Even though intensifiers have received a good deal of attention over the past few decades, downtoners, comprising diminishers and minimizers, have remained by and large a neglected category (but cf. Brinton, this issue). Among downtoners, the adverb little or a little stands out as the most frequent item. It is multifunctional and serves as a diminishing and minimizing intensifier and also in non-degree uses as a quantifier, frequentative, and durative. Therefore, the present paper is devoted to the structural and functional profile of (a) little in Late Modern English speech-related data. The data source is the socio-pragmatically annotated Old Bailey Corpus (OBC, version 2.0), which allows, among other things, the investigation of the usage of the item among different speaker groups. Our research charts the semantic and formal uses of adverbial little. Downtoner uses outnumber non-degree uses in the data, and diminishing uses are more common than minimizing uses. The formal realization is predominantly a little, with very rare determinerless or modified instances, such as very little. Little modifies a wide range of “targets,” but most frequently adjectives and prepositional phrases, focusing on human states and circumstantial detail. With regard to variation and change, adverbial little declines in use over the 200 years and is used more commonly by speakers from the lower social ranks and by the lay, non-professional participants in the courtroom.
Based on an investigation of the Old Bailey Corpus, this article explores the development and usage patterns of maximizers in Late Modern English (LModE). The maximizers to be considered for inclusion in the study are based on the lists provided in Quirk et al. (1985) and Huddleston & Pullum (2002). The aims of the study were to (i) document the frequency development of maximizers, (ii) investigate the sociolinguistic embedding of maximizers usage (gender, class) and (iii) analyze the sociopragmatics of maximizers based on the speakers’ roles, such as judge or witness, in the courtroom.
Of the eleven maximizer types focused on in the investigation, perfectly and entirely were found to dominate in frequency. The whole group was found to rise over the period 1720 to 1913. In terms of gender, social class and speaker roles, there was variation in the use of maximizers across the different speaker groups. Prominently, defendants, but also judges and lawyers, maximized more than witnesses and victims; further, male speakers and higher-ranking speakers used more maximizers. The results were interpreted taking into account the courtroom context and its dialogue dynamics.
This introductory paper sets the scene for the present double special issue on degree phenomena. Besides introducing the individual contributions, it positions degree in the overlapping fields of intensity, focus and emphasis. It outlines the wide-ranging means of expressing degree, their possible categorizations, as well as the many-fold uses of intensification with respect to involvement, politeness, evaluation, emotive expression and persuasion. It also decribes the many angles from which degree features have been studied as extending across, e.g., (historical) sociolinguistics, (historical) pragmatics, and grammaticalization.
This article investigates the degree modifiers pretty and a bit in the subsection 1730s–1830s of the Old Bailey Corpus (OBC), containing speech-based/related data (ca. 50 million words). Pretty is shown to be already grammaticalized, with the degree modifier uses clearly dominating. Subjectification is evidenced both by the downtoning and upgrading degree meanings as well as by the ironic uses. While a bit is also semantically versatile and shows nuances of subjectification, it is far less grammaticalized than pretty, as the degree uses are in the clear minority. The change seems to be led by a bit of (a)-constructions rather than by simple a bit.
Recipe names and other elements in the discourse of cookbooks reveal important clues about language contact in communities settled by immigrants. In the case of cookbooks printed in Swedish-American networks, a number of recipe collections have been periodically updated and re-published. Linguists who tap into this printed material can thus carry out longitudinal discourse analysis of the names of recipes and of menu items to be served on a smorgasbord. The present study examines cookbooks produced in selected localities and reports on linguistic patterns found in the cookbooks published in two small towns in central Kansas as well as in the urban centers of Kansas City and Chicago. The data are analyzed for evidence that Swedish, Heritage Swedish, and English have co-existed in varying proportions across the time period of study, which is 1895 to 2005, and across geographical space in the American Midwest. Looking at the phenomena of heritage as expressed linguistically, and to some extent to be understood notionally in the cookbook data, we describe the linguistic landscapes which have shaped the discourse of Swedish-American homes and entertainment practices. We employ the theoretical framework of enregisterment in order to account for how volunteer cookbook committees create local authenticity.
The aim of the present study is to survey the dynamism of language shift in the use of Heritage Swedish and American English in textual space over a span of 150 years (1850 through 2005). This socio-historical linguistic investigation employs the Communities of Practice framework to understand the social forces associated with variable patterns of bilingualism in Lutheran congregations. Analysis is performed on texts written by groups of parishioners, namely by members of parish councils and by cookbook committees, in four Midwestern Swedish-American churches. Dimensions of time, localities, and demographics are examined in observing the patterns in the writers' production of texts in dual languages. Extant evidence from the parish cookbooks reveals that most of the contents were written in English at an earlier stage than were the annual meeting minutes of the parish councils. In two of the congregations investigated, annual minutes were written in Swedish for more than sixty years. Despite the relatively early shift to English by the cookbook committees in all four parishes, the committees nonetheless promoted the use of Swedish lexis in the names of recipes, particularly in the second half of the 1900s. The cookbook committees thus preserved components of Heritage Swedish long after the documents written by parish councils had switched to English. The dynamism of the language shift in the four local congregations is compared to the previous research carried out on the national level of the Swedish-American Lutheran church.
The present study investigates patterns of language use in the ego documents written by three Swedish immigrants: Nils Blomberg (born in 1839), Mathilda Blomberg, (b. 1863), and Anton Blomberg (b. 1885), their eldest son. The empirical foundation of the investigation is a set of 32 family letters sent over a period of nearly fifty years (1885–1934) from the rural Smoky Valley in Kansas to Mathilda’s home village in Östergötland, Sweden. We analyze the writers’ lexis, discourse patterning (formulaic versus free-flowing), and re-current topics, and the social roles and networks that are manifest in their correspondence. The three writers continued to correspond in the Swedish language over the years. Our diachronic analysis of their lexis and discourse patterning reveals individual variation across the authors’ production. For example, Mathilda’s correspondence contains some evidence of heritage Swedish (i.e. Swedish that has diverged from the home country, due to geographical separation and language contact with English). Across her lifespan, Mathilda integrates some vocabulary for plants, places, and jobs that diverges from the lexis she recalls from her early years in Sweden, and she draws attention to this lexical divergence for the sake of her readers. Anton, a childhood bilingual in Swedish and English, systematically translates English lexis to Swedish in letters, presumably with the goal to bring his Kansas experiences closer to his Swedish relatives. In particular, the letters, especially those by Mathilda, reveal not only how the individuals communicate information about their social roles in rural Kansas, but also their desires to maintain the networks connecting their family farm in the U.S. to Mathilda’s home village in Sweden.
Este artigo objetiva fazer um levantamento e avaliar o estado da arte dos corpora históricos eletrônicos e da metodologia de estudos de corpora, assim como sugerir possíveis desenvolvimentos futuros na área. Destaca-se que dentro do espectro metodológico da linguística de corpus, a linguística de corpus histórica emergiu como um campo de investigação vibrante que tem adicionado interesse ao estudo da história e da mudança linguística. De acordo com um pesquisador da área com mais de cinqüenta anos de experiência, "pode-se dizer que sem o apoio e o novo ímpeto trazidos pelos corpora, a linguística histórica baseada em evidências teria estado próxima ao fim de sua vida nesses tempos de rápidas mudanças de vida e de pesquisa, aumentando a competição na carreira acadêmica e nas atrações metodológicas oferecidas aos jovens pesquisadores (RISSANEN, no prelo). Corpora históricos e outros recursos eletrônicos têm também tornado o estudo da história da língua atraente: eles engajam a atenção dos estudantes tanto de forma individual quanto interativa (CURZAN 2000, p. 81).