The article reflects, in a critical mode, on the cultural basis of modern Sudanese visual art as perceived by Zein Alabdin, the late Sudanese art historian.

The text argues for the reconsideration of inverted perspective as an heuristic tool in historical research. The interpretations of inverted perspective presented by Oskar Wulff, André Grabar, and Gervase Mathew are taken as starting point for a developed

Women inside and outside the framework. On the concept of popular education and gender.

The article discusses making gender the scientific focus of the definition of the consept of popular education used by practitioners and researchers. Popular education generally includes the activities pursued in folk high schools, educational associations and at public libraries. This narrow definition has made much of the educational work done by women invisible. One way to broaden the consept is to focus more on the intention than the institutions. This gives the advantage of making perceptible educational activities that have taken place outside these institutions. A focus on the participants gives the opportunity to find the children whose activities have implicitly been separated from the concept of popular education, at the same time that much of women´s work has concerned children. A focus on the concepts of private and public are also fruitful since many female educational projects, for example textile study circles and book circles, were, and still are, pursued in the borderland between private and public life. The main issue is finally: who has the privilege of defining what popular education is? Throughout the major part of the twentienth century men have had the preferential right of interpretation, an interpretation which mainly emanated from the concept of class. Consequently, women had to be educated and cultivated, but only on the conditions of men.

The main issue of this article is to discuss how the gender roles were reflected in the organisation of popular education in Sweden, and what this meant to women's positions. During the twentieth century women were forced to accept male norms saying that popular education should be based on the priciple of sex neutral institutions. Still women had small possibilities of influencing the activities in ways not in accordance with male preferences within these mixed but male controlled institutions. Women's real freedom of action has therefore been limited, although they have constituted the majority of participants both in folk high schools and educational associations for the last 50 years. Alternative education ventures, which were not organized within the publicly supported institutions, were by definition not recognized as popular education. This has made them invisible and given them less favourable economic conditions but at the same time left them free from external influence. This was the case for a large part of the educational work within women's movement.

Swedish Organisations Against Alcohol and Drug Abuse, their Journals and other Serials 1837-2000: a Bibliographic Overview: with a List of the Contents of Seven Good Tempar Journals 1881-1930.

This bibliography consists of two parts. The first and most extensive is a presentation of all the national organizations in Sweden between the years 1837-2000 that worked against alcohol and drug abuse, together with their journals and other serials. This section contains an index to all the publications mentioned, as well as an index of abbreviations and earlier names of the organisations. The second part deals with the contents of seven journals published by the Swedish Good Templar Movement during the period 1880-1930. The main focus is on works of fiction. Finally there is an index to all the authors of this material.