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  • 1.
    Ekegren, Titti
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience.
    Aquilonius, Sten-Magnus
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience.
    Gomes-Trolin, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience.
    A comparative study of methionine adenosyltransferase activity and regional distribution in mammalian spinal cord2000In: Biochemical Pharmacology, ISSN 0006-2952, E-ISSN 1356-1839, Vol. 60, no 3, p. 441-445Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To provide a background for future studies on neurodegenerative changes in the spinal cord, the present study analysed the distribution of the activity of methionine adenosyltransferase (ATP:L-methionine S-adenosyltransferase, EC 2.5.1.6, MAT), an enzyme that catalyses the synthesis of the biological methyl group donor S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), in spinal cords from bovine and pig, and compared the results with those from human spinal cord. The enzyme activity was estimated by a radiochemical method measuring the rate of formation of [(3)H]AdoMet from L-[methyl-(3)H]methionine and ATP. The MAT activity (V(max)) was quite homogeneously distributed between spinal regions and species investigated (19-50 pmol [(3)H]AdoMet/mg protein/minute), with the highest level found in the male bovine group. The bovine group (both males and females) also presented a 20% higher enzymatic activity in the dorsal horn as compared to the ventral horn and white matter areas. In the pig spinal cord, the highest level of activity was found in the white matter. The lowest affinity for methionine (highest K(m)) was found in the human spinal cord. Whole spinal cords of one cat and one rhesus monkey were also analysed and the levels of MAT activity were similar to that of humans and bovine females, respectively. Studies of MAT stability in the rat spinal cord (post-mortem time 0-72 hr) showed a significant decrease in enzyme activity during the interval of 0-8 hr (23 degrees ). From this time point on and up to 72 hr (4 degrees ), the significant decrease in the activity remained at 60% of the initial value.

  • 2.
    Ekegren, Titti
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience.
    Askmark, Håkan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience.
    Aquilonius, Sten-Magnus
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience.
    Gomes-Trolin, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience.
    Methionine adenosyltransferase activity in erythrocytes and spinal cord of patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis1999In: Experimental Neurology, ISSN 0014-4886, E-ISSN 1090-2430, Vol. 158, no 2, p. 422-427Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The role of transmethylation mechanisms in the etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is hitherto unexplored. The activity of L-methionine S-adenosyltransferase (MAT), a regulatory enzyme of S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis, was investigated in erythrocytes of 21 patients with ALS, spinal cord specimens of 7 ALS patients, and matched controls. In ALS patients the activity of MAT in erythrocytes was sex-dependent. In comparison with controls, the male group presented a 33% higher Vmax (PF0.05) and a 41% decrease in the affinity of MAT for methionine (Km, PF0.05). The type of ALS onset (limb or bulbar), age, or duration of the disease did not influence erythrocyte MAT activity. In the spinal cord, the activity of MAT was homogeneously distributed through dorsal horn, ventral horn, and white matter. Comparisons between data from controls and ALS patients and analysis of sex effect showed no significant differences. The kinetic difference of erythrocyte MAT in the male group of ALS patients might be interesting to explore since it is well known that there is a male predominance of 1.5 to 2.5:1 inALS.

  • 3.
    Ekegren, Titti
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience. Neurologi.
    Gomes-Trolin, Cecilia
    Determination of polyamines in human tissues by precolumn derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate ad high-performance liquid chromatography2005In: Analytical Biochemistry, Vol. 338, p. 179-185Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 4.
    Ekegren, Titti
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience.
    Gomes-Trolin, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience.
    Nygren, Ingela
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience.
    Askmark, Håkan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience.
    Maintained regulation of polyamines in spinal cord from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis2004In: Journal of the Neurological Sciences, ISSN 0022-510X, E-ISSN 1878-5883, Vol. 222, no 1-2, p. 49-53Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Levels of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were investigated in postmortem spinal cord from seven patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and seven control subjects. The method consisted of precolumn derivatization of the polyamines, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis and fluorescence detection. The stability of the polyamines was examined in rat spinal cord during the interval of 0–36 h postmortem. The levels of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine increased by 32%, 15%, and 2%, respectively. Polyamine levels did not differ significantly between the ALS group and the control group, suggesting a maintained regulation of polyamines in the end stage of the disease. However, an effect of gender on the levels of spermidine and spermine was observed. Levels of spermidine and spermine in the ventral horn region of female ALS patients were significantly higher in comparison with the same region of the male ALS group (p< 0.05). The female ALS group also presented significantly higher levels of spermidine in comparison with female controls (p< 0.05).

  • 5.
    Ekegren, Titti
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurology.
    Grundström, Eva
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurology.
    Lindholm, Dan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Developmental Neuroscience.
    Aquilonius, Sten-Magnus
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurology.
    Upregulation of Bax protein and increased DNA degradation in ALS spinal cord motor neurons1999In: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, ISSN 0001-6314, E-ISSN 1600-0404, Vol. 100, no 5, p. 317-321Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives

    To investigate if degeneration of motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is related to altered levels of the apoptosis regulating proteins Bcl-2 and Bax. In addition, immunoreactivity of the cysteine protease ICH-1L and detection of motor neurons with DNA fragmentation, indicative of apoptosis, was also studied.

    Material and methods

    The immunoreactivity of Bcl-2, Bax and ICH-1L were compared in ALS and control spinal cord motor neurons by immunohistochemical analysis and motor neurons with DNA fragmentation were identified by the TUNEL-method.

    Results

    The results demonstrate an increased expression of Bax in the ALS material as compared to controls but no change in Bcl-2 and ICH-1L expressions. Moreover, a larger proportion of motor neurons stained positive for TUNEL in ALS spinal cords.

    Conclusion

    Present study suggest an upregulation of the cell death promoting protein Bax and increased DNA degradation, indicative of apoptosis, in spinal motor neurons of ALS patients.

  • 6.
    Ekegren, Titti
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry.
    Hanrieder, Jörg
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry.
    Aquilonius, Sten-Magnus
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurology.
    Bergquist, Jonas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry.
    Focused proteomics in post-mortem human spinal cord2006In: Journal of Proteome Research, ISSN 1535-3893, E-ISSN 1535-3907, Vol. 5, no 9, p. 2364-2371Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    With a highly sensitive electrospray ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICR MS) system, proteins were identified in minimal amounts of spinal cord from patients with the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and compared to proteins in spinal cord from control subjects. The results show 18 versus 16 significantly identified ( p < 0.05) proteins, respectively, all known to be found in the central nervous system. The most abundant protein in both groups was the glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP. Other proteins were, for example, hemoglobin alpha- and, chain, myelin basic protein, thioredoxin, R enolase, and cholin acetyltransferase. This study also includes the technique of laser microdissection in combination with pressure catapulting (LMPC) for the dissection of samples and specific neurons. Furthermore, complementary experiments with nanoLC-matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-TOF MS) confirmed the results of the ESI-FTICR MS screening and provided additional results of further identified proteins.

  • 7.
    Ekegren, Titti
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry.
    Hanrieder, Jörg
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry.
    Bergquist, Jonas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry.
    Clinical perspectives of high-resolution mass spectrometry-based proteomics in neuroscience: Exemplified in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis biomarker discovery research2008In: Journal of Mass Spectrometry, ISSN 1076-5174, E-ISSN 1096-9888, Vol. 43, no 5, p. 559-571Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Biomarker discovery is a central application in today's proteomic research. There is an urgent need for valid biomarkers to improve diagnostic tools and treatment in many disorders, such as the rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) that has a fatal outcome in about 3 years and yet no curative treatment. Screening for clinically relevant biomarkers puts high demands on high-throughput, rapid and precise proteomic techniques. There is a large variety in the methods of choice involving mainly gel-based approaches as well as chromatographic techniques for multi-dimensional protein and peptide separations followed by mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. This special feature article will discuss some important aspects of MS-based clinical proteomics and biomarker discovery in the field of neuro degenerative diseases and ALS research respectively, with the aim to provide a prospective view on current and future research aspects in the field. Furthermore, examples for application of high-resolution MS-based proteomic strategies for ALS biomarker discovery will be demonstrated with two studies previously reported by our group. These studies include among others, utilization of capillary liquid chromatography-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LC-FTICR-MS) for advanced protein pattern classification in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of ALS patients as well as highly sensitive protein identification in minimal amounts of postmortem spinal cord tissue and laser micro-dissected motor neurons using FT-ICR-MS in conjunction with nanoflow LC coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS).

  • 8.
    Hanrieder, Jörg
    et al.
    Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Analytical Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden;.
    Ekegren, Titti
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Neurology.
    Andersson, Malin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Bergquist, Jonas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry. Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.
    MALDI Imaging of Post Mortem Human Spinal Cord in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis2013In: Journal of Neurochemistry, ISSN 0022-3042, E-ISSN 1471-4159, Vol. 124, no 5, p. 695-707Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating, rapidly progressing disease of the central nervous system that is characterized by motor neuron degeneration in the brain stem and the spinal cord. Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) is an emerging powerful technique that allows for spatially resolved, comprehensive and specific characterization of molecular species in situ. In this study we report for the first time, MALDI imaging-based spatial protein profiling and relative quantification of post mortem human spinal cord samples obtained from ALS patients and controls. In normal spinal cord, protein distribution patterns were well in line with histological features. For example, thymosin beta 4, ubiquitin, histone proteins, acyl CoA binding protein, and macrophage inhibitory factor were predominantly localized to the grey matter. Furthermore, unsupervised statistics revealed a significant reduction of two protein species in ALS grey matter. One of these proteins (m/z 8451) corresponds to an endogenous truncated form of ubiquitin (Ubc 1-76), with both C-terminal glycine residues removed (Ubc-T/Ubc 1-74). This region-specific ubiquitin processing suggests a disease-related change in protease activity. These results highlight the importance of MALDI IMS as a versatile approach to elucidate molecular mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases.

  • 9.
    Hanrieder, Jörg
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry.
    Ekegren, Titti
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry.
    Andersson, Malin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences.
    Bergquist, Jonas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry.
    MALDI Imaging of Post Mortem Spjnal Cord in Amyotrophic Lateral SclerosisManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 10.
    Lind, Anne-Li
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care.
    Yu, Di
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology.
    Freyhult, Eva
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine.
    Bodolea, Constantin
    Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj, Napoca, Romania..
    Ekegren, Titti
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Applied Materials Sciences.
    Larsson, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Biochemial structure and function.
    Gustafsson, Mats G
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine.
    Katila, Lenka
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care.
    Bergquist, Jonas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry.
    Gordh, Torsten
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care.
    Landegren, Ulf
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology.
    Kamali-Moghaddam, Masood
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology.
    A Multiplex Protein Panel Applied to Cerebrospinal Fluid Reveals Three New Biomarker Candidates in ALS but None in Neuropathic Pain Patients2016In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 11, no 2, article id e0149821Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The objective of this study was to develop and apply a novel multiplex panel of solid-phase proximity ligation assays (SP-PLA) requiring only 20 μL of samples, as a tool for discovering protein biomarkers for neurological disease and treatment thereof in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We applied the SP-PLA to samples from two sets of patients with poorly understood nervous system pathologies amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and neuropathic pain, where patients were treated with spinal cord stimulation (SCS). Forty-seven inflammatory and neurotrophic proteins were measured in samples from 20 ALS patients and 15 neuropathic pain patients, and compared to normal concentrations in CSF from control individuals. Nineteen of the 47 proteins were detectable in more than 95% of the 72 controls. None of the 21 proteins detectable in CSF from neuropathic pain patients were significantly altered by SCS. The levels of the three proteins, follistatin, interleukin-1 alpha, and kallikrein-5 were all significantly reduced in the ALS group compared to age-matched controls. These results demonstrate the utility of purpose designed multiplex SP-PLA panels in CSF biomarker research for understanding neuropathological and neurotherapeutic mechanisms. The protein changes found in the CSF of ALS patients may be of diagnostic interest.

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