Logo: to the web site of Uppsala University

uu.sePublications from Uppsala University
Change search
Refine search result
1234 1 - 50 of 180
CiteExportLink to result list
Permanent link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Rows per page
  • 5
  • 10
  • 20
  • 50
  • 100
  • 250
Sort
  • Standard (Relevance)
  • Author A-Ö
  • Author Ö-A
  • Title A-Ö
  • Title Ö-A
  • Publication type A-Ö
  • Publication type Ö-A
  • Issued (Oldest first)
  • Issued (Newest first)
  • Created (Oldest first)
  • Created (Newest first)
  • Last updated (Oldest first)
  • Last updated (Newest first)
  • Disputation date (earliest first)
  • Disputation date (latest first)
  • Standard (Relevance)
  • Author A-Ö
  • Author Ö-A
  • Title A-Ö
  • Title Ö-A
  • Publication type A-Ö
  • Publication type Ö-A
  • Issued (Oldest first)
  • Issued (Newest first)
  • Created (Oldest first)
  • Created (Newest first)
  • Last updated (Oldest first)
  • Last updated (Newest first)
  • Disputation date (earliest first)
  • Disputation date (latest first)
Select
The maximal number of hits you can export is 250. When you want to export more records please use the Create feeds function.
  • 1. Allen, R. C.
    et al.
    Zhang, J. -C
    Kistler, L. M.
    Spence, H. E.
    Lin, R. -L
    Dunlop, M. W.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Multiple bidirectional EMIC waves observed by Cluster at middle magnetic latitudes in the dayside magnetosphere2013In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, Vol. 118, no 10, p. 6266-6278Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    It is well accepted that the propagation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are bidirectional near their source regions and unidirectional when away from these regions. The generally believed source region for EMIC waves is around the magnetic equatorial plane. Here we describe a series of EMIC waves in the Pc1 (0.2-5 Hz) frequency band above the local He+ cyclotron frequency observed in situ by all four Cluster spacecraft on 9 April 2005 at midmagnetic latitudes (MLAT = similar to 33 degrees-49 degrees) with L = 10.7-11.5 on the dayside (MLT = 10.3-10.4). A Poynting vector spectrum shows that the wave packets consist of multiple groups of packets propagating bidirectionally, rather than unidirectionally, away from the equator, while the local plasma conditions indicate that the spacecraft are entering into a region sufficient for local wave excitation. One possible interpretation is that, while part of the observed waves are inside their source region, the others are either close enough to the source region, or mixed with the wave packets from multiple source regions at different latitudes.

  • 2.
    Allen, R. C.
    et al.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Zhang, J. -C
    Kistler, L. M.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Spence, H. E.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Lin, R. -L
    Klecker, B.
    Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany..
    Dunlop, M. W.
    Rutherford Appleton Lab, Space Sci Div, SSTD, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England..
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    A statistical study of EMIC waves observed by Cluster: 1. Wave properties2014In: 2014 XXXITH URSI General Assembly And Scientific Symposium (URSI GRASS), 2014Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are an important mechanism for particle energization and losses inside the magnetosphere. In order to better understand the effects of these waves on particle dynamics, detailed information about the ellipticity, normal angle, energy propagation angle distributions, and local plasma parameters are required. Previous statistical studies have used in situ observations to investigate the distribution of these parameters in the L-MLT frame within a limited MLAT range. In this study, we present a statistical analysis of EMIC wave properties using ten years (2001-2010) of data from Cluster, totaling 17,987 minutes of wave activity. Due to the polar orbit of Cluster, we are able to investigate EMIC waves at all MLATs and MLTs. This allows us to further investigate the MLAT dependence of various wave properties inside different MLT sectors and further explore the effects of Shabansky orbits on EMIC wave generation and propagation. The current paper focuses on the wave occurrence distribution as well as the distribution of wave properties.

  • 3.
    Allen, R. C.
    et al.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Zhang, J. -C
    Kistler, L. M.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Spence, H. E.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Lin, R. -L
    Klecker, B.
    Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany..
    Dunlop, M. W.
    Rutherford Appleton Lab, Div Space Sci, Harwell, Oxon, England..
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Jordanova, V. K.
    Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA..
    A statistical study of EMIC waves observed by Cluster: 1. Wave properties2015In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 120, no 7, p. 5574-5592Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are an important mechanism for particle energization and losses inside the magnetosphere. In order to better understand the effects of these waves on particle dynamics, detailed information about the occurrence rate, wave power, ellipticity, normal angle, energy propagation angle distributions, and local plasma parameters are required. Previous statistical studies have used in situ observations to investigate the distribution of these parameters in the magnetic local time versus L-shell (MLT-L) frame within a limited magnetic latitude (MLAT) range. In this study, we present a statistical analysis of EMIC wave properties using 10years (2001-2010) of data from Cluster, totaling 25,431min of wave activity. Due to the polar orbit of Cluster, we are able to investigate EMIC waves at all MLATs and MLTs. This allows us to further investigate the MLAT dependence of various wave properties inside different MLT sectors and further explore the effects of Shabansky orbits on EMIC wave generation and propagation. The statistical analysis is presented in two papers. This paper focuses on the wave occurrence distribution as well as the distribution of wave properties. The companion paper focuses on local plasma parameters during wave observations as well as wave generation proxies.

  • 4.
    Allen, R. C.
    et al.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Southwest Res Inst, Space Sci & Engn Div, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.;Univ Texas San Antonio, Dept Phys & Astron, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA..
    Zhang, J. -C
    Kistler, L. M.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Spence, H. E.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Lin, R. -L
    Klecker, B.
    Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, Garching, Germany..
    Dunlop, M. W.
    Rutherford Appleton Lab, SSTD, Div Space Sci, Didcot, Oxon, England..
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Jordanova, V. K.
    Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM USA..
    A statistical study of EMIC waves observed by Cluster: 2. Associated plasma conditions2016In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 121, no 7, p. 6458-6479Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This is the second in a pair of papers discussing a statistical study of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves detected during 10years (2001-2010) of Cluster observations. In the first paper, an analysis of EMIC wave properties (i.e., wave power, polarization, normal angle, and wave propagation angle) is presented in both the magnetic latitude (MLAT)-distance as well as magnetic local time (MLT)-L frames. This paper focuses on the distribution of EMIC wave-associated plasma conditions as well as two EMIC wave generation proxies (the electron plasma frequency to gyrofrequency ratio proxy and the linear theory proxy) in these same frames. Based on the distributions of hot H+ anisotropy, electron and hot H+ density measurements, hot H+ parallel plasma beta, and the calculated wave generation proxies, three source regions of EMIC waves appear to exist: (1) the well-known overlap between cold plasmaspheric or plume populations with hot anisotropic ring current populations in the postnoon to dusk MLT region; (2) regions all along the dayside magnetosphere at high L shells related to dayside magnetospheric compression and drift shell splitting; and (3) off-equator regions possibly associated with the Shabansky orbits in the dayside magnetosphere.

  • 5.
    Alm, Love
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Chappell, Charles R.
    Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Vanderbilt Dyer Observ, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
    Dargent, Jeremy
    Univ Pisa, Phys Dept Enrico Fermi, Pisa, Italy.
    Fuselier, Stephen A.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA;Univ Texas San Antonio, Dept Phys & Astron, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Haaland, Stein
    Max Planck Inst Solar Syst Res, Gottingen, Germany;Univ Bergen, Birkeland Ctr Space Sci, Bergen, Norway.
    Lavraud, Benoit
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, CNRS, UPS,CNES, Toulouse, France.
    Li, Wenya
    Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Tenfjord, Paul
    Univ Bergen, Birkeland Ctr Space Sci, Bergen, Norway.
    Toledo-Redondo, Sergio
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, CNRS, UPS,CNES, Toulouse, France.
    Vines, Sarah K.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA.
    MMS Observations of Multiscale Hall Physics in the Magnetotail2019In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 46, no 17-18, p. 10230-10239Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS) observations of Hall physics in the magnetotail, which compared to dayside Hall physics is a relatively unexplored topic. The plasma consists of electrons, moderately cold ions (T similar to 1.5 keV) and hot ions (T similar to 20 keV). MMS can differentiate between the cold ion demagnetization region and hot ion demagnetization regions, which suggests that MMS was observing multiscale Hall physics. The observed Hall electric field is compared with a generalized Ohm's law, accounting for multiple ion populations. The cold ion population, despite its relatively high initial temperature, has a significant impact on the Hall electric field. These results show that multiscale Hall physics is relevant over a much larger temperature range than previously observed and is relevant for the whole magnetosphere as well as for other astrophysical plasma.

  • 6.
    Alm, Love
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA;Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Campus Box 392, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, IGPP EPSS, Los Angeles, CA USA.
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Mauk, B. H.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA.
    Magnetotail Hall Physics in the Presence of Cold Ions2018In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 45, no 20, p. 10941-10950Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present the first in situ observation of cold ionospheric ions modifying the Hall physics of magnetotail reconnection. While in the tail lobe, Magnetospheric Multiscale mission observed cold (tens of eV) E x B drifting ions. As Magnetospheric Multiscale mission crossed the separatrix of a reconnection exhaust, both cold lobe ions and hot (keV) ions were observed. During the closest approach of the neutral sheet, the cold ions accounted for similar to 30% of the total ion density. Approximately 65% of the initial cold ions remained cold enough to stay magnetized. The Hall electric field was mainly supported by the j x B term of the generalized Ohm's law, with significant contributions from the del center dot P-e and v(c) x B terms. The results show that cold ions can play an important role in modifying the Hall physics of magnetic reconnection even well inside the plasma sheet. This indicates that modeling magnetic reconnection may benefit from including multiscale Hall physics. Plain Language Summary Cold ions have the potential of changing the fundamental physics behind magnetic reconnection. Here we present the first direct observation of this process in action in the magnetotail. Cold ions from the tail lobes were able to remain cold even deep inside the much hotter plasma sheet. Even though the cold ions only accounted for similar to 30% of the total ions, they had a significant impact on the electric fields near the reconnection region.

  • 7.
    Andrews, David J.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Opgenoorth, Hermann J.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Edberg, Niklas J. T.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Dieval, C.
    Duru, F.
    Gurnett, D. A.
    Morgan, D.
    Witasse, O.
    Oblique reflections in the Mars Express MARSIS data set: Stable density structures in the Martian ionosphere2014In: Journal of Geophysical Research-Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, Vol. 119, no 5, p. 3944-3960Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) onboard the European Space Agency's Mars Express (MEX) spacecraft routinely detects evidence of localized plasma density structures in the Martian dayside ionosphere. Such structures, likely taking the form of spatially extended elevations in the plasma density at a given altitude, give rise to oblique reflections in the Active Ionospheric Sounder data. These structures are likely related to the highly varied Martian crustal magnetic field. In this study we use the polar orbit of MEX to investigate the repeatability of the ionospheric structures producing these anomalous reflections, examining data taken in sequences of multiple orbits which pass over the same regions of the Martian surface under similar solar illuminations, within intervals lasting tens of days. Presenting three such examples, or case studies, we show for the first time that these oblique reflections are often incredibly stable, indicating that the underlying ionospheric structures are reliably reformed in the same locations and with qualitatively similar parameters. The visibility, or lack thereof, of a given oblique reflection on a single orbit can generally be attributed to variations in the crustal field within the ionosphere along the spacecraft trajectory. We show that, within these examples, oblique reflections are generally detected whenever the spacecraft passes over regions of intense near-radial crustal magnetic fields (i.e., with a cusp-like configuration). The apparent stability of these structures is an important feature that must be accounted for in models of their origin.

  • 8.
    Andrews, David J.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Opgenoorth, Hermann J.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Edberg, Niklas J. T.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Fraenz, M.
    Dubinin, E.
    Duru, F.
    Morgan, D.
    Witasse, O.
    Determination of local plasma densities with the MARSIS radar: Asymmetries in the high-altitude Martian ionosphere2013In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, Vol. 118, no 10, p. 6228-6242Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a novel method for the automatic retrieval of local plasma density measurements from the Mars advanced radar for subsurface and ionospheric sounding (MARSIS) active ionospheric sounder (AIS) instrument. The resulting large data set is then used to study the configuration of the Martian ionosphere at altitudes above approximate to 300km. An empirical calibration routine is used, which relates the local plasma density to the measured intensity of multiple harmonics of the local plasma frequency oscillation, excited in the plasma surrounding the antenna in response to the transmission of ionospheric sounding pulses. Enhanced accuracy is achieved in higherdensity (n(e)>150cm(-3)) plasmas, when MARSIS AIS is able to directly measure the fundamental frequency of the local plasma oscillation. To demonstrate the usefulness of this data set, the derived plasma densities are binned by altitude and solar zenith angle in regions over weak (|B-c|<20nT) and strong (|B-c|>20nT) crustal magnetic fields, and we find clear and consistent evidence for a significant asymmetry between these two regions. We show that within the approximate to 300-1200km altitude range sampled, the median plasma density is substantially higher on the dayside in regions of relatively stronger crustal fields than under equivalent illuminations in regions of relatively weaker crustal fields. Conversely, on the nightside, median plasma densities are found to be higher in regions of relatively weaker crustal fields. We suggest that the observed asymmetry arises as a result of the modulation of the efficiency of plasma transport processes by the irregular crustal fields and the generally horizontal draped interplanetary magnetic field.

  • 9.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Previously hidden low-energy ions: a better map of near-Earth space and the terrestrial mass balance2015In: Physica Scripta, ISSN 0031-8949, E-ISSN 1402-4896, Vol. 90, no 12, article id 128005Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This is a review of the mass balance of planet Earth, intended also for scientists not usually working with space physics or geophysics. The discussion includes both outflow of ions and neutrals from the ionosphere and upper atmosphere, and the inflow of meteoroids and larger objects. The focus is on ions with energies less than tens of eV originating from the ionosphere. Positive low-energy ions are complicated to detect onboard sunlit spacecraft at higher altitudes, which often become positively charged to several tens of volts. We have invented a technique to observe low-energy ions based on the detection of the wake behind a charged spacecraft in a supersonic ion flow. We find that low-energy ions usually dominate the ion density and the outward flux in large volumes in the magnetosphere. The global outflow is of the order of 10(26) ions s(-1). This is a significant fraction of the total number outflow of particles from Earth, and changes plasma processes in near-Earth space. We compare order of magnitude estimates of the mass outflow and inflow for planet Earth and find that they are similar, at around 1 kg s(-1) (30 000 ton yr(-1)). We briefly discuss atmospheric and ionospheric outflow from other planets and the connection to evolution of extraterrestrial life.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 10.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Space Physics: The Need for a Wider Perspective2022In: Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, E-ISSN 2296-987X, Vol. 9, article id 937742Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We argue that many studies in space physics would benefit from putting a detailed investigation into a wider perspective. Three examples of theoretical and observational studies are given. We argue that space physics should aim to be less of an isolated branch of science. Rather, by putting the scientific space results into a wider perspective these results will become more interesting and important than ever. We argue that diversity in a team often is favourable for work on complicated problems and helps to present the results in a wider perspective.

    Download full text (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 11.
    André, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Cully, Christopher M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Low-energy ions: A previously hidden solar system particle population2012In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 39, p. L03101-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ions with energies less than tens of eV originate from the Terrestrial ionosphere and from several planets and moons in the solar system. The low energy indicates the origin of the plasma but also severely complicates detection of the positive ions onboard sunlit spacecraft at higher altitudes, which often become positively charged to several tens of Volts. We discuss some methods to observe low-energy ions, including a recently developed technique based on the detection of the wake behind a charged spacecraft in a supersonic flow. Recent results from this technique show that low-energy ions typically dominate the density in large regions of the Terrestrial magnetosphere on the nightside and in the polar regions. These ions also often dominate in the dayside magnetosphere, and can change the dynamics of processes like magnetic reconnection. The loss of this low-energy plasma to the solar wind is one of the primary pathways for atmospheric escape from planets in our solar system. We combine several observations to estimate how common low-energy ions are in the Terrestrial magnetosphere and briefly compare with Mars, Venus and Titan.

  • 12.
    André, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Eriksson, Anders, I
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Toledo-Redondo, Sergio
    Univ Murcia, Dept Electromagnetism & Elect, Murcia, Spain..
    The Spacecraft Wake: Interference With Electric Field Observations and a Possibility to Detect Cold Ions2021In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 126, no 9, article id e2021JA029493Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Wakes behind spacecraft caused by supersonic drifting positive ions are common in plasmas and disturb in situ measurements. We review the impact of wakes on observations by the Electric Field and Wave double-probe instruments on the Cluster satellites. In the solar wind, the equivalent spacecraft charging is small compared to the ion drift energy and the wake effects are caused by the spacecraft body and can be compensated for. We present statistics of the direction, width, and electrostatic potential of wakes, and we compare with an analytical model. In the low-density magnetospheric lobes, the equivalent positive spacecraft charging is large compared to the ion drift energy and an enhanced wake forms. In this case observations of the geophysical electric field with the double-probe technique becomes extremely challenging. Rather, the wake can be used to estimate the flux of cold (eV) positive ions. For an intermediate range of parameters, when the equivalent charging of the spacecraft is similar to the drift energy of the ions, also the charged wire booms of a double-probe instrument must be taken into account. We discuss an example of these effects from the MMS spacecraft near the magnetopause. We find that many observed wake characteristics provide information that can be used for scientific studies. An important example is the enhanced wakes used to estimate the outflow of ionospheric origin in the magnetospheric lobes to about 10 26 cold (eV) ions/s, constituting a large fraction of the mass outflow from planet Earth.

  • 13.
    André, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Li, K.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy.
    Eriksson, Anders I.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Outflow of low-energy ions and the solar cycle2015In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 120, no 2, p. 1072-1085Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Magnetospheric ions with energies less than tens of eV originate from the ionosphere. Positive low-energy ions are complicated to detect onboard sunlit spacecraft at higher altitudes, which often become positively charged to several tens of volts. We use two Cluster spacecraft and study low-energy ions with a technique based on the detection of the wake behind a charged spacecraft in a supersonic ion flow. We find that low-energy ions usually dominate the density and the outward flux in the geomagnetic tail lobes during all parts of the solar cycle. The global outflow is of the order of 10(26) ions/s and often dominates over the outflow at higher energies. The outflow increases by a factor of 2 with increasing solar EUV flux during a solar cycle. This increase is mainly due to the increased density of the outflowing population, while the outflow velocity does not vary much. Thus, the outflow is limited by the available density in the ionospheric source rather than by the energy available in the magnetosphere to increase the velocity.

  • 14.
    André, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Li, Wenya
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Toledo-Redondo, S.
    European Space Agcy ESAC, Madrid, Spain..
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Norgren, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Burch, J.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    KTH, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Marklund, G.
    KTH, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Ergun, R.
    Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Torbert, R.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.;Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Magnes, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Giles, B.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Moore, T. E.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Chandler, M. O.
    NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL USA..
    Pollock, C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Young, D. T.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Avanov, L. A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Dorelli, J. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Gershman, D. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Paterson, W. R.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, Toulouse, France.;CNRS, UMR 5277, Toulouse, France..
    Saito, Y.
    Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, JAXA, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan..
    Magnetic reconnection and modification of the Hall physics due to cold ions at the magnetopause2016In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 43, no 13, p. 6705-6712Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Observations by the four Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft are used to investigate the Hall physics of a magnetopause magnetic reconnection separatrix layer. Inside this layer of currents and strong normal electric fields, cold (eV) ions of ionospheric origin can remain frozen-in together with the electrons. The cold ions reduce the Hall current. Using a generalized Ohm's law, the electric field is balanced by the sum of the terms corresponding to the Hall current, the vxB drifting cold ions, and the divergence of the electron pressure tensor. A mixture of hot and cold ions is common at the subsolar magnetopause. A mixture of length scales caused by a mixture of ion temperatures has significant effects on the Hall physics of magnetic reconnection.

  • 15.
    André, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Odelstad, Elias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Eriksson, Anders I.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Karlsson, T.
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn, Dept Space & Plasma Phys, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Wieser, G. Stenberg
    Swedish Inst Space Phys, Kiruna, Sweden.
    Vigren, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Norgren, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Johansson, Fredrik L.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Henri, P.
    Lab Phys & Chim Environm & Espace, Orleans, France.
    Rubin, M.
    Univ Bern, Phys Inst, Bern, Switzerland.
    Richter, I.
    TU Braunschweig, Inst Geophys & Extraterr Phys, Braunschweig, Germany.
    Lower hybrid waves at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko2017In: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, ISSN 0035-8711, E-ISSN 1365-2966, Vol. 469, p. S29-S38Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate the generation of waves in the lower hybrid frequency range by density gradients in the near plasma environment of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. When the plasma is dominated by water ions from the comet, a situation with magnetized electrons and unmagnetized ions is favourable for the generation of lower hybrid waves. These waves can transfer energy between ions and electrons and reshape the plasma environment of the comet. We consider cometocentric distances out to a few hundred km. We find that when the electron motion is not significantly interrupted by collisions with neutrals, large average gradients within tens of km of the comet, as well as often observed local large density gradients at larger distances, are often likely to be favourable for the generation of lower hybrid waves. Overall, we find that waves in the lower hybrid frequency range are likely to be common in the near plasma environment.

  • 16.
    André, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Astronomy and Space Physics. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Astronomy and Space Physics, Space and Plasma Physics.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Buchert, Stephan C.
    Fazakerley, A. N.
    Lahiff, A.
    Thin electron-scale layers at the magnetopause2004In: Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 31, p. L03803-Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 17.
    André, Mats
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yu V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Laitinen, Tiera V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Nilsson, H.
    Stenberg, G.
    Fazakerley, A.
    Trotignon, J. G.
    Magnetic reconnection and cold plasma at the magnetopause2010In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 37, no 22, p. L22108-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We report on detailed observations by the four Cluster spacecraft of magnetic reconnection and a Flux Transfer Event (FTE) at the magnetopause. We detect cold (eV) plasma at the magnetopause with two independent methods. We show that the cold ions can be essential for the electric field normal to the current sheet in the separatrix region at the edge of the FTE and for the associated acceleration of ions from the magnetosphere into the reconnection jet. The cold ions have small enough gyroradii to drift inside the limited separatrix region and the normal electric field can be balanced by this drift, E approximate to -v x B. The separatrix region also includes cold accelerated electrons, as part of the reconnection current circuit.

  • 18.
    Backrud, Marie
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Astronomy and Space Physics.
    Tjulin, Anders
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Astronomy and Space Physics.
    Fazakerley, Andrew
    Interferometric Identification of Ion Acoustic Broadband Waves in the Auroral Region: CLUSTER Observations2005In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 32, no 21Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    [1] We determine the phase velocity and k vector for parallel and oblique broadband extremely low frequency, ELF, waves on nightside auroral magnetic field lines at altitudes around 4.6 RE. We use internal burst mode data from the EFW electric field and wave instrument onboard the Cluster spacecraft to retrieve phase differences between the four probes of the instrument. The retrieved characteristic phase velocity is of the order of the ion acoustic speed and larger than the thermal velocity of the protons. The typical wavelength obtained from interferometry is around the proton gyro radius and always larger than the Debye length. We find that in regions with essentially no suprathermal electrons above a few tens of eV the observed broadband waves above the proton gyro frequency are consistent with upgoing ion acoustic and oblique ion acoustic waves.

  • 19.
    Backrud-Ivgren, Marie
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Astronomy and Space Physics.
    Stenberg, Gabriella
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Morooka, Michiko
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Hobara, Yasuhide
    Joko, Sachiko
    Rönnmark, Kjell
    Cornilleau-Wehrlin, Nicole
    Fazakerley, Andrew
    Rème, Henri
    Cluster observations and theoretical identification of broadband waves in the auroral region2005In: Annales Geophysicae, ISSN 0992-7689, E-ISSN 1432-0576, Vol. 23, no 12, p. 3739-3752Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Broadband waves are common on auroral field lines. We use two different methods to study the polarization of the waves at 10 to 180 Hz observed by the Cluster spacecraft at altitudes of about 4 Earth radii in the nightside auroral region. Observations of electric and magnetic wave fields, together with electron and ion data, are used as input to the methods. We find that much of the wave emissions are consistent with linear waves in homogeneous plasma. Observed waves with a large electric field perpendicular to the geomagnetic field are more common (electrostatic ion cyclotron waves), while ion acoustic waves with a large parallel electric field appear in smaller regions without suprathermal (tens of eV) plasma. The regions void of suprathermal plasma are interpreted as parallel potential drops of a few hundred volts.

  • 20.
    Bader, A.
    et al.
    Univ Lancaster, Dept Phys, Lancaster, England..
    Badman, S. V.
    Univ Lancaster, Dept Phys, Lancaster, England..
    Ray, L. C.
    Univ Lancaster, Dept Phys, Lancaster, England..
    Paranicas, C. P.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA..
    Lorch, C. T. S.
    Univ Lancaster, Dept Phys, Lancaster, England..
    Clark, G.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA..
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Mitchell, D. G.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA..
    Constable, D. A.
    Univ Lancaster, Dept Phys, Lancaster, England..
    Kinrade, J.
    Univ Lancaster, Dept Phys, Lancaster, England..
    Hunt, G. J.
    Imperial Coll London, Blackett Lab, London, England..
    Pryor, W.
    Cent Arizona Coll, Dept Sci, Coolidge, AZ USA..
    Energetic Particle Signatures Above Saturn's Aurorae2020In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 125, no 1, article id e2019JA027403Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Near the end of its mission, NASA's Cassini spacecraft performed several low-altitude passes across Saturn's auroral region. We present ultraviolet auroral imagery and various coincident particle and field measurements of two such passes, providing important information about the structure and dynamics of Saturn's auroral acceleration region. In upward field-aligned current regions, upward proton beams are observed to reach energies of several tens of keV; the associated precipitating electron populations are found to have mean energies of about 10 keV. With no significant wave activity being apparent, these findings indicate strong parallel potentials responsible for auroral acceleration, about 100 times stronger than at Earth. This is further supported by observations of proton conics in downward field-aligned current regions above the acceleration region, which feature a lower energy cutoff above similar to 50 keV-indicating energetic proton populations trapped by strong parallel potentials while being transversely energized until they can overcome the trapping potential, likely through wave-particle interactions. A spacecraft pass through a downward current region at an altitude near the acceleration region reveals plasma wave features, which may be driving the transverse proton acceleration generating the conics. Overall, the signatures observed resemble those related to the terrestrial and Jovian aurorae, the particle energies and potentials at Saturn appearing to be significantly higher than at Earth and comparable to those at Jupiter. Plain Language Summary NASA's Cassini spacecraft orbited closer to Saturn than ever before during the last stage of its mission, the "Grand Finale". This allowed the onboard instruments to measure charged particles and plasma waves directly above the auroral region while simultaneously providing high-resolution imagery of the ultraviolet aurorae. Based on observations of highly energetic ions streaming away from the planet in regions of low plasma wave activity, we infer the existence of strong electric fields which act to accelerate electrons down into the atmosphere, driving the bright auroral emissions. Our estimates of the average energy of the precipitating electrons support this finding. Charged ions sometimes seem to be energized by plasma waves above the aurorae before they can escape, but the exact process in which this happens is not fully understood. Most signatures presented here resemble those observed in relation to Earth's aurorae, suggesting that the mechanisms acting at both planets are quite similar although Saturn's acceleration mechanism is significantly stronger.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 21.
    Bader, A.
    et al.
    Swedish Inst Space Phys, Kiruna, Sweden;Lulea Tekniska Univ, Kiruna, Sweden;Univ Lancaster, Phys, Lancaster, England.
    Wieser, G. Stenberg
    Swedish Inst Space Phys, Kiruna, Sweden.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Wieser, M.
    Swedish Inst Space Phys, Kiruna, Sweden.
    Futaana, Y.
    Swedish Inst Space Phys, Kiruna, Sweden.
    Persson, M.
    Swedish Inst Space Phys, Kiruna, Sweden;Umea Univ, Dept Phys, Umea, Sweden.
    Nilsson, H.
    Swedish Inst Space Phys, Kiruna, Sweden.
    Zhang, T. L.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria.
    Proton Temperature Anisotropies in the Plasma Environment of Venus2019In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 124, no 5, p. 3312-3330Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Velocity distribution functions (VDFs) are a key to understanding the interplay between particles and waves in a plasma. Any deviation from an isotropic Maxwellian distribution may be unstable and result in wave generation. Using data from the ion mass spectrometer IMA (Ion Mass Analyzer) and the magnetometer (MAG) onboard Venus Express, we study proton distributions in the plasma environment of Venus. We focus on the temperature anisotropy, that is, the ratio between the proton temperature perpendicular (T-perpendicular to) and parallel (T-parallel to) to the background magnetic field. We calculate average values of T-perpendicular to and T-parallel to for different spatial areas around Venus. In addition we present spatial maps of the average of the two temperatures and of their average ratio. Our results show that the proton distributions in the solar wind are quite isotropic, while at the bow shock stronger perpendicular than parallel heating makes the downstream VDFs slightly anisotropic (T-perpendicular to/T-parallel to > 1) and possibly unstable to generation of proton cyclotron waves or mirror mode waves. Both wave modes have previously been observed in Venus's magnetosheath. The perpendicular heating is strongest in the near-subsolar magnetosheath (T-perpendicular to/ T-parallel to approximate to 3/2), which is also where mirror mode waves are most frequently observed. We believe that the mirror mode waves observed here are indeed generated by the anisotropy. In the magnetotail we observe planetary protons with largely isotropic VDFs, originating from Venus's ionosphere.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 22.
    Bale, S. D.
    et al.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.;Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Goetz, K.
    Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA..
    Harvey, P. R.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Turin, P.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Bonnell, J. W.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Dudok de Wit, T.
    CNRS, LPC2E, 3A Ave Rech Sci, Orleans, France..
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO USA..
    MacDowall, R. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Pulupa, M.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Bolton, M.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO USA..
    Bougeret, J. -L
    Bowen, T. A.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.;Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Burgess, D.
    Queen Mary Univ London, Astron Unit, London, England..
    Cattell, C. A.
    Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA..
    Chandran, B. D. G.
    Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Chaston, C. C.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Chen, C. H. K.
    Imperial Coll, Dept Phys, London, England..
    Choi, M. K.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Connerney, J. E.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Cranmer, S.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO USA..
    Diaz-Aguado, M.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Donakowski, W.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Drake, J. F.
    Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Farrell, W. M.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Fergeau, P.
    CNRS, LPC2E, 3A Ave Rech Sci, Orleans, France..
    Fermin, J.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Fischer, J.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Fox, N.
    Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA..
    Glaser, D.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Goldstein, M.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Gordon, D.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Hanson, E.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.;Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Harris, S. E.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Hayes, L. M.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Hinze, J. J.
    Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA..
    Hollweg, J. V.
    Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Horbury, T. S.
    Imperial Coll, Dept Phys, London, England..
    Howard, R. A.
    Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA..
    Hoxie, V.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO USA..
    Jannet, G.
    CNRS, LPC2E, 3A Ave Rech Sci, Orleans, France..
    Karlsson, M.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO USA..
    Kasper, J. C.
    Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA..
    Kellogg, P. J.
    Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA..
    Kien, M.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO USA..
    Klimchuk, J. A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Krasnoselskikh, V. V.
    CNRS, LPC2E, 3A Ave Rech Sci, Orleans, France..
    Krucker, S.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Lynch, J. J.
    Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA..
    Maksimovic, M.
    Observ Paris, LESIA, Meudon, France..
    Malaspina, D. M.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO USA..
    Marker, S.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Martin, P.
    CNRS, LPC2E, 3A Ave Rech Sci, Orleans, France..
    Martinez-Oliveros, J.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    McCauley, J.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    McComas, D. J.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    McDonald, T.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Meyer-Vernet, N.
    Observ Paris, LESIA, Meudon, France..
    Moncuquet, M.
    Observ Paris, LESIA, Meudon, France..
    Monson, S. J.
    Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA..
    Mozer, F. S.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Murphy, S. D.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Odom, J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Oliverson, R.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Olson, J.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Parker, E. N.
    Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA..
    Pankow, D.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Phan, T.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Quataert, E.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, 601 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Quinn, T.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Ruplin, S. W.
    Praxis Studios, Brooklyn, NY USA..
    Salem, C.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Seitz, D.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Sheppard, D. A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Siy, A.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Stevens, K.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO USA..
    Summers, D.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO USA..
    Szabo, A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Timofeeva, M.
    CNRS, LPC2E, 3A Ave Rech Sci, Orleans, France..
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Velli, M.
    UCLA, Earth Planetary & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Yehle, A.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO USA..
    Werthimer, D.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Wygant, J. R.
    Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA..
    The FIELDS Instrument Suite for Solar Probe Plus2016In: Space Science Reviews, ISSN 0038-6308, E-ISSN 1572-9672, Vol. 204, no 1-4, p. 49-82Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    NASA's Solar Probe Plus (SPP) mission will make the first in situ measurements of the solar corona and the birthplace of the solar wind. The FIELDS instrument suite on SPP will make direct measurements of electric and magnetic fields, the properties of in situ plasma waves, electron density and temperature profiles, and interplanetary radio emissions, amongst other things. Here, we describe the scientific objectives targeted by the SPP/FIELDS instrument, the instrument design itself, and the instrument concept of operations and planned data products.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 23.
    Behlke, Rico
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Astronomy and Space Physics.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Astronomy and Space Physics, Space and Plasma Physics.
    Bale, Stuart D.
    Pickett, Jolene S.
    Cattell, Cynthia A.
    Lucek, Elizabeth A.
    Balogh, Andre
    Solitary structures associated with short large-amplitude magnetic structures (SLAMS) upstream of the Earth's quasi-parallel bow shock2004In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 31, no 16Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    [1] For the first time, solitary waves (SWs) have been observed within short large-amplitude magnetic structures (SLAMS) upstream of the Earth's quasi-parallel bow shock. The SWs often occur as bipolar pulses in the electric field data and move parallel to the background magnetic field at velocities of v = 400–1200 km/s. They have peak-to-peak amplitudes in the parallel electric field of up to E = 65 mV/m and parallel scale sizes of L ∼ 10 λD. The bipolar solitary waves exhibit negative potential structures of ∣Φ∣ = 0.4–2.2 V, i.e., eΦ/kTe ∼ 0.1. None of the theories commonly used to describe SWs adequately address these negative potential structures moving at velocities above the ion thermal speed in a weakly magnetized plasma.

  • 24.
    Boldu O Farrill Treviño, Joan Jordi
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Morooka, Michiko
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Dimmock, Andrew P.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Soucek, J.
    Pisa, D.
    Maksimovic, M.
    Ion-acoustic waves associated with interplanetary shocks2023In: Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 25.
    Buchert, Stephan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Zangerl, Franz
    Sust, Manfred
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Eriksson, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Wahlund, Jan-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Opgenoorth, Hermann
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    SWARM observations of equatorial electron densities and topside GPS track losses2015In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 42, no 7, p. 2088-2092Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The SWARM satellites have both upward looking GPS receivers and Langmuir probes. The receivers repeatedly lost track of the L1 band signal in January-February 2014 at postsunset hours, when SWARM was at nearly 500km altitude. This indicates that the signal was disturbed by ionospheric irregularities at this height and above. The track losses occurred right at density gradients associated with equatorial plasma bubbles and predominantly where the measured background density was highest. The signal showed strong phase scintillations rather than in amplitude, indicating that SWARM might be in the near field of an ionospheric phase screen. Density biteouts, depletions between steep gradients, were up to almost 3 orders of magnitude deep in the background of a more shallow trough centered at the magnetic equator. Comparison between satellites shows that the biteout structure strongly varied in longitude over approximate to 100km and has in north-south steep walls.

  • 26.
    Cao, D.
    et al.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Fu, H. S.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Cao, J. B.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Wang, T. Y.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Chen, Z. Z.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Peng, F. Z.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing, Peoples R China.
    Huang, S. Y.
    Wuhan Univ, Sch Elect & Informat, Wuhan, Peoples R China.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA.
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.
    Lindqvist, P. -A
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA;Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
    Ergun, R. E.
    Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
    Le Contel, O.
    UPMC, Ecole Polytech, CNRS, Lab Phys Plasmas, Palaiseau, France.
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA.
    MMS observations of whistler waves in electron diffusion region2017In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 44, no 9, p. 3954-3962Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Whistler waves that can produce anomalous resistivity by affecting electrons' motion have been suggested as one of the mechanisms responsible for magnetic reconnection in the electron diffusion region (EDR). Such type of waves, however, has rarely been observed inside the EDR so far. In this study, we report such an observation by Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. We find large-amplitude whistler waves propagating away from the X line with a very small wave-normal angle. These waves are probably generated by the perpendicular temperature anisotropy of the -300eV electrons inside the EDR, according to our analysis of dispersion relation and cyclotron resonance condition; they significantly affect the electron-scale dynamics of magnetic reconnection and thus support previous simulations.

  • 27. Carbone, V.
    et al.
    Perri, S.
    Yordanova, Emiliya
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Veltri, P.
    Bruno, R.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Sign-Singularity of the Reduced Magnetic Helicity in the Solar Wind Plasma2010In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 104, no 18, p. 181101-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate the scaling laws of a signed measure derived from the reduced magnetic helicity which has been determined from Cluster data in the solar wind. This quantifies the handedness of the magnetic field; namely, it can be related to the polarization of the magnetic field fluctuations (right or left hand). The measure results to be sign-singular; that is, we do not observe any scale-dependent effect at the ion-and at electron-cyclotron frequencies. Cancellations between right-and left-hand polarizations go on in the dispersive or dissipative range, beyond the electron-cyclotron frequency. This means that the mechanism responsible for the generation of the dispersive or dissipative range is rather insensitive to the polarization of the magnetic field fluctuations.

  • 28.
    Cozzani, G.
    et al.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland..
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Direct Observations of Electron Firehose Fluctuations in the Magnetic Reconnection Outflow2023In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 128, no 5, article id e2022JA031128Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Electron temperature anisotropy-driven instabilities such as the electron firehose instability (EFI) are especially significant in space collisionless plasmas, where collisions are so scarce that wave-particle interactions are the leading mechanisms in the isotropization of the distribution function and energy transfer. Observational statistical studies provided convincing evidence in favor of the EFI constraining the electron distribution function and limiting the electron temperature anisotropy. Magnetic reconnection is characterized by regions of enhanced temperature anisotropy that could drive instabilities-including the electron firehose instability-affecting the particle dynamics and the energy conversion. However, in situ observations of the fluctuations generated by the EFI are still lacking and the interplay between magnetic reconnection and EFI is still largely unknown. In this study, we use high-resolution in situ measurements by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft to identify and investigate EFI fluctuations in the magnetic reconnection exhaust in the Earth's magnetotail. We find that the wave properties of the observed fluctuations largely agree with theoretical predictions of the non-propagating EF mode. These findings are further supported by comparison with the linear kinetic dispersion relation. Our results demonstrate that the magnetic reconnection outflow can be the seedbed of EFI and provide the first direct in situ observations of EFI-generated fluctuations.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 29.
    Cozzani, Giulia
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Egedal, J.
    Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA..
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, A.
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Space & Plasma Phys, S-11428 Stockholm, Sweden..
    Alexandrova, A.
    Univ Paris Saclay, Sorbonne Univ, Lab Phys Plasmas, CNRS,Observ Paris,Ecole Polytech,Inst Polytech Pa, F-91128 Palaiseau, France..
    Le Contel, O.
    Univ Paris Saclay, Sorbonne Univ, Lab Phys Plasmas, CNRS,Observ Paris,Ecole Polytech,Inst Polytech Pa, F-91128 Palaiseau, France..
    Nakamura, R.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8042 Graz, Austria..
    Fuselier, S. A.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.;Univ Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA..
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Structure of a Perturbed Magnetic Reconnection Electron Diffusion Region in the Earth's Magnetotail2021In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 127, no 21, article id 215101Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We report in situ observations of an electron diffusion region (EDR) and adjacent separatrix region in the Earth's magnetotail. We observe significant magnetic field oscillations near the lower hybrid frequency which propagate perpendicularly to the reconnection plane. We also find that the strong electron-scale gradients close to the EDR exhibit significant oscillations at a similar frequency. Such oscillations are not expected for a crossing of a steady 2D EDR, and can be explained by a complex motion of the reconnection plane induced by current sheet kinking propagating in the out-of-reconnection-plane direction. Thus, all three spatial dimensions have to be taken into account to explain the observed perturbed EDR crossing. These results shed light on the interplay between magnetic reconnection and current sheet drift instabilities in electron-scale current sheets and highlight the need for adopting a 3D description of the EDR, going beyond the two-dimensional and steady-state conception of reconnection.

  • 30. Deng, X. H.
    et al.
    Zhou, M.
    Li, S. Y.
    Baumjohann, W.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Cornilleau, N.
    Santolik, O.
    Pontin, D. I.
    Reme, H.
    Lucek, E.
    Fazakerley, A. N.
    Decreau, P.
    Daly, P.
    Nakamura, R.
    Tang, R. X.
    Hu, Y. H.
    Pang, Y.
    Buechner, J.
    Zhao, H.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Pickett, J. S.
    Ng, C. S.
    Lin, X.
    Fu, S.
    Yuan, Z. G.
    Su, Z. W.
    Wang, J. F.
    Dynamics and waves near multiple magnetic null points in reconnection diffusion region2009In: Journal of Geophysical Research, ISSN 0148-0227, E-ISSN 2156-2202, Vol. 114, no 7, p. A07216-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Identifying the magnetic structure in the region where the magnetic field lines break and how reconnection happens is crucial to improving our understanding of three-dimensional reconnection. Here we show the in situ observation of magnetic null structures in the diffusion region, the dynamics, and the associated waves. Possible spiral null pair has been identified near the diffusion region. There is a close relation among the null points, the bipolar signature of the Z component of the magnetic field, and enhancement of the flux of energetic electrons up to 100 keV. Near the null structures, whistler-mode waves were identified by both the polarity and the power law of the spectrum of electric and magnetic fields. It is found that the angle between the fans of the nulls is quite close to the theoretically estimated maximum value of the group-velocity cone angle for the whistler wave regime of reconnection.

  • 31.
    Dimmock, Andrew P.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Rosenqvist, L.
    Swedish Def Res Agcy, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Hall, J-O
    Swedish Def Res Agcy, Stockholm, Sweden;Swedish Nucl Fuel & Waste Management Co, Solna, Sweden.
    Viljanen, A.
    Finnish Meteorol Inst, Helsinki, Finland.
    Yordanova, Emiliya
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Honkonen, I
    Finnish Meteorol Inst, Helsinki, Finland.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Sjoberg, E. C.
    Swedish Inst Space Phys, Kiruna, Sweden.
    The GIC and Geomagnetic Response Over Fennoscandia to the 7-8 September 2017 Geomagnetic Storm2019In: Space Weather: The International Journal of Research and Application, E-ISSN 1542-7390, Vol. 17, no 7, p. 989-1010Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Between 7 and 8 September 2017, Earth experienced extreme space weather events. We have combined measurements made by the IMAGE magnetometer array, ionospheric equivalent currents, geomagnetically induced current (GIC) recordings in the Finnish natural gas pipeline, and multiple ground conductivity models to study the Fennoscandia ground effects. This unique analysis has revealed multiple interesting physical and technical insights. We show that although the 7-8 September event was significant by global indices (Dst similar to 150 nT), it produced an unexpectedly large peak GIC. It is intriguing that our peak GIC did not occur during the intervals of largest geomagnetic depressions, nor was there any clear upstream trigger. Another important insight into this event is that unusually large and rare GIC amplitudes (>10 A) occurred in multiple Magnetic Local Time (MLT) sectors and could be associated with westward and eastward electrojets. We were also successfully able to model the geoelectric field and GIC using multiple models, thus providing a further important validation of these models for an extreme event. A key result from our multiple conductivity model comparison was the good agreement between the temporal features of 1-D and 3-D model results. This provides an important justification for past and future uses of 1-D models at Mantsala which is highly relevant to additional uses of this data set. Although the temporal agreement (after scaling) was good, we found a large (factor of 4) difference in the amplitudes between local and global ground models due to the difference in model conductivities. Thus, going forward, obtaining accurate ground conductivity values are key for GIC modeling.

  • 32.
    Divin, A.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Markidis, S.
    Lapenta, G.
    Evolution of the lower hybrid drift instability at reconnection jet front2015In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 120, no 4, p. 2675-2690Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate current-driven modes developing at jet fronts during collisionless reconnection. Initial evolution of the reconnection is simulated using conventional 2-D setup starting from the Harris equilibrium. Three-dimensional PIC calculations are implemented at later stages, when fronts are fully formed. Intense currents and enhanced wave activity are generated at the fronts because of the interaction of the fast flow plasma and denser ambient current sheet plasma. The study reveals that the lower hybrid drift instability develops quickly in the 3-D simulation. The instability produces strong localized perpendicular electric fields, which are several times larger than the convective electric field at the front, in agreement with Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms observations. The instability generates waves, which escape the front edge and propagate into the undisturbed plasma ahead of the front. The parallel electron pressure is substantially larger in the 3-D simulation compared to that of the 2-D. In a time similar to Omega(-1)(ci), the instability forms a layer, which contains a mixture of the jet plasma and current sheet plasma. The results confirm that the lower hybrid drift instability is important for the front evolution and electron energization.

  • 33.
    Divin, Andrey
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Lower hybrid drift instability at a dipolarization front2015In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 120, no 2, p. 1124-1132Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present observations of a reconnection jet front detected by the Cluster satellites in the magnetotail of Earth, which are commonly referred to as dipolarization fronts. We investigate in detail electric field structures observed at the front which have frequency in the lower hybrid range and amplitudes reaching 40mV/m. We determine the frequency and phase velocity of these structures in the reference frame of the front and identify them as a manifestation of the lower hybrid drift instability (LHDI) excited at the sharp density gradient at the front. The LHDI is observed in the nonlinear stage of its evolution as the electrostatic potential of the structures is comparable to approximate to 10% of the electron temperature. The front appears to be a coherent structure on ion and MHD scales, suggesting existence of a dynamic equilibrium between excitation of the LHDI and recovery of the steep density gradient at the front.

  • 34.
    Divin, Andrey
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Toledo-Redondo, S.
    European Space Agcy, ESAC, Sci Directorate, Madrid, Spain..
    Markidis, S.
    KTH Royal Inst Technol, Dept Computat Sci & Technol, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Lapenta, G.
    Katholieke Univ Leuven, Ctr Math Plasma Astrophys, Dept Math, Leuven, Belgium..
    Three-scale structure of diffusion region in the presence of cold ions2016In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 121, no 12, p. 12001-12013Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Kinetic simulations and spacecraft observations typically display the two-scale structure of collisionless diffusion region (DR), with electron and ion demagnetization scales governing the spatial extent of the DR. Recent in situ observations of the nightside magnetosphere, as well as investigation of magnetic reconnection events at the Earth's magnetopause, discovered the presence of a population of cold (tens of eV) ions of ionospheric origin. We present two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of collisionless magnetic reconnection in multicomponent plasma with ions consisting of hot and cold populations. We show that a new cold ion diffusion region scale is introduced in between that of hot ions and electrons. Demagnetization scale of cold ion population is several times (similar to 4-8) larger than the initial cold ion gyroradius. Cold ions are accelerated and thermalized during magnetic reconnection and form ion beams moving with velocities close to the Alfven velocity.

  • 35.
    Duan, Suping
    et al.
    Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Dai, Lei
    Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Wang, Chi
    Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    He, Zhaohai
    Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Cai, Chunlin
    Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Zhang, Y. C.
    Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Space Sci Ctr, State Key Lab Space Weather, Beijing, Peoples R China..
    Dandouras, I.
    Univ Toulouse, UPS OMP, IRAP, Toulouse, France.;CNRS, IRAP, Toulouse, France..
    Reme, H.
    Univ Toulouse, UPS OMP, IRAP, Toulouse, France.;CNRS, IRAP, Toulouse, France..
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Oxygen Ions O+ Energized by Kinetic Alfven Eigenmode During Dipolarizations of Intense Substorms2017In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 122, no 11, p. 11256-11273Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Singly charged oxygen ions, O+, energized by kinetic Alfven wave eigenmode (KAWE) in the plasma sheet boundary layer during dipolarizations of two intense substorms, 10: 07 UT on 31 August 2004 and 18: 24 UT on 14 September 2004, are investigated by Cluster spacecraft in the magnetotail. It is found that after the beginning of the expansion phase of substorms, O+ ions are clearly energized in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field with energy larger than 1 keV in the near-Earth plasma sheet during magnetic dipolarizations. The pitch angle distribution of these energetic O+ ions is significantly different from that of O+ ions with energy less than 1 keV before substorm onset that is in the quasi-parallel direction along the magnetic field. The KAWE with the large perpendicular unipolar electric field, E-z similar to -20 mV/m, significantly accelerates O+ ions in the direction perpendicular to the background magnetic field. We present good evidences that O+ ion origin from the ionosphere along the magnetic field line in the northward lobe can be accelerated in the perpendicular direction during substorm dipolarizations. The change of the move direction of O+ ions is useful for O+ transferring from the lobe into the central plasma sheet in the magnetotail. Thus, KAWE can play an important role in O+ ion transfer process from the lobe into the plasma sheet during intense substorms.

  • 36.
    Edberg, Niklas J. T.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Alho, M.
    Aalto Univ, Sch Elect Engn, Dept Radio Sci & Engn, POB 13000, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland..
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Andrews, David J.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Behar, E.
    Swedish Inst Space Phys, Box 812, SE-98128 Kiruna, Sweden..
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, 6220 Culebra Rd, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Carr, C. M.
    Imperial Coll London, Exhibit Rd, London SW7 2AZ, England..
    Cupido, E.
    Imperial Coll London, Exhibit Rd, London SW7 2AZ, England..
    Engelhardt, Ilka. A. D.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Eriksson, Anders I.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Glassmeier, K. -H
    Goetz, C.
    TU Braunschweig, Inst Geophys & Extraterr Phys, Mendelssohnstr 3, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany..
    Goldstein, R.
    Southwest Res Inst, 6220 Culebra Rd, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA..
    Henri, P.
    Lab Phys & Chim Environm & Espace, F-45071 Orleans 2, France..
    Johansson, Fredrik L.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Koenders, C.
    TU Braunschweig, Inst Geophys & Extraterr Phys, Mendelssohnstr 3, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany..
    Mandt, K.
    Southwest Res Inst, 6220 Culebra Rd, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA.;Univ Texas San Antonio, Dept Phys & Astron, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA..
    Moestl, C.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Schmiedlstr 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria..
    Nilsson, H.
    Swedish Inst Space Phys, Box 812, SE-98128 Kiruna, Sweden..
    Odelstad, Elias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Richter, I.
    TU Braunschweig, Inst Geophys & Extraterr Phys, Mendelssohnstr 3, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany..
    Wedlund, C. Simon
    Univ Oslo, Dept Phys, Box 1048 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway..
    Wieser, G. Stenberg
    Swedish Inst Space Phys, Box 812, SE-98128 Kiruna, Sweden..
    Szego, K.
    Wigner Res Ctr Phys, Konkoly Thege Miklos Ut 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary..
    Vigren, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Volwerk, M.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Schmiedlstr 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria..
    CME impact on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko2016In: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, ISSN 0035-8711, E-ISSN 1365-2966, Vol. 462, p. S45-S56Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present Rosetta observations from comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko during the impact of a coronal mass ejection (CME). The CME impacted on 2015 Oct 5-6, when Rosetta was about 800 km from the comet nucleus, and 1.4 au from the Sun. Upon impact, the plasma environment is compressed to the level that solar wind ions, not seen a few days earlier when at 1500 km, now reach Rosetta. In response to the compression, the flux of suprathermal electrons increases by a factor of 5-10 and the background magnetic field strength increases by a factor of similar to 2.5. The plasma density increases by a factor of 10 and reaches 600 cm(-3), due to increased particle impact ionization, charge exchange and the adiabatic compression of the plasma environment. We also observe unprecedentedly large magnetic field spikes at 800 km, reaching above 200 nT, which are interpreted as magnetic flux ropes. We suggest that these could possibly be formed by magnetic reconnection processes in the coma as the magnetic field across the CME changes polarity, or as a consequence of strong shears causing Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities in the plasma flow. Due to the limited orbit of Rosetta, we are not able to observe if a tail disconnection occurs during the CME impact, which could be expected based on previous remote observations of other CME-comet interactions.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 37.
    Edberg, Niklas J. T.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Eriksson, Anders I.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Odelstad, Elias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Henri, P.
    Lebreton, J. -P
    Gasc, S.
    Rubin, M.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Gill, Reine
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Johansson, Erik P. G.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Johansson, Fredrik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vigren, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Wahlund, Jan-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Carr, C. M.
    Cupido, E.
    Glassmeier, K. -H
    Goldstein, R.
    Koenders, C.
    Mandt, K.
    Nemeth, Z.
    Nilsson, H.
    Richter, I.
    Wieser, G. Stenberg
    Szego, K.
    Volwerk, M.
    Spatial distribution of low-energy plasma around comet 67P/CG from Rosetta measurements2015In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 42, no 11, p. 4263-4269Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We use measurements from the Rosetta plasma consortium Langmuir probe and mutual impedance probe to study the spatial distribution of low-energy plasma in the near-nucleus coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The spatial distribution is highly structured with the highest density in the summer hemisphere and above the region connecting the two main lobes of the comet, i.e., the neck region. There is a clear correlation with the neutral density and the plasma to neutral density ratio is found to be approximate to 1-210(-6), at a cometocentric distance of 10km and at 3.1AU from the Sun. A clear 6.2h modulation of the plasma is seen as the neck is exposed twice per rotation. The electron density of the collisionless plasma within 260km from the nucleus falls off with radial distance as approximate to 1/r. The spatial structure indicates that local ionization of neutral gas is the dominant source of low-energy plasma around the comet.

  • 38.
    Engwall, Erik
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Eriksson, Anders I.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Cully, Christopher M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Puhl-Quinn, Pamela
    Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824-3525, USA.
    Vaith, Hans
    Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824-3525, USA.
    Torbert, Roy
    Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824-3525, USA.
    Survey of cold ionospheric outflows in the magnetotail2009In: Annales Geophysicae, ISSN 0992-7689, E-ISSN 1432-0576, Vol. 27, no 8, p. 3185-3201Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Low-energy ions escape from the ionosphere and constitute a large part of the magnetospheric content, especially in the geomagnetic tail lobes. However, they are normally invisible to spacecraft measurements, since the potential of a sunlit spacecraft in a tenuous plasma in many cases exceeds the energy-per-charge of the ions, and little is therefore known about their outflow properties far from the Earth. Here we present an extensive statistical study of cold ion outflows (0-60 eV) in the geomagnetic tail at geocentric distances from 5 to 19 R-E using the Cluster spacecraft during the period from 2001 to 2005. Our results were obtained by a new method, relying on the detection of a wake behind the spacecraft. We show that the cold ions dominate in both flux and density in large regions of the magnetosphere. Most of the cold ions are found to escape from the Earth, which improves previous estimates of the global outflow. The local outflow in the magnetotail corresponds to a global outflow of the order of 10(26) ions s(-1). The size of the outflow depends on different solar and magnetic activity levels.

  • 39.
    Engwall, Erik
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Eriksson, Anders I.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Cully, Christopher M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Torbert, Roy
    Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824-3525, USA.
    Vaith, Hans
    Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824-3525, USA.
    Earth’s ionospheric outflow dominated by hidden cold plasma2009In: Nature Geoscience, ISSN 1752-0894, Vol. 2, no 1, p. 24-27Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Earth constantly loses matter, mostly in the form of H+and O+ ions, through various outflow processes from the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. Most of these ions are cold (below 1 eV in thermal energy), but can still escape and travel farther out along the magnetic field lines into the magnetospheric tail lobes. The outflow has previously beenmeasured close to the Earth. To understand what fraction does not return but instead escapes, the measurements should be conducted at larger geocentric distances. However, at high altitudes the cold ions are normally invisible to spacecraft measurements, because the potential of a sunlit spacecraft exceeds the equivalent energy of the ions. Here we show that cold ions dominate in both flux and density in the distant magnetotail lobes, using a new measurement technique on the Cluster spacecraft. The total loss of cold hydrogen ions from the planet is inferred to be of the order of 1026 s−1, which is larger than the previously observed more energetic outflow. Quantification and insight of the loss processes of the Earth’s atmosphere and ionosphere are also important for understanding the evolution of atmospheres on other celestial bodies.

  • 40.
    Ergun, R. E.
    et al.
    Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.;Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Holmes, J. C.
    Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.;Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Goodrich, K. A.
    Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.;Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Wilder, F. D.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Stawarz, J. E.
    Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.;Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Eriksson, S.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Newman, D. L.
    Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Schwartz, S. J.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.;Imperial Coll London, Blackett Lab, London, England..
    Goldman, M. V.
    Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Sturner, A. P.
    Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.;Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Malaspina, D. M.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Usanova, M. E.
    Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Torbert, R. B.
    Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA.;Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Argall, M.
    Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Lindqvist, P-A
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Burch, J. L.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Strangeway, R. J.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Russell, C. T.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA..
    Pollock, C. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Dorelli, J. J. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Avanov, L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Hesse, M.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Chen, L. J.
    Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Lavraud, B.
    Univ Toulouse, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, Toulouse, France.;CNRS, Toulouse, France..
    Le Contel, O.
    Lab Phys Plasmas, Palaiseau, France..
    Retino, A.
    Lab Phys Plasmas, Palaiseau, France..
    Phan, T. D.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Eastwood, J. P.
    Imperial Coll London, Blackett Lab, London, England..
    Oieroset, M.
    Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA..
    Drake, J.
    Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Shay, M. A.
    Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Bartol Res Inst, Newark, DE 19716 USA..
    Cassak, P. A.
    West Virginia Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Morgantown, WV USA..
    Nakamura, R.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Zhou, M.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Ashour-Abdalla, M.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    Andre, M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Magnetospheric Multiscale observations of large-amplitude, parallel, electrostatic waves associated with magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause2016In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 43, no 11, p. 5626-5634Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We report observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale satellites of large-amplitude, parallel, electrostatic waves associated with magnetic reconnection at the Earth's magnetopause. The observed waves have parallel electric fields (E-||) with amplitudes on the order of 100mV/m and display nonlinear characteristics that suggest a possible net E-||. These waves are observed within the ion diffusion region and adjacent to (within several electron skin depths) the electron diffusion region. They are in or near the magnetosphere side current layer. Simulation results support that the strong electrostatic linear and nonlinear wave activities appear to be driven by a two stream instability, which is a consequence of mixing cold (<10eV) plasma in the magnetosphere with warm (similar to 100eV) plasma from the magnetosheath on a freshly reconnected magnetic field line. The frequent observation of these waves suggests that cold plasma is often present near the magnetopause.

  • 41.
    Eriksson, Anders
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Boström, Rolf
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Gill, Reine
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Åhlén, Lennart
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Jansson, Sven-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Wahlund, Jan-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Mälkki, A.
    Holtet, J. A.
    Lybekk, B.
    Pedersen, A.
    Blomberg, L. G.
    RPC-LAP: The Rosetta Langmuir probe instrument2007In: Space Science Reviews, ISSN 0038-6308, E-ISSN 1572-9672, Vol. 128, no 1-4, p. 729-744Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Rosetta dual Langmuir probe instrument, LAP, utilizes the multiple powers of a pair of spherical Langmuir probes for measurements of basic plasma parameters with the aim of providing detailed knowledge of the outgassing, ionization, and subsequent plasma processes around the Rosetta target comet. The fundamental plasma properties to be studied are the plasma density, the electron temperature, and the plasma flow velocity. However, study of electric fields up to 8 kHz, plasma density fluctuations, spacecraft potential, integrated UV flux, and dust impacts is also possible. LAP is fully integrated in the Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC), the instruments of which together provide a comprehensive characterization of the cometary plasma.

  • 42.
    Eriksson, Anders I.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Engelhardt, Ilka. A. D.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Boström, Rolf
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Edberg, Niklas J. T.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Johansson, Fredrik L.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy.
    Odelstad, Elias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vigren, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Wahlund, Jan-Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Henri, P.
    LPC2E, Lab Phys & Chim Environm & Espace.
    Lebreton, J. -P
    LPC2E, Lab Phys & Chim Environm & Espace.
    Miloch, W. J.
    Univ Oslo, Dept Phys.
    Paulsson, J. J. P.
    Univ Oslo, Dept Phys.
    Wedlund, Cyril Simon
    Univ Oslo, Dept Phys.
    Yang, L.
    Univ Oslo, Dept Phys.
    Karlsson, T.
    Royal Inst Technol, Alfvén Lab.
    Jarvinen, R.
    Finnish Meteorol Inst, Helsinki 00560.
    Broiles, Thomas
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio.
    Mandt, K.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio; Univ Texas San Antonio, Dept Phys & Astron.
    Carr, C. M.
    Imperial Coll London, Dept Phys.
    Galand, M.
    Imperial Coll London, Dept Phys.
    Nilsson, H.
    Swedish Inst Space Phys, S-98128 Kiruna.
    Norberg, C.
    Swedish Inst Space Phys, S-98128 Kiruna.
    Cold and warm electrons at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko2017In: Astronomy and Astrophysics, ISSN 0004-6361, E-ISSN 1432-0746, Vol. 605, article id A15Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Context. Strong electron cooling on the neutral gas in cometary comae has been predicted for a long time, but actual measurements of low electron temperature are scarce. Aims. Our aim is to demonstrate the existence of cold electrons in the inner coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and show filamentation of this plasma.

    Methods. In situ measurements of plasma density, electron temperature and spacecraft potential were carried out by the Rosetta Langmuir probe instrument, LAP. We also performed analytical modelling of the expanding two-temperature electron gas.

    Results. LAP data acquired within a few hundred km from the nucleus are dominated by a warm component with electron temperature typically 5-10 eV at all heliocentric distances covered (1.25 to 3.83 AU). A cold component, with temperature no higher than about 0.1 eV, appears in the data as short (few to few tens of seconds) pulses of high probe current, indicating local enhancement of plasma density as well as a decrease in electron temperature. These pulses first appeared around 3 AU and were seen for longer periods close to perihelion. The general pattern of pulse appearance follows that of neutral gas and plasma density. We have not identified any periods with only cold electrons present. The electron flux to Rosetta was always dominated by higher energies, driving the spacecraft potential to order -10 V.

    Conclusions. The warm (5-10 eV) electron population observed throughout the mission is interpreted as electrons retaining the energy they obtained when released in the ionisation process. The sometimes observed cold populations with electron temperatures below 0.1 eV verify collisional cooling in the coma. The cold electrons were only observed together with the warm population. The general appearance of the cold population appears to be consistent with a Haser-like model, implicitly supporting also the coupling of ions to the neutral gas. The expanding cold plasma is unstable, forming filaments that we observe as pulses.

  • 43.
    Eriksson, Elin
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. KTH Royal Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Space & Plasma Phys, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Alm, Love
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Electron acceleration in a magnetotail reconnection outflow region using Magnetospheric MultiScale data2020In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 47, no 1, article id e2019GL085080Article in journal (Refereed)
    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 44.
    Eriksson, Elin
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Divin, Andrey
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Physics Department, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Yordanova, Emiliya
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy.
    Electron Energization at a Reconnecting Magnetosheath Current Sheet2018In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 45, no 16Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present observations of electron energization within a sub-ion-scale magnetosheath current sheet (CS). A number of signatures indicate ongoing reconnection, including the thickness of the CS (∼0.7 ion inertial length), nonzero normal magnetic field, Hall magnetic fields with electrons carrying the Hall currents, and electron heating. We observe localized electron acceleration and heating parallel to the magnetic field at the edges of the CS. Electrostatic waves observed in these regions have low phase velocity and small wave potentials and thus cannot provide the observed acceleration and heating. Instead, we find that the electrons are accelerated by a parallel potential within the separatrix regions. Similar acceleration has been reported based on magnetopause and magnetotail observations.Thus, despite the different plasma conditions in magnetosheath, magnetopause, and magnetotail,the acceleration mechanism and corresponding heating of electrons is similar.

  • 45.
    Eriksson, Elin
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Graham, Daniel. B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Yordanova, Emiliya
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Hietala, H.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA USA..
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Avanov, L. A.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Dorelli, J. C.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Gershman, D. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA.;Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA..
    Giles, B. L.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Lavraud, B.
    CNRS, IRAP, Toulouse, France..
    Paterson, W. R.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Pollock, C. J.
    NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA..
    Saito, Y.
    JAXA, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan..
    Magnes, W.
    Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Graz, Austria..
    Russell, C.
    Torbert, R.
    Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA..
    Ergun, R.
    Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA..
    Lindqvist, P-A
    Burch, J.
    Southwest Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA..
    Strong current sheet at a magnetosheath jet: Kinetic structure and electron acceleration2016In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 121, no 10, p. 9608-9618Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Localized kinetic-scale regions of strong current are believed to play an important role in plasma thermalization and particle acceleration in turbulent plasmas. We present a detailed study of a strong localized current, 4900 nA m(-2), located at a fast plasma jet observed in the magnetosheath downstream of a quasi-parallel shock. The thickness of the current region is similar to 3 ion inertial lengths and forms at a boundary separating magnetosheath-like and solar wind-like plasmas. On ion scales the current region has the shape of a sheet with a significant average normal magnetic field component but shows strong variations on smaller scales. The dynamic pressure within the magnetosheath jet is over 3 times the solar wind dynamic pressure. We suggest that the current sheet is forming due to high velocity shears associated with the jet. Inside the current sheet we observe local electron acceleration, producing electron beams, along the magnetic field. However, there is no clear sign of ongoing reconnection. At higher energies, above the beam energy, we observe a loss cone consistent with part of the hot magnetosheath-like electrons escaping into the colder solar wind-like plasma. This suggests that the acceleration process within the current sheet is similar to the one that occurs at shocks, where electron beams and loss cones are also observed. Therefore, electron beams observed in the magnetosheath do not have to originate from the bow shock but can also be generated locally inside the magnetosheath.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 46.
    Eriksson, Elin
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri. V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyayintsev, V. M.
    Taras Shevchenko Natl Univ Kyiv, Dept Theoret Phys, Kiev, Ukraine..
    Andre, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Statistics and accuracy of magnetic null identification in multispacecraft data2015In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 42, p. 6883-6889Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Complex magnetic topologies are ubiquitous in astrophysical plasmas. Analyzing magnetic nulls, regions of vanishing magnetic field, is one way to characterize 3-D magnetic topologies. Magnetic nulls are believed to be important in 3-D reconnection and turbulence. In the vicinity of a null, plasma particles become unmagnetized and can be accelerated to high energies by electric fields. We present the first statistical study of the occurrence of magnetic nulls and their types in the Earth's nightside magnetosphere. We are able to identify the nulls both in the tail and in the magnetopause current sheets. On average, we find one null for every few current sheet crossings. We show that the type identification of magnetic nulls may be sensitive to local fluctuations in the magnetic field. We develop and demonstrate a method to estimate the reliability of the magnetic null type identification.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 47. Farrugia, C. J.
    et al.
    Chen, Li-Jen
    Torbert, R. B.
    Southwood, D. J.
    Cowley, S. W. H.
    Vrublevskis, A.
    Mouikis, C.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Decreau, P.
    Vaith, H.
    Owen, C. J.
    Sibeck, D. J.
    Lucek, E.
    Smith, C. W.
    "Crater" flux transfer events: Highroad to the X line?2011In: Journal of Geophysical Research, ISSN 0148-0227, E-ISSN 2156-2202, Vol. 116, no 2, p. A02204-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We examine Cluster observations of a so-called magnetosphere "crater FTE," employing data from five instruments (FGM, CIS, EDI, EFW, and WHISPER), some at the highest resolution. The aim of doing this is to deepen our understanding of the reconnection nature of these events by applying recent advances in the theory of collisionless reconnection and in detailed observational work. Our data support the hypothesis of a stratified structure with regions which we show to be spatial structures. We support the bulge-like topology of the core region (R3) made up of plasma jetting transverse to reconnected field lines. We document encounters with a magnetic separatrix as a thin layer embedded in the region (R2) just outside the bulge, where the speed of the protons flowing approximately parallel to the field maximizes: (1) short (fraction of a sec) bursts of enhanced electric field strengths (up to similar to 30 mV/m) and (2) electrons flowing against the field toward the X line at approximately the same time as the bursts of intense electric fields. R2 also contains a density decrease concomitant with an enhanced magnetic field strength. At its interface with the core region, R3, electric field activity ceases abruptly. The accelerated plasma flow profile has a catenary shape consisting of beams parallel to the field in R2 close to the R2/R3 boundary and slower jets moving across the magnetic field within the bulge region. We detail commonalities our observations of crater FTEs have with reconnection structures in other scenarios. We suggest that in view of these properties and their frequency of occurrence, crater FTEs are ideal places to study processes at the separatrices, key regions in magnetic reconnection. This is a good preparation for the MMS mission.

  • 48. Fu, H. S.
    et al.
    Cao, J. B.
    Cully, C. M.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Angelopoulos, V.
    Zong, Q. -G
    Santolik, O.
    Macusova, E.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Liu, W. L.
    Lu, H. Y.
    Zhou, M.
    Huang, S. Y.
    Zhima, Z.
    Whistler-mode waves inside flux pileup region: Structured or unstructured?2014In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 119, no 11, p. 9089-9100Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    During reconnection, a flux pileup region (FPR) is formed behind a dipolarization front in an outflow jet. Inside the FPR, the magnetic field magnitude and Bz component increase and the whistler-mode waves are observed frequently. As the FPR convects toward the Earth during substorms, it is obstructed by the dipolar geomagnetic field to form a near-Earth FPR. Unlike the structureless emissions inside the tail FPR, we find that the whistler-mode waves inside the near-Earth FPR can exhibit a discrete structure similar to chorus. Both upper band and lower band chorus are observed, with the upper band having a larger propagation angle (and smaller wave amplitude) than the lower band. Most chorus elements we observed are rising-tone type, but some are falling-tone type. We notice that the rising-tone chorus can evolve into falling-tone chorus within <3s. One of the factors that may explain why the waves are unstructured inside the tail FPR but become discrete inside the near-Earth FPR is the spatial inhomogeneity of magnetic field: we find that such inhomogeneity is small inside the near-Earth FPR but large inside the tail FPR.

  • 49.
    Fu, H. S.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Cao, J. B.
    Khotyaintsev, Yu. V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Sitnov, M. I.
    Runov, A.
    Fu, S. Y.
    Hamrin, M.
    André, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Retino, A.
    Ma, Y. D.
    Lu, H. Y.
    Wei, X. H.
    Huang, S. Y.
    Dipolarization fronts as a consequence of transient reconnection: In situ evidence2013In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 40, no 23, p. 6023-6027Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Dipolarization fronts (DFs) are frequently detected in the Earth's magnetotail from XGSM = −30 RE to XGSM = −7 RE. How these DFs are formed is still poorly understood. Three possible mechanisms have been suggested in previous simulations: (1) jet braking, (2) transient reconnection, and (3) spontaneous formation. Among these three mechanisms, the first has been verified by using spacecraft observation, while the second and third have not. In this study, we show Cluster observation of DFs inside reconnection diffusion region. This observation provides in situ evidence of the second mechanism: Transient reconnection can produce DFs. We suggest that the DFs detected in the near-Earth region (XGSM > −10 RE) are primarily attributed to jet braking, while the DFs detected in the mid- or far-tail region (XGSM < −15 RE) are primarily attributed to transient reconnection or spontaneous formation. In the jet-braking mechanism, the high-speed flow “pushes” the preexisting plasmas to produce the DF so that there is causality between high-speed flow and DF. In the transient-reconnection mechanism, there is no causality between high-speed flow and DF, because the frozen-in condition is violated.

  • 50.
    Fu, H. S.
    et al.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing 100191, Peoples R China..
    Cao, J. B.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing 100191, Peoples R China..
    Vaivads, Andris
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Andre, M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division.
    Dunlop, M.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing 100191, Peoples R China..
    Liu, W. L.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing 100191, Peoples R China..
    Lu, H. Y.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing 100191, Peoples R China..
    Huang, S. Y.
    Wuhan Univ, Sch Elect & Informat, Wuhan 430072, Peoples R China..
    Ma, Y. D.
    Beihang Univ, Sch Space & Environm, Beijing 100191, Peoples R China..
    Eriksson, Elin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala Division. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Space Plasma Physics.
    Identifying magnetic reconnection events using the FOTE method2016In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 121, no 2, p. 1263-1272Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A magnetic reconnection event detected by Cluster is analyzed using three methods: Single-spacecraft Inference based on Flow-reversal Sequence (SIFS), Multispacecraft Inference based on Timing a Structure (MITS), and the First-Order Taylor Expansion (FOTE). Using the SIFS method, we find that the reconnection structure is an X line; while using the MITS and FOTE methods, we find it is a magnetic island (O line). We compare the efficiency and accuracy of these three methods and find that the most efficient and accurate approach to identify a reconnection event is FOTE. In both the guide and nonguide field reconnection regimes, the FOTE method is equally applicable. This study for the first time demonstrates the capability of FOTE in identifying magnetic reconnection events; it would be useful to the forthcoming Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. ion

1234 1 - 50 of 180
CiteExportLink to result list
Permanent link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf