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  • 1.
    Åkerlund, Lisa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Electrochemical characterizations of conducting redox polymers with proton traps: Enabling proton cycling in aprotic systems for high potential energy storage2021Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Floods, droughts and unpredictable weather could be the new reality for millions of people in a near future, unless we drastically decrease our greenhouse gas emissions to prevent the global average temperature from increasing even further. Material innovations will most certainly be essential for many of the technical solutions needed in order to tackle environmental issues. One major challenge is how to deal with the massive energy demand, following the average lifestyle of today, in a way that is both reliable and sustainable. Renewable energy sources have a varying output over time, hence cannot meet the demand for electricity by themselves. To buffer between demand and production, new ways to store the renewably produced energy are crucial. From a life cycle aspect conventional battery types are far from sustainable, and, with the increasing number of electronic devices for numerous applications, we need new options.

    This thesis explores conducting redox polymers (CRPs), which can be utilized as organic cathode materials in high potential energy storage. Hydroquinone (HQ) was applied as the capacity carrying pendant group, and by the introduction of a proton trap functionality the high reduction potential of quinone-proton cycling was achieved also in aprotic electrolytes. The high reduction potential allows for redox matching with the polymer backbone, crucial for CRPs to work as energy storage materials without any additives, and this was studied by in situ conductance with IDA. In situ EQCM was applied in order to examine the cycling chemistry, and the constant mass uptake during the full oxidation cycle (and reverse during the reduction cycle) indicated uptake of charge compensating ions. Further, the proton trap functionality and its effectiveness were investigated by compositional variation, FTIR and variation of electrolyte. In situ UV/Vis was applied in order to study the electronic transitions of the bandgap, the charge carriers and the pendant group redox conversion.

    The results presented introduce a new route for utilizing protonated forms of quinones as capacity carriers in aprotic media, by incorporating a proton trap in the material. The battery prototypes point to the versatility of the proton trap materials, having reversible proton cycling also when the electrolyte contains metal salts. With dual-ion type batteries the cycling chemistry of the anode is disconnected from the cathode, which allows for free choice of anode material.

    List of papers
    1. The Proton Trap Technology - Toward High Potential Quinone-Based Organic Energy Storage
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Proton Trap Technology - Toward High Potential Quinone-Based Organic Energy Storage
    Show others...
    2017 (English)In: Advanced Energy Materials, ISSN 1614-6832, E-ISSN 1614-6840, Vol. 7, no 20, article id 1700259Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    An organic cathode material based on a copolymer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) containing pyridine and hydroquinone functionalities is described as a proton trap technology. Utilizing the quinone to hydroquinone redox conversion, this technology leads to electrode materials compatible with lithium and sodium cycling chemistries. These materials have high inherent potentials that in combination with lithium give a reversible output voltage of above 3.5 V (vs Li0/+) without relying on lithiation of the material, something that is not showed for quinones previously. Key to success stems from coupling an intrapolymeric proton transfer, realized by an incorporated pyridine proton donor/acceptor functionality, with the hydroquinone redox reactions. Trapping of protons in the cathode material effectively decouples the quinone redox chemistry from the cycling chemistry of the anode, which makes the material insensitive to the nature of the electrolyte cation and hence compatible with several anode materials. Furthermore, the conducting polymer backbone allows assembly without any additives for electronic conductivity. The concept is demonstrated by electrochemical characterization in several electrolytes and finally by employing the proton trap material as the cathode in lithium and sodium batteries. These findings represent a new concept for enabling high potential organic materials for the next generation of energy storage systems.

    Keywords
    conducting redox polymers, organic batteries, proton trap, quinones, renewable energy storage
    National Category
    Nano Technology
    Research subject
    Engineering Science with specialization in Nanotechnology and Functional Materials
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-328056 (URN)10.1002/aenm.201700259 (DOI)000413695300003 ()
    Funder
    Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research Swedish Research Council
    Note

    1700259

    Available from: 2017-08-16 Created: 2017-08-16 Last updated: 2021-06-11
    2. In situ Investigations of a Proton Trap Material: A PEDOT-Based Copolymer with Hydroquinone and Pyridine Side Groups Having Robust Cyclability in Organic Electrolytes and Ionic Liquids
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>In situ Investigations of a Proton Trap Material: A PEDOT-Based Copolymer with Hydroquinone and Pyridine Side Groups Having Robust Cyclability in Organic Electrolytes and Ionic Liquids
    Show others...
    2019 (English)In: ACS Applied Energy Materials, E-ISSN 2574-0962, Vol. 2, no 6, p. 4486-4495Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    A conducting redox polymer based on PEDOT with hydroquinone and pyridine pendant groups is reported and characterized as a proton trap material. The proton trap functionality, where protons are transferred from the hydroquinone to the pyridine sites, allows for utilization of the inherently high redox potential of the hydroquinone pendant group (3.3 V versus Li0/+) and sustains this reaction by trapping the protons within the polymer, resulting in proton cycling in an aprotic electrolyte. By disconnecting the cycling ion of the anode from the cathode, the choice of anode and electrolyte can be extensively varied and the proton trap copolymer can be used as cathode material for all-organic or metal-organic batteries. In this study, a stable and nonvolatile ionic liquid was introduced as electrolyte media, leading to enhanced cycling stability of the proton trap compared to cycling in acetonitrile, which is attributed to the decreased basicity of the solvent. Various in situ methods allowed for in-depth characterization of the polymer’s properties based on its electronic transitions (UV–vis), temperature-dependent conductivity (bipotentiostatic CV-measurements), and mass change (EQCM) during the redox cycle. Furthermore, FTIR combined with quantum chemical calculations indicate that hydrogen bonding interactions are present for all the hydroquinone and quinone states, explaining the reversible behavior of the copolymer in aprotic electrolytes, both in three-electrode setup and in battery devices. These results demonstrate the proton trap concept as an interesting strategy for high potential organic energy storage materials.

    Keywords
    conducting redox polymer, organic electronics, renewable energy storage, proton trap, quinone, in situ
    National Category
    Nano Technology
    Research subject
    Engineering Science with specialization in Nanotechnology and Functional Materials
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-389514 (URN)10.1021/acsaem.9b00735 (DOI)000473116600063 ()
    Funder
    SweGRIDS - Swedish Centre for Smart Grids and Energy StorageSwedish Energy AgencyCarl Tryggers foundation , CTS 17:414Stiftelsen Olle Engkvist ByggmästareSwedish Research Council Formas, 2018-00744Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-00838
    Available from: 2019-07-16 Created: 2019-07-16 Last updated: 2021-03-28
    3. A crosslinked conducting polymer with well-defined proton trap function for reversible proton cycling in aprotic environments
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>A crosslinked conducting polymer with well-defined proton trap function for reversible proton cycling in aprotic environments
    Show others...
    2020 (English)In: Journal of Materials Chemistry A, ISSN 2050-7488, E-ISSN 2050-7496, Vol. 8, no 24, p. 12114-12123Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, a well-defined proton trap material containing a hydroquinone unit flanked by two pyridine proton acceptors is presented. In combination with a terthiophene trimer, based on 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene and 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene units, a conducting material with reversible redox properties is obtained. We apply post-deposition polymerization of the functionalized terthiophene trimer to provide a conducting polymer, which allows investigation of the electrochemical properties of the proton trap material. In situ studies concerning conductance measurements, mass uptake, electronic transitions and bonding vibrations indicate stable internal proton cycling between the hydroquinone and the pyridine functionality without affecting the conductivity or the doping process. The theoretical capacity of 42 mA h g−1, based on the pendant group redox conversion, can be achieved in a three electrode setup by potential step charging (25 s) at 0.5 V vs. Fc0/+ with subsequent discharging at 2C (0.5–0 V vs. Fc0/+). The total theoretical capacity available, including the contribution from the backbone, is 84 mA h g−1 and coin cell batteries with the conducting redox polymer as cathode material (without any additive) vs. lithium foil as anode showed a discharge capacity of 81 mA h g−1 (97% of the theoretical capacity) already from the first cycle (2.5–3.8 V vs. Li0/+ at 2C). The capacity was maintained during prolonged cycling and showed a capacity retention of 99% after 100 cycles and 98% after 200 cycles indicating high stability of this organic cathode material when applied in a battery configuration.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020
    National Category
    Nano Technology
    Research subject
    Engineering Science with specialization in Nanotechnology and Functional Materials
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-414279 (URN)10.1039/D0TA03343J (DOI)000542473000019 ()
    Funder
    Swedish Energy AgencyCarl Tryggers foundation Olle Engkvists stiftelseÅForsk (Ångpanneföreningen's Foundation for Research and Development)Swedish Research Council FormasStandUp
    Available from: 2020-06-24 Created: 2020-06-24 Last updated: 2023-12-04Bibliographically approved
    4. Proton trap-carbon felt composites
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Proton trap-carbon felt composites
    (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Keywords
    proton trap, conducting redox polymer, carbon felt, quinone, organic energy storage
    National Category
    Engineering and Technology
    Research subject
    Engineering Science with specialization in Nanotechnology and Functional Materials
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-439340 (URN)
    Available from: 2021-04-01 Created: 2021-04-01 Last updated: 2021-04-29
    Download full text (pdf)
    UUThesis-L_Åkerlund_2021
    Download (jpg)
    presentationsbild
  • 2.
    Åkerlund, Lisa
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Emanuelsson, Rikard
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Hernández, Guiomar
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Structural Chemistry.
    Strømme, Maria
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Sjödin, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    A crosslinked conducting polymer with well-defined proton trap function for reversible proton cycling in aprotic environments2020In: Journal of Materials Chemistry A, ISSN 2050-7488, E-ISSN 2050-7496, Vol. 8, no 24, p. 12114-12123Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, a well-defined proton trap material containing a hydroquinone unit flanked by two pyridine proton acceptors is presented. In combination with a terthiophene trimer, based on 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene and 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene units, a conducting material with reversible redox properties is obtained. We apply post-deposition polymerization of the functionalized terthiophene trimer to provide a conducting polymer, which allows investigation of the electrochemical properties of the proton trap material. In situ studies concerning conductance measurements, mass uptake, electronic transitions and bonding vibrations indicate stable internal proton cycling between the hydroquinone and the pyridine functionality without affecting the conductivity or the doping process. The theoretical capacity of 42 mA h g−1, based on the pendant group redox conversion, can be achieved in a three electrode setup by potential step charging (25 s) at 0.5 V vs. Fc0/+ with subsequent discharging at 2C (0.5–0 V vs. Fc0/+). The total theoretical capacity available, including the contribution from the backbone, is 84 mA h g−1 and coin cell batteries with the conducting redox polymer as cathode material (without any additive) vs. lithium foil as anode showed a discharge capacity of 81 mA h g−1 (97% of the theoretical capacity) already from the first cycle (2.5–3.8 V vs. Li0/+ at 2C). The capacity was maintained during prolonged cycling and showed a capacity retention of 99% after 100 cycles and 98% after 200 cycles indicating high stability of this organic cathode material when applied in a battery configuration.

  • 3.
    Åkerlund, Lisa
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Emanuelsson, Rikard
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Hernández, Guiomar
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Structural Chemistry.
    Ruipérez, Fernando
    Casado, Nerea
    Brandell, Daniel
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Structural Chemistry.
    Strömme, Maria
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Mecerreyes, David
    Sjödin, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    In situ Investigations of a Proton Trap Material: A PEDOT-Based Copolymer with Hydroquinone and Pyridine Side Groups Having Robust Cyclability in Organic Electrolytes and Ionic Liquids2019In: ACS Applied Energy Materials, E-ISSN 2574-0962, Vol. 2, no 6, p. 4486-4495Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A conducting redox polymer based on PEDOT with hydroquinone and pyridine pendant groups is reported and characterized as a proton trap material. The proton trap functionality, where protons are transferred from the hydroquinone to the pyridine sites, allows for utilization of the inherently high redox potential of the hydroquinone pendant group (3.3 V versus Li0/+) and sustains this reaction by trapping the protons within the polymer, resulting in proton cycling in an aprotic electrolyte. By disconnecting the cycling ion of the anode from the cathode, the choice of anode and electrolyte can be extensively varied and the proton trap copolymer can be used as cathode material for all-organic or metal-organic batteries. In this study, a stable and nonvolatile ionic liquid was introduced as electrolyte media, leading to enhanced cycling stability of the proton trap compared to cycling in acetonitrile, which is attributed to the decreased basicity of the solvent. Various in situ methods allowed for in-depth characterization of the polymer’s properties based on its electronic transitions (UV–vis), temperature-dependent conductivity (bipotentiostatic CV-measurements), and mass change (EQCM) during the redox cycle. Furthermore, FTIR combined with quantum chemical calculations indicate that hydrogen bonding interactions are present for all the hydroquinone and quinone states, explaining the reversible behavior of the copolymer in aprotic electrolytes, both in three-electrode setup and in battery devices. These results demonstrate the proton trap concept as an interesting strategy for high potential organic energy storage materials.

  • 4.
    Åkerlund, Lisa
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Emanuelsson, Rikard
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Hernández, Guiomar
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Structural Chemistry.
    Ruipérez, F.
    Casado, N.
    Brandell, Daniel
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Structural Chemistry.
    Strömme, Maria
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Mecerreyes, D.
    Sjödin, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    The proton trap - a new route to organic energy storage2019In: Organic Battery Days 2019, 2019Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 5.
    Åkerlund, Lisa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    The proton trap –: a new route to organic energy storage2019In: Mirai Seminar 2019, 2019Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 6.
    Åkerlund, Lisa
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Emanuelsson, Rikard
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Strømme, Maria
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Sjödin, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    The proton trap battery - enabling reversible hydroquinone energy storage in organic electrolytes2019In: SweGRIDS annual conference 2019, 2019Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 7.
    Åkerlund, Lisa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    En uppkopplad värld behöver hållbara energilösningar2018Other (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 8.
    Åkerlund, Lisa
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Emanuelsson, Rikard
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Strömme, Maria
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Sjödin, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    The proton trap – a new route to high potential organic energy storage2018Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Floods, droughts and unpredictable weather could be the new normal state and reality for millions of people in a near future, unless we drastically decrease our greenhouse gas emissions so that the temperature increase can be kept below 2°C, as was agreed upon at the climate meeting in Paris 2015. To tackle environmental issues, material innovations will most certainly be essential for many of the technical solutions needed. One of the major challenges we are facing is how to deal with the massive energy demand following the average lifestyle of today in a way that is both reliable and sustainable. Renewable energy sources have a varying output over time and cannot by themselves meet these requirements; hence ways to store the energy is crucial. Our work is aimed at finding and developing new organic materials for energy storage that can contribute to a better alternative than the batteries that are on the market today. Many aspects of the resource exploitation for making a lithium ion battery are far from sustainable and, with the increasing number of electronic devices for numerous applications, we need new options. One way to make organic energy storage is to combine a conducting polymer backbone with a redox active pendant group, as to combine the features of conductivity and insolubility brought by the polymer backbone with the capacity of the pendant group. For this combination to be applicable the two parts must match in their respective activity windows. Additionally, one also needs to have a matching electrolyte system, in which the energy storage material is cycling reversibly at a reasonable scan rate and where no degradation occurs, to get a fully viable system for practical applications.

    In this work[1] we have developed new copolymers for organic energy storage containing something we call the proton trap. The proton trap system enables reversible cycling of hydroquinones, which, in comparison to their lithiated analogues, can provide a higher energy density originating in the higher redox potential. The proton trap system is based on incorporating a proton acceptor into the compound, which enables reversible proton transfer during redox-cycling. Thanks to the proton trap system, the redox processes of hydroquinone compounds can be utilized in many different electrolytes, without the use of coordinating salts (e.g. Li-salts) or protic solvents (as in aqueous electrolytes).

    With a cathode based on the pure proton trap material (no additives) and Li-foil as the anode, functioning batteries were assembled and characterized. After the publication of this study, the problems connected to the linker unit have been targeted and new results continue to take us small steps forward in the work targeting renewable organic batteries for a future of sustainable energy storage. When also finding a functioning and sustainable anode material we can enable fully organic based battery systems, enabling a closed loop of renewable energy production and storage, which is something we need in order to keep the climate changes under control.

    [1] Åkerlund, L., Emanuelsson, R., Renault, S., Huang, H., Brandell, D., Strømme, M., Sjödin M. (2017). The proton trap Technology—Toward high potential quinone‐based organic energy storage. Advanced Energy Materials, 7(20), 1700259.

  • 9.
    Åkerlund, Lisa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Morgondagens organiska batterier2017Other (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 10.
    Sjödin, Martin
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Emanuelsson, Rikard
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Sterby, Mia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Åkerlund, Lisa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Huang, Hao
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Huang, Xiao
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Organic Chemistry.
    Gogoll, Adolf
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Organic Chemistry.
    Strömme, Maria
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Organic Batteries Based on Quinone-Substituted Conducting Polymers2017Conference paper (Refereed)
    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 11.
    Åkerlund, Lisa
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Emanuelsson, Rikard
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Renault, Stevén
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Structural Chemistry.
    Huang, Hao
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Brandell, Daniel
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Structural Chemistry.
    Strømme, Maria
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Sjödin, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    The Proton Trap Technology - Toward High Potential Quinone-Based Organic Energy Storage2017In: Advanced Energy Materials, ISSN 1614-6832, E-ISSN 1614-6840, Vol. 7, no 20, article id 1700259Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An organic cathode material based on a copolymer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) containing pyridine and hydroquinone functionalities is described as a proton trap technology. Utilizing the quinone to hydroquinone redox conversion, this technology leads to electrode materials compatible with lithium and sodium cycling chemistries. These materials have high inherent potentials that in combination with lithium give a reversible output voltage of above 3.5 V (vs Li0/+) without relying on lithiation of the material, something that is not showed for quinones previously. Key to success stems from coupling an intrapolymeric proton transfer, realized by an incorporated pyridine proton donor/acceptor functionality, with the hydroquinone redox reactions. Trapping of protons in the cathode material effectively decouples the quinone redox chemistry from the cycling chemistry of the anode, which makes the material insensitive to the nature of the electrolyte cation and hence compatible with several anode materials. Furthermore, the conducting polymer backbone allows assembly without any additives for electronic conductivity. The concept is demonstrated by electrochemical characterization in several electrolytes and finally by employing the proton trap material as the cathode in lithium and sodium batteries. These findings represent a new concept for enabling high potential organic materials for the next generation of energy storage systems.

  • 12.
    Åkerlund, Lisa
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Emanuelsson, Rikard
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Strömme, M
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Martin, Sjödin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Conducting Redox Polymers for Renewable Energy Storage2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Download full text (pdf)
    Abstract ASMCS 2016
  • 13.
    Åkerlund, Lisa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Organic battery materials2016Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 14.
    Åkerlund, Lisa
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Emanuelsson, Rikard
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Gogoll, Adolf
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC.
    Strømme, Maria
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Sjödin, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Organic Materials for Renewable Energy Storage2016Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 15.
    Åkerlund, Lisa
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Emanuelsson, Rikard
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Strømme, Maria
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Sjödin, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Organic Polymeric Materials for Renewable Energy Storage2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To solve for future energy needs, the capacity of storing energy will be crucial when energy production from renewables increases. In principle all of today’s batteries are made of metals, which are energy demanding both to extract and recycle, as well as being non-renewable. An example is lithium ion batteries (LIBs), which today are unprofitable to recycle (due to the high temperatures needed), hence remaining deposits will not last for long if we want electric vehicles based on LIBs to replace conventional vehicles. Additionally, an electric car must be charged over 120 times before it even reaches a negative CO2 impact, compared to conventional cars. A solution to this problem is to make batteries with the same or higher charge capacity as conventional batteries, but from renewable sources.

    Quinones have high specific capacity and function as charge carriers in natures’ photosynthesis and respiration cycle. When combined with a polymeric backbone, the resulting material has potential of becoming a cheaper, lighter and greener alternative to LIBs.

    Conducting redox polymers (CRPs) have been proposed as a renewable alternative for electrode materials. CRPs consist of two parts: a conducting polymeric (CP) backbone, such as polypyrrole (PPy) or Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT); and a redox active side group, such as quinones, attached to the backbone. For the system to function as a battery, the attached redox group must be active in the same potential window as the specific polymer is conducting.

    This project aims at finding, synthesizing and characterizing high charge capacity materials and targeting renewable organic batteries for a future of sustainable energy storage.

  • 16.
    Åkerlund, Lisa
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Emanuelsson, Rikard
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Gogoll, Adolf
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC.
    Strömme, Maria
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Sjödin, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Quinone based Conducting Redox Polymers for Renewable Energy Storage2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To meet future energy needs and to minimize CO2-emissions, a higher share of produced electricity must come from renewable resources [1]. Unfortunately, the output of renewable energy sources varies and does not always correlate with the temporal demand for electricity. For this reason, high capacity electrical energy storage (EES) is needed to fully utilize renewable energy sources [2]. Today’s battery technologies primarily rely on metals extracted at large economic and environmental costs [3],and the benefits of converting to carbon based materials are several, e.g. lower weight, flexible materials, and better recycling possibilities. In addition, the total energy consumption in the production chain may be reduced if the high temperatures required for extracting and processing metals can be avoided. Conducting redox polymers (CRPs), i.e. conducting polymers with redox active side groups, are currently investigated as possible organic electrode materials [4]. In this work we focus on finding stable side groups with high charge storage capacity. Quinones, which occur in natural energy conversion systems, i.e. during photosynthesis and respiration, are an attractive side group for CRPs due to their high gravimetric capacity. Importantly, for a functioning battery application the redox group and the polymer backbone must be active in the same potential window and this can be tuned effectively over a wide potential range by substitution on the quinone ring; hence various quinone derivatives could match different polymer backbones. A high potential- and high charge capacity quinone derivative has been synthesized and electrochemically characterized with the aim of producing a novel CRP to function as an organic high charge capacity material, targeting renewable organic batteries for a future of sustainable EES.

     

    References

    [1]  D. Larcher, J. M. Tarascon,, Nat. Chem. 7 (2015) 19-29.

    [2] Z. Yang, J. Zhang, M. C. W. Kintner-Meyer, X. Lu, D. Choi, J. P. Lemmon, J. Liu, Chem. Rev. 111 (2011) 3577–3613.

    [3] P. Poizot, F. Dolhem, Energy Environ. Sci. 4 (2011) 2003-2019.

    [4] (a) C. Karlsson, H. Huang, M. Stromme, A. Gogoll, M. Sjodin, RSC Adv. 5 (2015) 11309-11316; (b) C. Karlsson, H. Huang, M. Stromme, A. Gogoll, M. Sjodin, Electrochim. Acta 179 (2015) 336-342.

    [5] L. Åkerlund, R. Emanuelsson, A. Gogoll, M. Strömme, M. Sjödin, To be submitted.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Abstract ISPE XV 2016
  • 17.
    Åkerlund, Lisa
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Emanuelsson, Rikard
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Gogoll, Adolf
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC.
    Strømme, Maria
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Sjödin, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Quinone based Conducting Redox Polymers for Renewable Energy Storage2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To meet future energy needs and to minimize CO2-emissions, a higher share of produced electricity must come from renewable resources [1]. Unfortunately, the output of renewable energy sources varies and does not always correlate with the temporal demand for electricity. For this reason, high capacity electrical energy storage (EES) is needed to fully utilize renewable energy sources [2]. Today’s battery technologies primarily rely on metals extracted at large economic and environmental costs [3],and the benefits of converting to carbon based materials are several, e.g. lower weight, flexible materials, and better recycling possibilities. In addition, the total energy consumption in the production chain may be reduced if the high temperatures required for extracting and processing metals can be avoided. Conducting redox polymers (CRPs), i.e. conducting polymers with redox active side groups, are currently investigated as possible organic electrode materials [4]. In this work we focus on finding stable side groups with high charge storage capacity. Quinones, which occur in natural energy conversion systems, i.e. during photosynthesis and respiration, are an attractive side group for CRPs due to their high gravimetric capacity. Importantly, for a functioning battery application the redox group and the polymer backbone must be active in the same potential window and this can be tuned effectively over a wide potential range by substitution on the quinone ring; hence various quinone derivatives could match different polymer backbones. A high potential- and high charge capacity quinone derivative has been synthesized and electrochemically characterized with the aim of producing a novel CRP to function as an organic high charge capacity material, targeting renewable organic batteries for a future of sustainable EES.

     

    References

    [1]  D. Larcher, J. M. Tarascon,, Nat. Chem. 7 (2015) 19-29.

    [2] Z. Yang, J. Zhang, M. C. W. Kintner-Meyer, X. Lu, D. Choi, J. P. Lemmon, J. Liu, Chem. Rev. 111 (2011) 3577–3613.

    [3] P. Poizot, F. Dolhem, Energy Environ. Sci. 4 (2011) 2003-2019.

    [4] (a) C. Karlsson, H. Huang, M. Stromme, A. Gogoll, M. Sjodin, RSC Adv. 5 (2015) 11309-11316; (b) C. Karlsson, H. Huang, M. Stromme, A. Gogoll, M. Sjodin, Electrochim. Acta 179 (2015) 336-342.

    [5] L. Åkerlund, R. Emanuelsson, A. Gogoll, M. Strömme, M. Sjödin, To be submitted.

  • 18.
    Åkerlund, Lisa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Lisa Åkerlunds krokiga väg till forskningen2015Other (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 19.
    Åkerlund, Lisa
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Emanuelsson, Rikard
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Sjödin, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Strömme, Maria
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Organic Polymeric Materials for Renewable Batteries2015Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To solve for future energy needs, capacity of storing energy will be crucial. In principle all of today’s batteries are made of metals, which are energy demanding to extract and recycle, as well as being non-renewable. A proposed alternative is to make batteries with same or higher charge capacity from renewable sources. Electrodes can be based on conducting redox polymers (CRPs) consisting of a polymeric backbone, such as PEDOT, with redox active side groups attached. As side groups, quinone derivatives can be utilized. Quinones function as charge carrier in nature’s photosynthesis. For a functioning battery application, redox group and polymer must be active in the same potential window and this can be tuned by changing functionality of the side groups. This project aims at finding and synthesizing high charge capacity CRP materials and targeting renewable organic batteries for a future of sustainable energy storage.

  • 20.
    Åkerlund, Lisa
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Sjödin, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Strömme, Maria
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Renewable Materials for Rechargeable Battery Applications2015Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 21.
    Åkerlund, Lisa
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Emanuelsson, Rikard
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Strømme, Maria
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Sjödin, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Nanotechnology and Functional Materials.
    Proton trap-carbon felt compositesManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
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