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  • 201.
    Berggren, Maria
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Exhibeatis Deo hostiam vivam: Biskopsvisitation och systrapredikan i Vadstena kloster2006In: Dicit Scriptura: Studier i C-samlingen tillägnade Monica Hedlund, 2006, p. 134-148Chapter in book (Other (popular scientific, debate etc.))
  • 202.
    Berggren, Maria
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Johannes Columbus as an official poet2003In: Erudition and Eloquence: The Use of Latin in the Countries of the Baltic Sea (1500-1800), 2003, p. 98-111Chapter in book (Other (popular scientific, debate etc.))
  • 203.
    Berglund, Karl
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Literature, Sociology of Literature. Uppsala University, University Library.
    Dahllöf, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Audiobook stylistics: Comparing print and audio in the bestselling segment2021In: Journal of Cultural Analytics, ISSN 2371-4549, Vol. 6, no 3, p. 1-30Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The paper explores differences between bestsellers in print and the most popular audiobooks ina subscription-based streaming service for books (“beststreamers”) by means of computationalstylistics. The point of departure is the complete set of print bestsellers and digital audiobookbeststreamers for the Swedish book market 2015–2019, in total 172 novels. We probed 34linguistic measures to track differences between subsets at the stylistic level. The results indicatethat there are pronounced differences between the formats. Print bestsellers are longer,syntactically more complex and varied, and seem to focus more on depiction. Beststreamingaudiobooks, by contrast, are shorter, more straightforwardly written, and appear to highlight plotand dialogue. The results are replicated when the comparison is restricted to crime fiction, themost prominent genre in the commercial top segment. Given these results, it is argued that it ispossible to discern a particular audiobook style as one factor affecting book consumption indigital formats, and conversely that the printed format is associated with other stylistic preferences.

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  • 204.
    Berglund, Karl
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Literature, Sociology of Literature.
    Dahllöf, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Määttä, Jerry
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Literature.
    Apples and Oranges? Large-Scale Thematic Comparisons of Contemporary Swedish Popular and Literary Fiction2019In: Samlaren: Tidskrift för forskning om svensk och annan nordisk litteratur, ISSN 0348-6133, E-ISSN 2002-3871, Vol. 140, p. 228-260Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Karl Berglund, Department of Literature, Uppsala University

    Mats Dahllöf, Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University

    Jerry Määttä, Department of Literature, Uppsala University

    Apples and Oranges? Large-Scale Thematic Comparisons of Contemporary Swedish Popular and Literary Fiction

    The aim of this article is to compare thematic trends in contemporary Swedish bestselling and literary fiction with the help of a computational method—topic modelling—which extracts content themes based on statistical patterns of word usage. This procedure allows us to identify trends and patterns that are not easily discovered through manual reading. We track topics in two subsets of Swedish fiction from the period 2004–2017: 1) prose fiction on the Swedish bestseller charts, and 2) prose fiction shortlisted for the August Prize (arguably the most prestigious Swedish literary prize). The results confirm several assumptions about contemporary popular and literary fiction, such as more plot-focused themes in popular fiction and themes more connected to settings in literary fiction. But the outcomes also provide new, and more surprising knowledge, such as food and economy being the most biased themes among the non-crime fiction bestsellers, whereas themes concerning nature are most biased in the literary realm. Moreover, themes relating to sex, intimacy, and violence are biased towards literary fiction rather than popular fiction. In the light of our findings, we argue that both popular fiction and literary fiction seem to be characterised by certain thematic attributes that make it relevant to discuss them as genres also on a textual-thematic level.

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  • 205.
    Berglund, Karl
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Literature, Sociology of Literature.
    Dahllöf, Mats
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Määttä, Jerry
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Literature.
    Supplementary material for “Apples and Oranges? Large-Scale Thematic Comparisons of Contemporary Swedish Popular and Literary Fiction” (Samlaren, 2019)2019Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The report provides raw listings of the results of topic modeling experiments, intended for readers interested in taking a closer look at these. Explanations and discussion are found in the main article: “Apples and Oranges? Large-Scale Thematic Comparisons of Contemporary Swedish Popular and Literary Fiction” published in the journal Samlaren, 2019.

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  • 206. Bergman, Erik
    et al.
    Dürlich, Luise
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology. Swedish Medical Products Agency, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Computer Science, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Kista, Sweden.
    Arthurson, Veronica
    Sundström, Anders
    Larsson, Maria
    Bhuiyan, Shamima
    Jakobsson, Andreas
    Westman, Gabriel
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences. Swedish Medical Products Agency, Uppsala, Sweden.
    BERT based natural language processing for triage of adverse drug reaction reports shows close to human-level performance2023In: PLOS Digital Health, E-ISSN 2767-3170, Vol. 2, no 12, article id 0000409Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Post-marketing reports of suspected adverse drug reactions are important for establishing the safety profile of a medicinal product. However, a high influx of reports poses a challenge for regulatory authorities as a delay in identification of previously unknown adverse drug reactions can potentially be harmful to patients. In this study, we use natural language processing (NLP) to predict whether a report is of serious nature based solely on the free-text fields and adverse event terms in the report, potentially allowing reports mislabelled at time of reporting to be detected and prioritized for assessment. We consider four different NLP models at various levels of complexity, bootstrap their train-validation data split to eliminate random effects in the performance estimates and conduct prospective testing to avoid the risk of data leakage. Using a Swedish BERT based language model, continued language pre-training and final classification training, we achieve close to human-level performance in this task. Model architectures based on less complex technical foundation such as bag-of-words approaches and LSTM neural networks trained with random initiation of weights appear to perform less well, likely due to the lack of robustness that a base of general language training provides.

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  • 207.
    Bergman, Jan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Theology, Department of Theology.
    Isaksson, BoFaculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.Tengström, SvenUppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Theology, Department of Theology.Wikström, OweUppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Theology, Department of Theology.
    Nathan Söderblom-sällskapets årsbok 19981998Collection (editor) (Other scientific)
  • 208.
    Bergman, Nicklas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Unsupervised Normalisation of Historical Spelling: A Multilingual Evaluation2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Historical texts are an important resource for researchers in the humanities. However, standard NLP tools typically perform poorly on them, mainly due to the spelling variations present in such texts. One possible solution is to normalise the spelling variations to equivalent contemporary word forms before using standard tools. Weighted edit distance has previously been used for such normalisation, improving over the results of algorithms based on standard edit distance. Aligned training data is needed to extract weights, but there is a lack of such data. An unsupervised method for extracting edit distance weights is therefore desirable. This thesis presents a multilingual evaluation of an unsupervised method for extracting edit distance weights for normalisation of historical spelling variations. The model is evaluated for English, German, Hungarian, Icelandic and Swedish. The results are mixed and show a high variance depending on the different data sets. The method generally performs better than normalisation basedon standard edit distance but as expected does not quite reach up to the results of a model trained on aligned data. The results show an increase in normalisation accuracy compared to standard edit distance normalisation for all languages except German, which shows a slightly reduced accuracy, and Swedish, which shows similar results to the standard edit distance normalisation.

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  • 209.
    Bergstedt, Sophie
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Det kinesiska fenomenet shengnü: En studie som undersöker hur ogifta kvinnor representeras och framställs i media.2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this essay is to research in what context the phenomenon of “Leftover women” (the Chinese shengnü) is represented in the media. Also how state compared to non-state media represents the phenomenon of shengnü, as well as how the women categorized as shengnü approach it. The material for this essay is the two state newspapers People's Daily and China Women's News and the non-governmental company SK-II's global marketing campaign. The time frame for the study extends from 2014.04.29 to 2017.02.-07 and the theories used to analyze the material are the radical feminist theory and the theory of news framing. The news frames chosen for the analysis are as following: "Mental illnes caused by the phenomenon of shengnü", "Older traditional ways of thinking in contrast to the changing attitudes in today's society", "How the woman should find happiness in life" and "Discrimination and stigmatization of shengnü ". The study concludes that the phenomenon of shengnü is still stigmatized and that the discrimination of women is based on old traditional patriarchal power structures. However, a strong desire of breaking free from the existing hierarchy of power is growing from the women in in society, and even though the media has had a tremendous influence dominated by negative attitudes of shengnü, a feminist movement appears to be emerging and are encouraging women to freedom and independence.

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  • 210. Berlejung, Angelika
    et al.
    Maeir, Aren M.Oshima, Takayoshi M.Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Writing and Re-Writing History by Destruction: Proceedings of the Annual Minerva Center RIAB Conference, Leipzig, 2018. Research on Israel and Aram in Biblical Times III2022Conference proceedings (editor) (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This volume combines the papers held at the Minerva Center's »Research on Israel and Aram in Biblical Times« conference (Leipzig 2018) on the subject of writing and re-writing history by deliberate destruction in the regions of Syria, Palestine, and Mesopotamia. An international group of scholars studies the subject using a multi-perspective and interdisciplinary approach. Archeological studies, ancient Near Eastern studies, and biblical studies focused on the destruction of ancient sites in Israel and Judah in the 1st millennium BC. The perspective of the defeated Israelites, Jerusalemites, and Judeans is described in detail in the Old Testament and in postbiblical literature and shows that the destructions in the past were a cultural and identity creator of the first magnitude. The longue durée of the practice of reshaping the past through the deliberate destruction of a cultural heritage in order to shape the present according to current interests becomes evident based on the Neo-Assyrian Empire's practice up to the modern era and is demonstrated by the example of the Arabian-Muslim conquest of Aram as well as current Turkish politics.

  • 211. Bertels, Ann
    et al.
    Fairon, Cédrick
    Tiedemann, Jörg
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Verlinde, Serge
    Corpus parallèles et corpus ciblés au secours du dictionnaire de traduction2009In: Cahiers de lexicologie, Classiques Garnier , 2009, p. 199-219Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 212. Bertels, Ann
    et al.
    Fairon, Cédrick
    Tiedemann, Jörg
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Verlinde, Serge
    Corpus parallèles et corpus ciblés au secours du dictionnaire de traduction2009In: Cahiers de lexicologie, Classiques Garnier , 2009, p. 199-219Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 213.
    Bertils, Klara
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Feber i interaktion: Kropp, kunskap och legitimitet i svenska primärvårdssamtal2022Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis explores the social and interactional dimensions of fever and body temperature. Using the theoretical and methodological framework of Conversation Analysis, this thesis investigates how patients and healthcare professionals talk about fever, measure body temperature and negotiate the significance of temperature measurements in acute primary care encounters. The analysis pays close attention to verbal, embodied, and material interactional resources. Data are drawn from a larger corpus of video-recorded Swedish acute primary care consultation (Uppsala University Interaction Corpus (UUIC): Primary Care) and consist of 97 encounters between healthcare professionals and adult patients presenting with respiratory tract symptoms. The main focus is on patients’ interactions with registered nurses and healthcare assistants. 

    The three analytical chapters deal with different aspects of body temperature during the consultation. First, talk about fever in patients’ problem presentations is investigated. The analysis suggests that patients and nurses treat fever as an urgent matter when establishing patients’ reasons for seeking care. Patients reference fever when they present their condition as worthy of medical attention and treatment, and fever may be posed as a component of a candidate diagnosis. Second, a multimodal analysis of temperature measurement shows how participants jointly accomplish a transition from the patient-as-subject to the patient-as-object for investigation. The analysis illustrates how patients and nurses rely on changes in body orientation and gaze when initiating, attending, and accomplishing such activity shifts as well as how visible manipulation of the thermometer constitutes a crucial resource in the rearrangement of activity-appropriate participation frameworks. Third, talk about expected and reported results of temperature measurement are investigated. Here, it is demonstrated that patients can both claim and be offered an epistemic position of independent expertise regarding body temperature. The corpus also includes cases where patients challenge the nurse's interpretation of a numerical measurement by suggesting an alternative way of understanding the measurement. Such cases expose how seemingly "objective" references for establishing normality can be invoked and contested.

    By describing and shedding light on the linguistic and social dimensions of a routine clinical task, this study contributes to the field of medical interaction as well as to broader topics in language and social interaction such as self-presentation, epistemic orientation and negotiation, and the multimodal organization of jointly achieved activities.

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  • 214.
    Bertils, Klara
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Magnusson, Simon
    Södertörns högskola.
    Att koka ihop ett beslut: En multimodal interaktionsanalys av gemensamt beslutsfattande i vardagen2019In: Språk och stil, ISSN 1101-1165, E-ISSN 2002-4010, Vol. NF 29, p. 73-98Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study explores the social organization and the necessary involvement in accomplishing sharedness in joint decision-making, by adopting a members’ perspective on food preparation. Prior research on joint decision-making has mostly focused on verbal analysis of institutional interactions, e.g. medical encounters. In contrast, the current study carries out a multimodal interaction analysis of joint decision-making in everyday informal cooking among friends. The analysis demonstrates a crucial function of embodied actions, such as bodily stance, eye gaze and manipulation of objects, in organizing and coordinating decision-making sequences. Since the decisions in this particular setting often are based on a multisensory access to the objects of decision, establishing and displaying epistemic access comprise a constitutive part of joint decision-making. In line with this, we show that not allowing for an epistemically equal point of departure, the participants may be sanctioned when not accessing the empirical object of decision, e.g., not tasting the sauce. In addition to shedding light on the temporal organization of actions and the epistemic ac- cess central to organizing joint decision-making, the study offers an understanding of how partici- pants as social actors constitute themselves as friends and family by means of making decisions shared in the midst of a mundane activity that constitutes daily life.

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  • 215. Bhatt, Ram Prasad
    et al.
    Wessler, Heinz Werner
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Zoller, Claus Peter
    Fairy lore in the high mountains of South Asia and the hymn of the Garhwali fairy 'daughter of the hills'2015In: Acta Orientalia, ISSN 0001-6438, E-ISSN 1600-0439, Vol. 75, p. 79-166Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This essay is divided in two parts. The first part gives an overview on fairy-related traditions in the high mountains of South Asia. It concentrates on Nuristan and Dardistan2 as well as on Garhwal (there especially on Bangan3) and highlights similarities and differences between these two areas. Moreover, it looks at more distant parallels and at relationships between fairy cults and Hindu Tantrism. The second part presents a recently recorded hymn to the fairy 'Daughter of the hills' and discusses its functions and background.

  • 216.
    Biberić, Mirela
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Vilka språkliga svårigheter förekommer hos svenska andraspråksinlärare med bosniska som modersmål?2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

     denna kontrastiva studie undersöks språkliga svårigheter som förekommer hos svenska andraspråksinlärare som har bosniska som modersmål. Syftet med denna studie är att få en tydlig inblick i vilka moment som bosniska modersmålstalare upplever som svåra i svenskan och vad den underliggande orsaken till detta är. I denna studie har åtta personer deltagit. Tre deltagare är män och övriga fem är kvinnor. Deltagarnas åldersspann är mellan 42-64år. De har alla flyttat till Sverige på 90-talet. I undersökningen har deltagarna fått framställa en egenskriven text på svenska samt översatt en text från bosniska till svenska. De har inte fått använda sig av språkliga hjälpmedel under skrivningsprocessen. Utifrån resultatet framgick det att deltagarna främst hade problem medtillämpning av syntaktiska fenomen som skiljer sig från bosniskan eller inte kan relateras till bosnisk grammatik överhuvudtaget. Detta resulterade i att deltagarna tenderade att göra felaktiga språkliga överföringar från deras modersmål (L1), även kallat negativ transfer/interferens. De övriga felen som uppstod och inte var relaterade till negativ transfer/interferens kan bero på att språkinlärning är väldigt komplext och att deltagaren inte lärt sig bemästra vissa syntaktiska strukturer helt och hållet.

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  • 217.
    Biberć, Mirela
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Vilka språkliga svårigheter förekommer hos svenskaandraspråksinlärare med bosniska som modersmål?2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    I denna kontrastiva studie undersöks språkliga svårigheter som förekommer hos svenska andraspråksinlärare som har bosniska som modersmål. Syftet med denna studie är att få en tydlig inblick i vilka moment som bosniska modersmålstalare upplever som svåra i svenskan och vad den underliggande orsaken till detta är. I denna studie har åtta personer deltagit. Tre deltagare är män och övriga fem är kvinnor. Deltagarnas åldersspann är mellan 42-64år. De har alla flyttat till Sverige på 90-talet. I undersökningen har deltagarna fått framställa en egenskriven text på svenska samt översatt en text från bosniska till svenska. De har inte fått använda sig av språkliga hjälpmedel under skrivningsprocessen. Utifrån resultatet framgick det att deltagarna främst hade problem medtillämpning av syntaktiska fenomen som skiljer sig från bosniskan eller inte kan relateras till bosnisk grammatik överhuvudtaget. Detta resulterade i att deltagarna tenderade att göra felaktiga språkliga överföringar från deras modersmål (L1), även kallat negativ transfer/interferens. De övriga felen som uppstod och inte var relaterade till negativ transfer/interferens kan bero på att språkinlärning är väldigt komplext och att deltagaren inte lärt sig bemästra vissa syntaktiska strukturer helt och hållet.

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  • 218.
    Biczysko, Klaudia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Automatic Annotation of Speech: Exploring Boundaries within Forced Alignment for Swedish and Norwegian2022Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In Automatic Speech Recognition, there is an extensive need for time-aligned data. Manual speech segmentation has been shown to be more laborious than manual transcription, especially when dealing with tens of hours of speech. Forced alignment is a technique for matching a signal with its orthographic transcription with respect to the duration of linguistic units. Most forced aligners, however, are language-dependent and trained on English data, whereas under-resourced languages lack the resources to develop an acoustic model required for an aligner, as well as manually aligned data. An alternative solution to the training of new models can be cross-language forced alignment, in which an aligner trained on one language is used for aligning data in another language. 

    This thesis aimed to evaluate state-of-the-art forced alignment algorithms available for Swedish and test whether a Swedish model could be applied for aligning Norwegian. Three approaches for forced aligners were employed: (1) one forced aligner based on Dynamic Time Warping and text-to-speech synthesis Aeneas, (2) two forced aligners based on Hidden Markov Models, namely the Munich AUtomatic Segmentation System (WebMAUS) and the Montreal Forced Aligner (MFA) and (3) Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) segmentation algorithm with two pre-trained and fine-tuned Wav2Vec2 Swedish models.

    First, small speech test sets for Norwegian and Swedish, covering different types of spontaneousness in the speech, were created and manually aligned to create gold-standard alignments. Second, the performance of the Swedish dataset was evaluated with respect to the gold standard. Finally, it was tested whether Swedish forced aligners could be applied for aligning Norwegian data. The performance of the aligners was assessed by measuring the difference between the boundaries set in the gold standard from that of the comparison alignment. The accuracy was estimated by calculating the proportion of alignments below a particular threshold proposed in the literature.

    It was found that the performance of the CTC segmentation algorithm with Wav2Vec2 (VoxRex) was superior to other forced alignment systems. The differences between the alignments of two Wav2Vec2 models suggest that the training data may have a larger influence on the alignments, than the architecture of the algorithm. In lower thresholds, the traditional HMM approach outperformed the deep learning models. Finally, findings from the thesis have demonstrated promising results for cross-language forced alignment using Swedish models to align related languages, such as Norwegian.

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  • 219.
    Birchall, Joshua
    et al.
    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands; Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem, Para, Brazil.
    Dunn, Michael
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology. Max Planck Inst Psycholinguist, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
    Greenhill, Simon
    Australian Natl Univ, ARC Ctr Excellence Dynam Language, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia; Max Planck Inst Sci Human Hist, Jena, Germany.
    A combined comparative and phylogenetic analysis of the Chapacuran language family2016In: International Journal of American Linguistics, ISSN 0020-7071, E-ISSN 1545-7001, Vol. 82, no 3, p. 255-284Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Chapacuran language family, with three extant members and nine historically attested lects, has yet to be classified following modern standards in historical linguistics. This paper presents an internal classification of these languages by combining both the traditional comparative method (CM) and Bayesian phylogenetic inference (BPI). We identify multiple systematic sound correspondences and 285 cognate sets of basic vocabulary using the available documentation. These allow us to reconstruct a large portion of the Proto-Chapacuran phonemic inventory and identify tentative major subgroupings. The cognate sets form the input for the BPI analysis, which uses a stochastic Continuous-Time Markov Chain to model the change of these cognate sets over time. We test various models of lexical substitution and evolutionary clocks, and use ethnohistorical information and data collection dates to calibrate the resulting trees. The CM and BPI analyses produce largely congruent results, suggesting a division of the family into three different clades.

  • 220.
    Birgegård, Ulla
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Modern Languages.
    Hedlund, Monica
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Nicolaus Bergius A Historico-Theological Exercise on the Status of the Muscovite Church and Religion2019 (ed. 1)Book (Other academic)
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  • 221.
    Biyikli, Güliz
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Modersmålsundervisning i turkiska: En studie om vad modersmålslärare och modersmålselever i turkiska har för syn på turkiska modersmålsundervisningen2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
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  • 222.
    Björk, Ingrid
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Relativizing linguistic relativity: Investigating underlying assumptions about language in the neo-Whorfian literature2008Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This work concerns the linguistic relativity hypothesis, also known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which, in its most general form claims that ‘lan-guage’ influences ‘thought’. Past studies into linguistic relativity have treated various aspects of both thought and language, but a growing body of literature has recently emerged, in this thesis referred to as neo-Whorfian, that empirically investigates thought and language from a cross-linguistic perspective and claims that the grammar or lexicon of a particular language influences the speakers’ non-linguistic thought.

    The present thesis examines the assumptions about language that underlie this claim and criticizes the neo-Whorfian arguments from the point of view that they are based on misleading notions of language. The critique focuses on the operationalization of thought, language, and culture as separate vari-ables in the neo-Whorfian empirical investigations. The neo-Whorfian stud-ies explore language primarily as ‘particular languages’ and investigate its role as a variable standing in a causal relation to the ‘thought’ variable. Tho-ught is separately examined in non-linguistic tests and found to ‘correlate’ with language.

    As a contrast to the neo-Whorfian view of language, a few examples of other approaches to language, referred to in the thesis as sociocultural appro-aches, are reviewed. This perspective on language places emphasis on prac-tice and communication rather than on particular languages, which are vie-wed as secondary representations. It is argued that from a sociocultural per-spective, language as an integrated practice cannot be separated from tho-ught and culture. The empirical findings in the neo-Whorfian studies need not be rejected, but they should be interpreted differently. The findings of linguistic and cognitive diversity reflect different communicational practices in which language cannot be separated from non-language.

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  • 223.
    Björk, Ingrid
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Kavathatzopoulos, Iordanis
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Division of Visual Information and Interaction. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology, Computerized Image Analysis and Human-Computer Interaction.
    Robots, ethics and language2015In: Computers & Society: The Newsletter of the ACM Special Interest Group on Computers and Society Special Issue on 20 Years of ETHICOMP / [ed] Mark Coeckelbergh, Bernd Stahl, and Catherine Flick; Vaibhav Garg and Dee Weikle, ACM Digital Library, 2015, p. 268-273Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Following the classical philosophical definition of ethics and the psychological research on problem solving and decision making, the issue of ethics becomes concrete and opens up the way for the creation of IT systems that can support handling of moral problems. Also in a sense that is similar to the way humans handle their moral problems. The processes of communicating information and receiving instructions are linguistic by nature. Moreover, autonomous and heteronomous ethical thinking is expressed by way of language use. Indeed, the way we think ethically is not only linguistically mediated but linguistically construed – whether we think for example in terms of conviction and certainty (meaning heteronomy) or in terms of questioning and inquiry (meaning autonomy). A thorough analysis of the language that is used in these processes is therefore of vital importance for the development of the above mentioned tools and methods. Given that we have a clear definition based on philosophical theories and on research on human decision-making and linguistics, we can create and apply systems that can handle ethical issues. Such systems will help us to design robots and to prescribe their actions, to communicate and cooperate with them, to control the moral aspects of robots’ actions in real life applications, and to create embedded systems that allow continuous learning and adaptation.

  • 224.
    Björkelid, Joakim
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    “In the spirit of the constitution”: A study of Amit Shah’s rhetoric on immigration and Indian identity2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this paper is to analyse how India’s Minister of Home Affairs, Amit Shah, constructs the image of minorities and refugees in articles, speeches, and on social media platforms. The analysis is performed with the method of qualitative content analysis within a theoretical framework of propaganda put against the backdrop of Hindu nationalism. The main analysis is divided into four categories, based upon Jowett and O'Donnell’s model of analysing propaganda, going into the themes of: context surrounding the speech; communalism; values; and target audience. This paper argues that Amit Shah’s speech in the upper house of the parliament of India, is a part of a larger Hindu nationalist campaign concerning questions of Indian identity that dates back to, at least, the early 20th century. 

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  • 225. Björkelund, Anders
    et al.
    Nivre, Joakim
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Non-Deterministic Oracles for Unrestricted Non-Projective Transition-Based Dependency Parsing2015In: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Parsing Technologies, 2015, p. 76-86Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 226.
    Björklund, Kajsa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    "709-tillslaget" i kinesiska medier: En jämförande analys av rapporteringen om människorättsaktivisten Zhou Shifeng i Folkets Dagblad och South China Morning Post2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This is a case study of the People's Dailys and South China Morning Posts portrayal of the human rights lawyer Zhou Shifeng from his arrest until after his trial in Tianjin. This study analyses how media have used news frames when they have reported about Zhou Shifeng. The study also compares how often different news frames have been used by the media, as well as how this portrays Zhou Shifeng to the public.

    This study finds a strong difference between the People's Dailys and South China Morning Posts portrayal of Zhou Shifeng. The results showed that in the People's Daily the attribution of the responsibility frame and the moral frame were the most common. The less common frames were the human interest frame and the economic consequence frame. The consequence frame was not identified in the People's Daily. However in South China Morning Post the attribution of responsibility frame, the human interest frame and the consequence frame were the most common. The less common frame was the moral frame. The economic consequence frame was not identified in South China Morning Post. In conclusion the portrayal of Zhou Shifeng in the People's Daily was generally negative. Due to the attribution of frames he was portrayed more as a problem to society than as a person. In South China Morning Post however the portrayal was mainly positive but neutral in certain aspects. In this case he was portrayed more as a member of a group than as a central figure in this trial.

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  • 227.
    Blanke, Louise
    et al.
    University of Edinburgh.
    Brunner, Kyle
    Lodwick, Lisa
    Martínez Jiménez, Javier
    Nagy, Peter T.
    Rattenborg, Rune
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Strehle, Helle
    Vernet, Apolline
    Whiting, Marlena
    Whiting, Robert M.
    A Millenium of Unbroken Habitation in Jarash's Southwest District: The 2017 season of the Late Antique Jarash ProjectIn: Annual of the Department of Antiquities of JordanArticle in journal (Other academic)
  • 228.
    Boellke, Maja
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Haag-tribunalens skiljedomsförfarande i Sydkinesiska havet: En diskursanalys av Folkets Dagblad i juli 2016 angående Haag-tribunalens skiljedomsförfarande mellan Folkrepubliken Kina och Filippinerna2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The dispute regarding the South China sea is long standing. The Republic of China claims a

    majority of the area in question and has drawn up the “nine dash line” to display, what

    regarding to them is historically and rightfully theirs. 2013 the Philippines accused the

    Republic of China to have encroached on their maritime territory and brought the case to the

    international court in Hague. In 2016 the result of the arbitration was decided and it stated that

    China had in fact encroached on the Philippines’ territory. This thesis aims to analyze the

    rhetoric in the state-run newspaper People’s Daily. The time span of the analysis lies in the

    same month as the outcome of the arbitration was settled, July in 2016.

    The result of this study shows that a harsh rhetoric is used in the newspaper to advocate for the

    South China sea belonging to the Republic of China (according to the “nine dash line”) as well

    as condemning other parties in the dispute, mainly the Philippines and the USA.

  • 229.
    Bohlin, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    A Note on Cic. Tusc. 2,92005In: Eranos, ISSN 0013-9947, Vol. 103, p. 14-19Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 230.
    Bohlin, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Critical and Interpretative Notes on Boethius, arithm. II, 302006In: Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History XIII / [ed] Carl Deroux, Bruxelles: Éditions Latomus , 2006, p. 479-493Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 231.
    Bohlin, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Eine kritisch-exegetische Bemerkung zu Hier. in Ezech. 1, 4 ll. 1197 - 12012012In: Wiener Studien: Zeitschrift fyr klassische Philologie und Patristik, ISSN 0084-005X, E-ISSN 1813-3924, Vol. 125, p. 141-144Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 232.
    Bohlin, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Hor. Carm. 1.28.23-5: adnotatiuncula critica2008In: Mnemosyne (Lugduni Batavorum. Print), ISSN 0026-7074, E-ISSN 1568-525X, Vol. 61, p. 138-139Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 233.
    Bohlin, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Non omnino rudis, sed pro suo genere vitae versatissimus. En 1700-talsdissertation om Ciceros umgänge med matematiken2014In: Latinet i tiden: En festskrift till Hans Aili / [ed] Elin Andersson, Erika Kihlman, Maria Plaza, Stockholm: Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis, 2014, p. 29-48Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 234.
    Bohlin, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Notes on (Ps.?) Balbus gromaticus pp. 107.10-108.8 ed. Lachmann2013In: Cambridge Classical Journal, ISSN 1750-2705, E-ISSN 2047-993X, Vol. 59, p. 1-28Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 235.
    Bohlin, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    On the Geometrical Term Radius in Ancient Latin2013In: Philologus (Berlin), ISSN 0031-7985, E-ISSN 2196-7008, Vol. 157, no 1, p. 141-153Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    According to major Latin dictionaries, the word radius is attested as a terminus technicus for the geometrical concept 'radius' in Cicero's Timaeus 17. In this study, however, it is argued that there is good reason to believe that Cicero did not use the word in this sense, but in a metaphorical expression, in which radius mainly carries the well-attested sense of 'rod (for drawing diagrams, etc.)': paribus radiis attingi literally = 'to be touched by equal rods', that is to say, 'to be equidistant'. The first and only convincing attestation of radius in the sense of 'radius (of a circle, sphere, etc.)' in ancient Latin literature is found in Calcidius' Commentary on the Timaeus 59. It is suggested that Calcidius was influenced by Cicero's translation and consequently adopted the word radius; however, its technical sense of 'radius' was coined, deliberately or not, by Calcidius himself. As there are no other convincing attestations of this sense of the word in ancient Latin, not even in geometrical texts, it is suggested that the word radius never became a commonly accepted terminus technicus for radius in antiquity.

  • 236.
    Bohlin, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Some Notes on the Fragmentary Latin Translation of Euclid's Elements Preserved in the Codex Palimpsestus Veronensis Bibliothecae Capitularis XL (38)2012In: Latin vulgaire - Latin tardif IX: Actes du IXe colloque international sur le latin vulgaire et tardif, Lyon, 2-6 septembre 2009 / [ed] Biville, F., Lhommé, M.-K., Vallat, D., Lyon, 2012, p. 881-892Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 237.
    Bohlin, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Three notes on the Euclides Latinus preserved in the Verona manuscript: BIBLIOTECA CAPITOLARE XL (38)2013In: Classical Quarterly, ISSN 0009-8388, E-ISSN 1471-6844, Vol. 63, no 1, p. 455-459Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 238.
    Bohlin, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Zu Claud. Mam. anim. 1,25 p. 90,5–92013In: Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, ISSN 0035-449X, Vol. 156, p. 414-416Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 239.
    Bohnacker, Ute
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Bilingual development of Turkish-speaking children in Sweden2020In: Linguistic Minorities in Europe Online: Turkish / [ed] Kutlay Yagmur, Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2020Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The BiLI-TAS research project explores the Turkish and Swedish language development of 102 bilingual children aged 4-7, growing up in Sweden. Findings are reported for vocabulary, inflectional morphology and subordination, and are related to existing studies of Turkish-speaking children with other language combinations. Higher Turkish vocabulary scores at age 4-5 give way to steeper vocabulary growth in the majority language Swedish. Narratives indicate mastery of Turkish inflection, but lower accuracy in Swedish, with overextended nonfinite past participle suffixation to mark finite past tense. Swedish subordinate clauses are well mastered and increase with age. Despite identical elicitation tasks, relative clauses are less frequent in Turkish, suggesting language-specific discourse functions. Adverbial subordination in Turkish is early, frequent and varied. Novel blends of a subordinate and a coordinate construction with clause-initial cünkü occur, not previously described in the literature.

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  • 240.
    Bohnacker, Ute
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Book review: (In)vulnerable domains in multilingualism2005In: Studies in Second Language Acquisition, ISSN 0272-2631, E-ISSN 1470-1545, Vol. 27, no 4, p. 443-486Article, book review (Other academic)
  • 241.
    Bohnacker, Ute
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Developmental sequences and (in)vulnerable domains in German interlanguage syntax.2006In: Language acquisition and development: Proceedings of GALA 2005 / [ed] Adriana Belletti, Elisa Bennati, Cristiano Chesi, Elisa DiDomenico & Ida Ferrari (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press , 2006, p. 65-78Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 242.
    Bohnacker, Ute
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Information-structural constraints on word order in advanced L2 Swedish2012In: Estudos Linguísticos, ISSN 1647-0346, Vol. 6/7, p. 91-112Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 243.
    Bohnacker, Ute
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    MAIN: Revised Swedish version2019In: ZAS Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 63Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 244.
    Bohnacker, Ute
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    MAIN: Swedish version (Svenska)2012In: ZAS Papers in Linguistics, ISSN 1435-9588, Vol. 56Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    MAIN (Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives) utformades för att bedöma berättarförmågan hos barn som lär sig ett eller flera språk från födseln eller från tidig ålder. MAIN är avsett för barn från 3 till 9 år och utvärderar både förståelse och produktion av berättelser. Designen tillåter bedömning av flera språk hos samma barn, samt olika typer av eliciteringssätt: modellsaga (model story), återberättande (retelling) och berättande (telling).

    MAIN innehåller fyra parallella berättelser, var och en med en noggrant designad bildserie bestående av sex bilder. Berättelserna är kontrollerade gällande kognitiv och språklig komplexitet, parallellitet på makrostrukturell och mikrostrukturell nivå, samt kulturell lämplighet och robusthet.

    Instrumentet har utvecklats utifrån omfattande pilotstudier med mer än 500 enspråkiga och flerspråkiga barn mellan 4 och 9 år, med 15 olika språk och språkkombinationer.

    Även om MAIN ännu inte har normerats kan dess standardiserade procedurer användas i bedömnings-, interventions- och forskningssyfte.

     

     

    Detta dokument innehåller:

    • Riktlinjer för bedömning

    • Protokoll och bedömningsmall för Katten (Cat), Hunden (Dog), Fågelungarna (Baby Birds), Getungarna (Baby Goats)

    • Bakgrundsfrågor

    • Berättelsetexter (story scripts)

  • 245.
    Bohnacker, Ute
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Nonnative acquisition of Verb Second: On the empirical underpinnings of universal L2 claims2005In: The function of function words and functional categories. / [ed] Marcel den Dikken & Christina Tortora (eds.), Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005, p. 41-77Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Acquiring Germanic verb second is typically described as difficult for second-language

    learners. Even speakers of a V2-language (Swedish) learning another V2-language (German)

    are said not to transfer V2 but to start with a non-V2 grammar, following a universal

    developmental path of verb placement. The present study contests this claim, documenting

    early targetlike V2 production for 6 Swedish ab-initio (and 23 intermediate) learners of

    German, at a time when their interlanguage syntax elsewhere is nontargetlike (head-initial

    VPs). Learners whose only nonnative language is German never violate V2, indicating

    transfer of V2-L1 syntax. Informants with previous knowledge of English are less targetlike

    in their L3-German productions, indicating interference from non-V2 English. V2 per se is

    thus not universally difficult for nonnative learners.

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  • 246.
    Bohnacker, Ute
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Nonnative acquisition of Verb Second: On the empirical underpinnings of universal L2 claims2005In: The function of function words and functional categories, Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins , 2005, p. 41-77Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 247.
    Bohnacker, Ute
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Null subjects in Swabian2013In: Studia Linguistica, ISSN 0039-3193, E-ISSN 1467-9582, Vol. 67, no 3, p. 257-289Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Few studies have investigated referential null subjects in present-day non-standard varieties of German. This paper explores the distribution of 4,000 null and overt referential subjects in finite clauses in a new corpus of spoken Swabian, a North Alemannic dialect spoken in Southwest Germany. The paper describes Swabian subject use as it emerges from the corpus data with regard to morphological form, syntactic distribution, reference and informational status. Swabian, unlike Standard German, allows and in some cases prefers clause-internal referential subjects to be null, whilst in other contexts, referential null subjects are ruled out. There is a robust second person null-subject property, with 61% of 2nd singular subject pronouns being dropped clause-internally, i.e. from a position following the finite verb in main clauses or following a complementiser in embedded clauses. 1st singular and 3rd singular neuter subjects are dropped clause-internally as well, but at much lower frequencies and only in very specific phonological and lexical constellations, not previously noted in the literature. The empirical findings are compared with an earlier unquantified study of Swabian (Haag-Merz 1996) and discussed in light of other work on present-day Germanic vernaculars and previous accounts of partial null subject languages.

  • 248.
    Bohnacker, Ute
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    On the “vulnerability” of syntactic domains in Swedish and German2007In: Language Acquisition, ISSN 1048-9223, E-ISSN 1532-7817, Vol. 14, no 1, p. 31-73Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Thispaper investigates the L2 acquisition of clausal syntax in post-puberty learnersof German and Swedish regarding V2, VP headedness and verb particleconstructions. The learner data are tested against L2 theories according towhich lower structural projections (VP) are acquired before higher functionalprojections (IP, CP), VP syntax is unproblematic (invulnerable), but where grammatical operations related to thetopmost level of syntactic structure (CP) are acquired late (e.g. Platzack’s(2001) vulnerable C-domain). It willbe shown that such theories do not hold water: native speakers of Swedishlearning German and native speakers of German learning Swedish both master V2from early on. At the same time, these learners exhibit a nontargetlike syntaxat lower structural levels: residual VO in the case of the Swedish-L1 learnersof German, and persistent nontarget transitive verb particle constructions inthe German-L1 learners of Swedish. I argue that these findings are bestexplained by assuming full transfer of L1 syntax (e.g. Schwartz & Sprouse 1996).

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  • 249.
    Bohnacker, Ute
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    On transfer and third language acquisition: A commentary on Schwartz & Sprouse2021In: Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, ISSN 1879-9264, E-ISSN 1879-9272, Vol. 11, no 1, p. 37-44Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 250.
    Bohnacker, Ute
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Linguistics and Philology.
    Placing verbs and particles in non-native German and Swedish2006In: Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax, ISSN 1100-097X, , p. 51Article in journal (Other academic)
2345678 201 - 250 of 3463
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