, C. -H
    et al.
    Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China.;Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Coll Earth & Planetary Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Tang, B. -B
    Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Li, W. Y.
    Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Wang, C.
    Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China.;Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Coll Earth & Planetary Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Gershman, D. J.
    Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Rager, A. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA..
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn, Space & Plasma Phys, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Effect of the Electric Field on the Agyrotropic Electron Distributions2021In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 48, no 5, article id e2020GL091437Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate agyrotropic electron distributions from two magnetopause events observed by magnetospheric multiscale (MMS) spacecraft. Agyrotropic electron distributions can be generated by the finite electron gyration at an electron-scale boundary, and the electric field normal to this boundary usually contributes to the electron acceleration to make the agyrotropic distributions more apparent. The effect of the electric field becomes important only when it is sufficiently strong and local, meaning its electrostatic potential is comparable to or larger than the electron temperature, and its width is smaller than the electron thermal gyroradius, so that this electric field can directly accelerate part of the electrons out of the original core to form agyrotropic electron distributions. Also, we reproduce the measured electron "finger" structures from test particle simulations, which can be effectively suppressed by increasing the sampling rate of the electron measurement. Plain Language Summary Agyrotropic electron distributions reveal valuable information of electron dynamics at electron scales, and the generation of these distributions have been extensively studied. In this study, we provide a new possibility to generate agyrotropic electron distributions with a strong localized electric field, which can accelerate part of electrons out of the original electron core to form agyrotropic distributions. As such large-amplitude small-scale electric field fluctuations are frequently observed in turbulent plasma environments, we suggest that more agyrotropic electron distributions can be observed with high temporal resolution measurements.

  • 32.
    Gao, C.-H.
    et al.
    Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China.;Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Coll Earth & Planetary Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Tang, B.-B.
    Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Guo, X.-C.
    Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Li, W. Y.
    Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Turner, D. L.
    Aerosp Corp, Space Sci Dept, El Segundo, CA USA..
    Yang, Z. W.
    Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Wang, C.
    Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China.;Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Coll Earth & Planetary Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Agyrotropic Electron Distributions in the Terrestrial Foreshock Transients2023In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 50, no 4, article id e2022GL102235Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Agyrotropic electron distributions are frequently taken as an indicator of electron diffusion regions of magnetic reconnection. However, they have also been found at electron-scale boundaries of the non-reconnecting magnetopause and are generated by the electron finite gyroradius effect. Here, we present magnetospheric multiscale observations of agyrotropic electron distributions in the foreshock region. These distributions are generated by the electron finite gyroradius effect after magnetic curvature scattering at a thin electron-scale boundary. Meanwhile, the signatures of magnetic reconnection are absent at this boundary. The test-particle simulation is adopted to verify the generation of the agyrotropic electron distributions by assuming one-dimensional magnetic geometry. These observations suggest that agyrotropic electron distributions can be more widely formed at electron-scale boundaries in space plasma environment.

    Plain Language Summary

    The agyrotropic electron distributions, which could be unstable to generate high frequency electrostatic waves, reveal valuable information of electron dynamics at electron scales. However, due to electron's small mass, the related observational study becomes only possible with the high-resolution magnetospheric multiscale data. In this study, we show that the agyrotropic electron distributions can be also formed in the foreshock transients such as inside an hot flow anomaly, suggesting that agyrotropic electron distributions are ubiquitous in space plasma.

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  • 33.
    Graham, D. B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Andre, M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy. KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Space & Plasma Phys, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Divin, A.
    St Petersburg State Univ, Earth Phys Dept, Fac Phys, St Petersburg, Russia.
    Drake, J. F.
    Univ Maryland, IREAP, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
    Norgren, C.
    Univ Bergen, Dept Phys & Technol, Bergen, Norway.
    Le Contel, O.
    Sorbonne Univ, Lab Phys Plasmas UMR7648, Ecole Polytech, Observ Paris,CNRS, Paris, France.
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Space & Plasma Phys, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Rager, A. C.
    NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC USA.
    Gershman, D. J.
    NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA.
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Hwang, K. -J
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Dokgo, K.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Direct observations of anomalous resistivity and diffusion in collisionless plasma2022In: Nature Communications, E-ISSN 2041-1723, Vol. 13, no 1, article id 2954Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Coulomb collisions provide plasma resistivity and diffusion but in many low-density astrophysical plasmas such collisions between particles are extremely rare. Scattering of particles by electromagnetic waves can lower the plasma conductivity. Such anomalous resistivity due to wave-particle interactions could be crucial to many processes, including magnetic reconnection. It has been suggested that waves provide both diffusion and resistivity, which can support the reconnection electric field, but this requires direct observation to confirm. Here, we directly quantify anomalous resistivity, viscosity, and cross-field electron diffusion associated with lower hybrid waves using measurements from the four Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft. We show that anomalous resistivity is approximately balanced by anomalous viscosity, and thus the waves do not contribute to the reconnection electric field. However, the waves do produce an anomalous electron drift and diffusion across the current layer associated with magnetic reconnection. This leads to relaxation of density gradients at timescales of order the ion cyclotron period, and hence modifies the reconnection process.

    It is suggested that waves can provide both diffusion and resistivity that can potentially support the reconnection electric field in low-density astrophysical plasmas. Here, the authors show, using direct spacecraft measurements, that the waves contribute to anomalous diffusion but do not contribute to the reconnection electric field.

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  • 34.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Cairns, Iver H.
    Constraints on the Formation and Structure of Langmuir Eigenmodes in the Solar Wind2013In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 111, no 12, p. 121101-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Localized Langmuir waves are commonly observed in space plasmas and are a potential source of radio waves. Using electric field data from STEREO, it is shown that these localized Langmuir waves are eigenmodes of density wells estimated independently. An analytic model is developed for the eigenmode frequencies. The inferred depths and widths of the density wells typically only allow the zeroth-order Langmuir eigenmode to form, explaining the preponderance of single-peaked waveforms. More complicated waveforms are shown to be consistent with single eigenmode solutions of more complicated density profiles. The inferred depth of the density well increases with Langmuir wave intensity, consistent with the ponderomotive force but not wave packet collapse.

  • 35.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Cairns, Iver H.
    Dynamical evidence for nonlinear Langmuir wave processes in type III solar radio bursts2014In: J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE, ISSN 2169-9380, Vol. 119, no 4, p. 2430-2457Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The nonlinear processes and evolution of Langmuir waves in the source regions of type III solar radio bursts are explored in detail. Langmuir waves recorded by the Time Domain Sampler of the STEREO/WAVES instrument can be roughly classified into six groups based on the waveform, power spectra, and field strength perpendicular to the local magnetic field. It is argued that these groups correspond to either different stages of the evolution of Langmuir waves generated by electron beams or differ due to the direction of the magnetic field relative to the solar wind velocity. Approximately half of the observed Langmuir waves have strong perpendicular fields, meaning that understanding how these fields are produced is crucial for understanding type III sources. Most events recorded are either localized waveforms consistent with Langmuir eigenmodes or have two or more spectral peaks consistent with electrostatic (ES) decay of Langmuir/z mode waves. The remaining events appear to correspond to either earlier or later stages of Langmuir wave evolution or are decay events for which the Doppler shift is insufficient to distinguish the beam-driven and product Langmuir waves. This is supported by the fact that most events exceed the threshold for ES decay even though their spectra show no evidence for decay and some of the events are observed when the solar wind flow is approximately perpendicular to the magnetic field, minimizing Doppler shifting. Low-frequency fields produced by intense Langmuir waves are quantitatively consistent with density perturbations produced by the ponderomotive force, ion-acoustic waves produced by ES decay, or sheath rectification. Above the observed nonlinear threshold, quantitative analysis suggests that the observed low-frequency signals are consistent with perturbations produced by ponderomotive effects and ion-acoustic waves produced by ES decay, but effects of sheath rectification may also contribute.

  • 36.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Cairns, Iver H.
    Electrostatic decay of Langmuir/z-mode waves in type III solar radio bursts2013In: Journal of Geophysical Research-Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, Vol. 118, no 7, p. 3968-3984Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    About 40% of the waveforms observed by STEREO during type III solar radio bursts exhibits Langmuir beating and have split spectral peaks, suggestive of decay into product Langmuir and ion-acoustic waves. For lower electron beam speeds v(b)/c less than or similar to 0.1, the spectra of Langmuir events with split spectral peaks are shown to be consistent with electrostatic (ES) decay into Langmuir-like waves with frequencies above the electron plasma frequency. For faster beam speeds vb/c0.1, the spectra are consistent with one or more successive generations of ES decay and an end state of low wave number Langmuir/z-mode waves with strong electric fields perpendicular to the magnetic field. For many of the split spectral-peak events, an intense low-frequency response occurs that is consistent with ion-acoustic waves produced by ES decay, providing further evidence that these events are ES decay. An observed event is shown to be consistent with three successive backscatter decays, but such events are very rare in type III bursts. About 90% of the split spectral-peak events occur when T-i/T-e less than or similar to 0.6. Similarly, over 80% of the split peak events have energy densities above the theoretical nonlinear threshold for ES decay (for reasonable Langmuir damping rates less than or similar to 10(p)(-3)). All events have beam speeds and energy densities below the maxima appropriate for ES decay of beam-driven Langmuir waves.

  • 37.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Cairns, Iver H.
    The Langmuir waves associated with the 1 December 2013 type II burst2015In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 120, no 6, p. 4126-4141Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Langmuir waves associated with an interplanetary type II source region are presented. The type II burst was first observed on 29 November 2013 by STEREO A and B, with the shock crossing STEREO A on 1 December 2013. In the foreshock region upstream of the shock, 11 Langmuir-like waveforms were recorded by STEREO A's Time Domain Sampler on three orthogonal antennas. The observed Langmuir wave electric fields are of large amplitude and aligned with the background magnetic field. Some of the waveforms show evidence of electrostatic decay, and several are consistent with Langmuir eigenmodes of density wells. Harmonic electric fields are observed simultaneously with the Langmuir waveforms and are consistent with fields produced by nonlinear currents. The beam speeds v(b) exciting the Langmuir waves are estimated from the waveform data, yielding speeds v(b) approximate to(0.01-0.04)c. These are consistent with previous observations. The beam speeds are slower than those associated with type III solar radio bursts, consistent with the Langmuir wave electric fields being field aligned. The evidence found for electrostatic decay and against strong perpendicular fields, and so low-wave number Langmuir/z-mode waves, suggests that the dominant emission mechanisms for this type II foreshock involve electrostatic decay and nonlinear wave processes, rather than linear-mode conversion. Harmonic radio emission via antenna mechanisms involving Langmuir waves remains possible.

  • 38.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Cairns, Iver H.
    Malaspina, D. M.
    Harmonic waves and sheath rectification in type III solar radio bursts2014In: J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE, ISSN 2169-9380, Vol. 119, no 2, p. 723-741Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In type III solar radio bursts and planetary foreshocks, Langmuir waves are produced by electron beams and converted partially to radio waves by linear and nonlinear processes. Lower amplitude second harmonic electric fields are observed simultaneously during the most intense Langmuir wave events in type III source regions. The electric fields at the harmonic frequencies can arise from various mechanisms, such as radio wave emission by either coalescence or antenna mechanisms, nonlinear currents, harmonics of Langmuir waves, electron trapping in Langmuir wave potentials, and Langmuir wave rectification at the sheath surrounding the spacecraft, or they can result from instrumental harmonics. In this paper the relative powers and electric field vectors of Langmuir waves and the harmonic fields are compared for multiple events. The structure of the harmonic field is shown to be determined by the Langmuir waveform, but the harmonic field direction is typically closely aligned with the solar wind flow. The magnitude, structure, and orientation of the harmonic fields is used to determine which processes are responsible. It is shown that the dominant process generating the observed harmonic fields is Langmuir wave rectification at the sheath surrounding the spacecraft. Key Points <list list-type="bulleted"> <list-item id="jgra50855-li-0001">Intense Langmuir waves and harmonic fields are observed simultaneously <list-item id="jgra50855-li-0002">Harmonic fields are primarily produced by sheath rectification <list-item id="jgra50855-li-0003">Some evidence for nonlinear currents is found

  • 39.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Cairns, Iver H.
    Robinson, P. A.
    Langmuir "snakes" and electrostatic decay in the solar wind2013In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 40, no 10, p. 1934-1939Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    When Langmuir waves are driven by an electron beam to large amplitudes, they can undergo electrostatic (ES) decay to smaller wave numbers via a series of backscatters. Truncated ES decay, where the number of backscatters is reduced due to damping, is modeled here using the three-dimensional ES Zakharov equations. Langmuir beats develop in snake-like structures parallel to the electron beam direction and are most evident when decay is truncated to a single backscatter. From these results, an analytic form is derived and shown to be consistent with some of the waveforms and spectra observed by STEREO in the source regions of type III solar radio bursts. The agreement between the model and observations provides strong evidence for ES decay and Langmuir snakes parallel to the electron beam and so the ambient magnetic field.

  • 40.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yu V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, A.
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Space & Plasma Phys, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Chasapis, A.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Matthaeus, W. H.
    Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA.
    Retino, A.
    Univ Paris Sud, Sorbonne Univ, Ecole Polytech, Observ Paris,CNRS,Lab Phys Plasmas, Paris, France.
    Valentini, F.
    Univ Calabria, Dipartimento Fis, Arcavacata Di Rende, Italy.
    Gershman, D. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
    Non-Maxwellianity of Electron Distributions Near Earth's Magnetopause2021In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 126, no 10, article id 2021JA029260Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Plasmas in Earth's outer magnetosphere, magnetosheath, and solar wind are essentially collisionless. This means particle distributions are not typically in thermodynamic equilibrium and deviate significantly from Maxwellian distributions. The deviations of these distributions can be further enhanced by plasma processes, such as shocks, turbulence, and magnetic reconnection. Such distributions can be unstable to a wide variety of kinetic plasma instabilities, which in turn modify the electron distributions. In this paper, the deviation of the observed electron distributions from a bi-Maxwellian distribution function is calculated and quantified using data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft. A statistical study from tens of millions of electron distributions shows that the primary source of the observed non-Maxwellianity is electron distributions consisting of distinct hot and cold components in Earth's low-density magnetosphere. This results in large non-Maxwellianities at low densities. However, after performing a statistical study we find regions where large non-Maxwellianities are observed for a given density. Highly non-Maxwellian distributions are routinely found at Earth's bowshock, in Earth's outer magnetosphere and in the electron diffusion regions of magnetic reconnection. Enhanced non-Maxwellianities are observed in the turbulent magnetosheath, but are intermittent and are typically not correlated with local processes. The causes of enhanced non-Maxwellianities are investigated.

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  • 41.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Langmuir and Upper Hybrid Waves in Earth's Magnetotail2023In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 128, no 10, article id e2023JA031900Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Waves at the electron plasma frequency are found throughout the heliosphere. They provide indicators of unstable electron distributions, are routinely used to estimate the local electron number density, and can lead to radio wave emission at the plasma frequency and its harmonics. Although they have been studied extensively in various solar and heliospheric plasma regions, there is a lack of statistical studies of plasma frequency waves in Earth's magnetotail. Here, the occurrence and properties of plasma frequency waves, namely Langmuir and upper hybrid (UH) waves, are investigated in Earth's magnetotail using the four Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft. In Earth's magnetotail plasma frequency waves are observed about 1% of the time. About 80% of the waves are identified as Langmuir waves, while about 20% are identified as UH waves. The waves are primarily found in the plasma sheet boundary layer. By comparing with the local electron distributions it is shown that the Langmuir waves are generated by the bump-on-tail instability, while UH waves are typically associated with broad electron beams or loss-cone-like distributions. The majority of the waves are found in close proximity to ion outflow regions associated with magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail. The waves are likely generated by plasma sheet electrons escaping along newly reconnected magnetic field lines or electron beams propagating toward the distant magnetotail.

  • 42.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Norgren, C.
    Univ Bergen, Dept Phys & Technol, Bergen, Norway.
    Vaivads, A.
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Space & Plasma Phys, Stockholm, Sweden.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Drake, J. F.
    Univ Maryland, IREAP, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
    Egedal, J.
    Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, 1150 Univ Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
    Zhou, M.
    Nanchang Univ, Inst Space Sci & Technol, Nanchang, Jiangxi, Peoples R China.
    Le Contel, O.
    Univ Paris Sud, Sorbonne Univ, Lab Phys Plasmas, CNRS,Ecole Polytech,Observ Paris, Paris, France.
    Webster, J. M.
    Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX USA.
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse, CNRS, CNES, IRAP,UPS, Toulouse, France.
    Kacem, I.
    Univ Toulouse, CNRS, CNES, IRAP,UPS, Toulouse, France.
    Genot, V.
    Univ Toulouse, CNRS, CNES, IRAP,UPS, Toulouse, France.
    Jacquey, C.
    Univ Toulouse, CNRS, CNES, IRAP,UPS, Toulouse, France.
    Rager, A. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Gershman, D. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Universality of Lower Hybrid Waves at Earth's Magnetopause2019In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 124, no 11, p. 8727-8760Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Waves around the lower hybrid frequency are frequently observed at Earth's magnetopause and readily reach very large amplitudes. Determining the properties of lower hybrid waves is crucial because they are thought to contribute to electron and ion heating, cross-field particle diffusion, anomalous resistivity, and energy transfer between electrons and ions. All these processes could play an important role in magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause and the evolution of the boundary layer. In this paper, the properties of lower hybrid waves at Earth's magnetopause are investigated using the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. For the first time, the properties of the waves are investigated using fields and direct particle measurements. The highest-resolution electron moments resolve the velocity and density fluctuations of lower hybrid waves, confirming that electrons remain approximately frozen in at lower hybrid wave frequencies. Using fields and particle moments, the dispersion relation is constructed and the wave-normal angle is estimated to be close to 90 degrees to the background magnetic field. The waves are shown to have a finite parallel wave vector, suggesting that they can interact with parallel propagating electrons. The observed wave properties are shown to agree with theoretical predictions, the previously used single-spacecraft method, and four-spacecraft timing analyses. These results show that single-spacecraft methods can accurately determine lower hybrid wave properties.

  • 43.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Swedish Inst Space Phys, Uppsala, Sweden..
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Norgren, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Marklund, G. T.
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn, Space & Plasma Phys, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Campus Box 392, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Paterson, W. R.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Gershman, D. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Pollock, C. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Dorelli, J. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Avanov, L. A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse UPS, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, Toulouse, France.;CNRS, Toulouse, France..
    Saito, Y.
    JAXA, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan..
    Magnes, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8010 Graz, Austria..
    Russell, C. T.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8010 Graz, Austria.;Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8010 Graz, Austria.;Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Burch, J. L.
    SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Electron currents and heating in the ion diffusion region of asymmetric reconnection2016In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 43, no 10, p. 4691-4700Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this letter the structure of the ion diffusion region of magnetic reconnection at Earth's magnetopause is investigated using the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft. The ion diffusion region is characterized by a strong DC electric field, approximately equal to the Hall electric field, intense currents, and electron heating parallel to the background magnetic field. Current structures well below ion spatial scales are resolved, and the electron motion associated with lower hybrid drift waves is shown to contribute significantly to the total current density. The electron heating is shown to be consistent with large-scale parallel electric fields trapping and accelerating electrons, rather than wave-particle interactions. These results show that sub-ion scale processes occur in the ion diffusion region and are important for understanding electron heating and acceleration.

  • 44.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Norgren, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Toledo-Redondo, S.
    European Space Agcy ESAC, Madrid, Spain..
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Marklund, G. T.
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn, Space & Plasma Phys, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado Boulder, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO USA..
    Paterson, W. R.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Gershman, D. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD USA..
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Pollock, C. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Dorelli, J. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Avanov, L. A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD USA..
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse UPS, Inst Rech Astrophys & Plantol, Toulouse, France.;Ctr Natl Rech Sci, Toulouse, France..
    Saito, Y.
    JAXA, Inst Space & Aeronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan..
    Magnes, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH USA..
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Lower hybrid waves in the ion diffusion and magnetospheric inflow regions2017In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 122, no 1, p. 517-533Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The role and properties of lower hybrid waves in the ion diffusion region and magnetospheric inflow region of asymmetric reconnection are investigated using the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. Two distinct groups of lower hybrid waves are observed in the ion diffusion region and magnetospheric inflow region, which have distinct properties and propagate in opposite directions along the magnetopause. One group develops near the ion edge in the magnetospheric inflow, where magnetosheath ions enter the magnetosphere through the finite gyroradius effect and are driven by the ion-ion cross-field instability due to the interaction between the magnetosheath ions and cold magnetospheric ions. This leads to heating of the cold magnetospheric ions. The second group develops at the sharpest density gradient, where the Hall electric field is observed and is driven by the lower hybrid drift instability. These drift waves produce cross-field particle diffusion, enabling magnetosheath electrons to enter the magnetospheric inflow region thereby broadening the density gradient in the ion diffusion region.

  • 45.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, A.
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Div Space & Plasma Phys, S-11428 Stockholm, Sweden..
    Edberg, Niklas J. T.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Eriksson, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Johansson, Erik P. G.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Sorriso-Valvo, Luca
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Maksimovic, M.
    Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Univ, LESIA, Sorbonne Paris Cite,Observ Paris,Univ PSL,CNRS, 5 Pl Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France..
    Soucek, J.
    Czech Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Prague, Czech Republic..
    Pisa, D.
    Czech Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Prague, Czech Republic..
    Bale, S. D.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.;Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Chust, T.
    Univ Paris Saclay, LPP, CNRS, Ecole Polytech,Sorbonne Univ,Observ Paris, Paris, France..
    Kretzschmar, M.
    CNRS, LPC2E, 3A Ave Rech Sci, Orleans, France.;Univ Orleans, Orleans, France..
    Krasnoselskikh, V
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.;CNRS, LPC2E, 3A Ave Rech Sci, Orleans, France..
    Lorfevre, E.
    CNES, 18 Ave Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France..
    Plettemeier, D.
    Tech Univ Dresden, Helmholtz Str 10, D-01187 Dresden, Germany..
    Steller, M.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Stverak, S.
    Czech Acad Sci, Astron Inst, Prague, Czech Republic..
    Travnicek, P.
    Czech Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Prague, Czech Republic.;Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Vecchio, A.
    Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Univ, LESIA, Sorbonne Paris Cite,Observ Paris,Univ PSL,CNRS, 5 Pl Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France.;Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Astrophys, Radboud Radio Lab, Nijmegen, Netherlands..
    Horbury, T. S.
    Imperial Coll London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, England..
    O'Brien, H.
    Imperial Coll London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, England..
    Evans, V
    Imperial Coll London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, England..
    Angelini, V
    Imperial Coll London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, England..
    Kinetic electrostatic waves and their association with current structures in the solar wind2021In: Astronomy and Astrophysics, ISSN 0004-6361, E-ISSN 1432-0746, Vol. 656, article id A23Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Context. A variety of kinetic electrostatic and electromagnetic waves develop in the solar wind and the relationship between these waves and larger scale structures, such as current sheets and ongoing turbulence, remain a topic of investigation. Similarly, the instabilities producing ion-acoustic waves in the solar wind are still an open question.

    Aims. The goals of this paper are to investigate electrostatic Langmuir and ion-acoustic waves in the solar wind at 0.5 AU and determine whether current sheets and associated streaming instabilities can produce the observed waves. The relationship between these waves and currents observed in the solar wind is investigated statistically.

    Methods. Solar Orbiter's Radio and Plasma Waves instrument suite provides high-resolution snapshots of the fluctuating electric field. The Low Frequency Receiver resolves the waveforms of ion-acoustic waves and the Time Domain Sampler resolves the waveforms of both ion-acoustic and Langmuir waves. Using these waveform data, we determine when these waves are observed in relation to current structures in the solar wind, estimated from the background magnetic field.

    Results. Langmuir and ion-acoustic waves are frequently observed in the solar wind. Ion-acoustic waves are observed about 1% of the time at 0.5 AU. The waves are more likely to be observed in regions of enhanced currents. However, the waves typically do not occur at current structures themselves. The observed currents in the solar wind are too small to drive instability by the relative drift between single ion and electron populations. When multi-component ion or electron distributions are present, the observed currents may be sufficient for instabilities to occur. Ion beams are the most plausible source of ion-acoustic waves in the solar wind. The spacecraft potential is confirmed to be a reliable probe of the background electron density when comparing the peak frequencies of Langmuir waves with the plasma frequency calculated from the spacecraft potential.

  • 46.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Andre, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Electrostatic solitary waves and electrostatic waves at the magnetopause2016In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 121, no 4, p. 3069-3092Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Electrostatic solitary waves (ESWs) are characterized by localized bipolar electric fields parallel to the magnetic field and are frequently observed in space plasmas. In this paper a study of ESWs and field-aligned electrostatic waves, which do not exhibit localized bipolar fields, near the magnetopause is presented using the Cluster spacecraft. The speeds, length scales, field strengths, and potentials are calculated and compared with the local plasma conditions. A large range of speeds is observed, suggesting different generation mechanisms. In contrast, a smaller range of length scales normalized to the Debye length lambda(D) is found. For ESWs the average length between the positive and negative peak fields is 9 lambda(D), comparable to the average half wavelength of electrostatic waves. Statistically, the lengths and speeds of ESWs and electrostatic waves are shown to be similar. The length scales and potentials of the ESWs are consistent with predictions for stable electron holes. The maximum ESW potentials are shown to be constrained by the length scale and the magnetic field strength at the magnetopause and in the magnetosheath. The observed waves are consistent with those generated by the warm bistreaming instability, beam-plasma instability, and electron-ion instabilities, which account for the observed speeds and length scales. The large range of wave speeds suggests that the waves can couple different electron populations and electrons with ions, heating the plasma and contributing to anomalous resistivity.

  • 47.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Electrostatic solitary waves with distinct speeds associated with asymmetric reconnection2015In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 42, no 2, p. 215-224Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Electrostatic solitary waves (ESWs) are observed at the magnetopause with distinct time scales. These ESWs are associated with asymmetric reconnection of the cold dense magnetosheath plasma with the hot tenuous magnetospheric plasma. The distinct time scales are shown to be due to ESWs moving at distinct speeds and having distinct length scales. The length scales are of order 5-50 Debye lengths, and the speeds range from approximate to 50 km s(-1) to approximate to 1000 km s(-1). The ESWs are observed near the reconnection separatrices. The observation of ESWs with distinct speeds suggests that multiple instabilities are occurring. The implications for reconnection at the magnetopause are discussed.

  • 48.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Fazakerley, A. N.
    Electron Dynamics in the Diffusion Region of an Asymmetric Magnetic Reconnection2014In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 112, no 21, p. 215004-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    During a magnetopause crossing near the subsolar point Cluster observes the ion diffusion region of antiparallel magnetic reconnection. The reconnecting plasmas are asymmetric, differing in magnetic field strength, density, and temperature. Spatial changes in the electron distributions in the diffusion region are resolved and investigated in detail. Heating of magnetosheath electrons parallel to the magnetic field is observed. This heating is shown to be consistent with trapping of magnetosheath electrons by parallel electric fields.

  • 49.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Norgren, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Webster, J. M.
    Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Space and Plasma Physics, School of Electrical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-11428, Sweden.
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Space Sci Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
    Paterson, W. R.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
    Gershman, D. J.
    Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA;NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
    Magnes, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8042 Graz, Austria.
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
    Instability of Agyrotropic Electron Beams near the Electron Diffusion Region2017In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 119, no 2, article id 025101Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    During a magnetopause crossing the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft encountered an electron diffusion region (EDR) of asymmetric reconnection. The EDR is characterized by agyrotropic beam and crescent electron distributions perpendicular to the magnetic field. Intense upper-hybrid (UH) waves are found at the boundary between the EDR and magnetosheath inflow region. The UH waves are generated by the agyrotropic electron beams. The UH waves are sufficiently large to contribute to electron diffusion and scattering, and are a potential source of radio emission near the EDR. These results provide observational evidence of wave-particle interactions at an EDR, and suggest that waves play an important role in determining the electron dynamics.

  • 50.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Malaspina, D. M.
    Cairns, Iver H.
    Applying bicoherence analysis to spacecraft observations of Langmuir waves2014In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 41, no 5, p. 1367-1374Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In type II and type III solar radio bursts and planetary foreshocks, the processes which convert Langmuir waves (LWs) to transverse waves are not well understood. One of the proposed mechanisms for generating transverse waves involves electrostatic (ES) decay followed by coalescence of two LWs. One of the tests used to identify this process is bicoherence analysis. Bicoherence has been applied to spacecraft observations of LWs to yield results consistent with ES decay and coalescence. However, recent work has shown that the harmonic fields produced by LWs are more consistent with sheath rectification and nonlinear currents. It is shown here that sheath rectification and nonlinear currents yield bicoherences similar to those expected for ES decay and coalescence, explaining the bicoherences associated with spacecraft observations of LWs. These results show that bicoherence alone cannot be used to identify ES decay and coalescence and emphasize the importance of sheath rectification. Key Points <list list-type="bulleted"> <list-item id="grl51444-li-0001">Sheath rectification and nonlinear currents produce phase-coherent fields <list-item id="grl51444-li-0002">Bicoherences are consistent with nonlinear currents and sheath rectification <list-item id="grl51444-li-0003">Bicoherence cannot identify electrostatic decay and coalescence

123 1 - 50 of 133
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