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In this study the zoological school collection from the former Visby läroverk has been analyzed. The purpose is to examine how it has been managed historical and what pedagogic significance it has today. This is done  to illustrate the pedagogic ideals in schools and natural science teaching that have affected and continues to affect the collection. This has been studied through a literature study, an interview and a visit to the museum storage building and the museum where the collection now is managed.

The study has shown that the collection that started in 1829 at Visby läroverk is today in majority cared for by Gotland’s Museum. Since 1985 it has been managed by nature conservators, but before this it has been cared for by mostly teachers and assistant professors. The last documented acquisition was during the 1950s. During this time the care of the collection seems to have been insufficient. A lot of foreign material was donated during the 1800s, but acquisitions during the 1900s was primarily of local breeds. Today the collection is a pedagogical tool for imparting knowledge in school and teaching history. It is a document of the nature and culture of Gotland. Today it is used in exhibitions to spread information about natural science, cultural history and ethnology.

This study investigates the potential of fast-grown spruce (Picea abies) as an insulation material in historic buildings, aiming to evaluate the relationship between density and thermal conductivity. The background of the study lies in the need for sustainable and efficient insulation materials that can be used to improve the energy performance of buildings while preserving their historical character and aesthetic value. Fast-grown spruce has a lower density then the lowest available in the Swedish standard for materials heat conductivity. 

The methodology included both laboratory analyses and field studies. In the laboratory part, a hot-disk instrument was used to measure thermal conductivity, followed by calculations of density and moisture content. The field studies were conducted to identify practical applications and challenges in using fast-grown spruce as a construction material. These studies involved inspections of buildings constructed with fast-grown spruce and interviews with those responsible for their construction to investigate its potential functionality as a construction material. 

The main results from the laboratory analyses showed a strong correlation between density and thermal conductivity, indicating that fast-grown spruce, with its lower density, has improved insulation properties compared to slow-grown spruce. The field studies confirmed that fast-grown spruce can be used as a construction material in buildings, but also pointed out its tendency to exhibit greater movement during drying, which can be accounted for to prevent issues during the drying process. 

The conclusions suggest that fast-grown spruce can be a valuable addition to existing insulation materials due to its improved insulation performance. The study recommends further research to examine long-term degradation effects and the material's moisture properties, which are critical for its practical use in buildings. Additionally, further research should investigate the ability of fast-grown spruce to serve as a substrate for plaster, both for clay and lime-based plasters, to determine the wood's compatibility with these materials. 

Shoreland protection is an important issue in today's urban planning and aims to ensure long-term public access to coastal protection areas while maintaining good living conditions for animals and plants. Shoreland protection was introduced in the 1950s to protect the coasts, and the shoreland protection zone includes both land and water. Shoreland protection  zones generally extend 100 meters inland and 100 meters out into the water from the shoreline, but can be extended to 300 meters. Despite this, an increasing trend of granted exemptions from shoreland protection has been observed. A new report from the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation points out that 93% of the 693 applications for exemption reviewed in 13 exemptions were granted. This has resulted in more than a third of the Swedish coast being exploited, which can negatively affect the natural environment and the conditions for public access to shorelandareas. 

This thesis is conducted in collaboration with the municipality of Upplands-Bro, with the aim of comparing and analyzing building permit documents and shoreland protection exemptions. Methods used to answer the study's research questions and problem formulation consist of interviews, literature studies, and an analysis of building permit applications in shoreland  protected areas in the municipality of Upplands-Bro. 

Factors such as the placement of the operation, the degree of detail in the drawings, and its impact on the water environment have been identified as decisive for whether an application is approved or rejected. However, the study shows that the decision-making process is not entirely predictable and is also influenced by other factors, such as political agendas. 

The results indicate that in order to create a more predictable and fair decision-making process, a strengthening of the current regulations and increased supervision from the County Administrative Board is needed to ensure that the legislation is followed consistently. This study contributes to the ongoing discussion on the application of shoreland protection and provides concrete suggestions on how the process can be improved.

Sustainability and cultural heritage are both wide fields affecting people in the past, presence and future, on both local and global levels. Since they affect so many people it is difficult for the individual to make a change, instead working together is key. One way to work together is cooperation but how does one find projects/organisations/etc, to connect and collaborate with? Perhaps by using a form of collaboration platform? LAB190 is a just that, a collaboration platform meaning it is a non-physical tool for actors to use when reaching out to find others to either exchange ideas or trade services with. LAB190 focuses on an area surrounding a 70 km long road (road 190), reaching over four municipalities, Gothenburg, Lerum, Alingsås and Essunga. Involved actors vary from locals, pushing for changes they desire in the area, to officials in charge of possible changes. The goal of LAB190 is to make the territory around road 190 into an model area for sustainable development. To reach that goal three work groups has been created; Food (Green industries), Tourism (hospitality industry) and Infrastructure. The idea with the work-groups is to find projects and/or activities, relating to the field of focus for the work group. For example, the Tourism-group focuses on projects/ activities relating to the development of tourism. After reviewing LAB190 using the pilot-study, development plans and interviewing people involved, a conclusion was made. The physical area of LAB190, the landscape reaching out from road 190, is big and hard to manage single-handedly and therefore a collaboration platform is a usable tool and something that should be considered in future plans regarding the three fields, cultural heritage, sustainability and (regional) development. It is a way to come together, exchange knowledge and face challenges, both now and in the future.

Indoor climate and user satisfaction were analysed by field measurement and a questionnaire in 67 traditional rural houses in Estonia, Finland and Sweden. Our findings showed that the indoor climate in all the investigated historic rural houses needs improvement. The room temperature was mainly too low during winter. Leaky houses had also a larger vertical temperature difference. The relative humidity in the unheated and periodically heated houses was high during winter and caused risk for mould growth in 17% of all houses and 33% of unheated houses. Significant differences of indoor humidity loads in different houses were revealed depending on the living density and usage profile. During the winter period, the design value of moisture excess was 4-5g/m(3) and the average moisture load was 2-3.5g/m(3). The indoor humidity load in historic houses was similar to that in modern houses. The results of the questionnaire showed that main problems were related to unstable or too low temperatures. At the same time, inhabitants rated the overall indoor climate as healthy and no statistically important relations were found between average indoor temperature and complaints about too cold or too warm indoor temperatures.

I Kulturvård – en introduktion undersöks kulturvård som universitetsämne och samhällspraktik, liksom relationen däremellan.

This essay introduces and explores the concept of “popular building preservation” in books and magazines, with the purpose to define patterns and characteristics within popular literature about building preservation. The study is based on common characteristics in popular history, to see if these characteristics can be applied on the popular literature regarding building preservation. The material and the characteristics are further discussed in relation to the philosophical ideas of “thought styles” and “thought collectives”, presented by the philosopher Ludwik Fleck. The study shows that popular building preservation embraces four main themes: built heritage, construction, aesthetics and lifestyle. The field is shown to be fundamentally commercial and its main focus is personal experience and emotion. The subject is further shown to be educational and entertaining at the same time. The study indicates that there could be a possibility for popular building preservation to increase the overall interest for built heritage, but that there also is a tendency for repeating themes and information. The magazines generally had more in common with the identified characteristics of popular history than the books. 

The purpose of this essay is to investigate whether, and if so, what place smaller artists' homes can have in a rural municipality. Through a case study of Bengtsfors municipality's handling of the donated artists' home Birkfeldtska villan, their management work has been mapped. What may have influenced the administration and why the municipality acted as they did, are questions that are being discussed. Archive material and interviews have formed the basis of the investigation together with a small literature review. The result shows that the Birkfeldtska villan went from being considered worth preserving to not being deemed to fulfill a function. The management of the gift seems to be affected by a lack of interest and knowledge as well as financial resources. These three factors can be a challenge within the rural municipalities' work with cultural heritage. 

Extensive durability problems such as weathering and degradation are found in historic Scandinavian brick masonry buildings, especially from the neo-Gothic period. These are largely due to the crystallization of salts and frost action in the bricks and mortars. This article aims to show and illustrate which salts and crystals are found in historic brick masonry buildings and to describe their appearance and behavior. An additional aim is to explore possibilities of preventing salt-related damage on internal masonry wall surfaces, such as using hemp-lime sacrificial plaster beneath the plaster. The objective is to show the mechanisms behind salt-related problems and to perform a case study and a laboratory study on salt-damaged brick masonry containing sodium sulphate. In order to prevent and stop damage to the masonry, it is important to be able to identify the nature of the salt damage and the type of salt that caused the damage. Neo-Gothic brick masonry buildings require well-planned, continuous maintenance of the masonry. It is therefore of the utmost importance to have an understanding of the complex functions of the masonry and of the salts that can cause damage to these historic buildings.

Gotland has a very long tradition of lime burning. Traces of lime burning on Gotland stretch back to the 12th century. An inventory of all the lime kilns in Gotland was made in 1942. Since then the market, the use and the tradition of lime burning have changed significantly. By the start of WW2 a shortage of black coal occurred. This meant that the large, traditional lime kilns could no longer be operated with the same capacity. The small, wood-burning kilns were the only furnaces that survived. With the cement's entry the demand for lime mortar got heavily reduced, which in turn meant the end for the last lime kilns. The cement quickly proved inadequate in many situations, especially in the field of monument care​​, and the demand for traditional lime mortar increased again already in the 1960s. Since then, three lime kilns were taken into use on Gotland; two smaller, traditional lime kilns and one large, industrial kiln.

This thesis intends to follow up on the inventory that was made in 1942 in order to create a basis for further discussion of the historical values the lime kilns possesses and how these values can be cared for.

In order to ensure the being of cultural heritage of the traditional lime industry, it requires popular demand, care and knowledge of the furnace, its use and production and its product.

This article presents and discusses the challenges of refurbishing historic apartment buildings by correlating findings from research projects LEAF and CulClim. Our aim is to shed light on how residents can partake in and optimise the refurbishment process after energy performance certificates (EPC) have been conducted. The background is that historic apartment buildings are generally more complex than single family buildings with respect to the energy efficiency process as they often have multiple owners with different priorities. The case studies from Norway and Sweden have conceptually contrasting energy performance certificate (EPC) systems. Identified advantages and shortcomings concerning both systems are discussed. In Sweden, the restrained recommendation of measures can lead to national mitigation targets not being realised. In Norway, excessive and unqualified recommendations risk reducing the cultural heritage values of the existing building stock as well as having a negative environmental impact on greenhouse gas emissions. A bottom-up approach incorporating the resident's objectives is presented and discussed. Results suggest that improved EPC-systems and a broadened procedural approach to decision making will ease the process and improve the outcome of the refurbishment with respect to both energy and heritage aspects.

The paper draws from the general literature on energy efficiency and historic buildings to explain the importance and potential of user-driven energy efficiency in historic buildings. It is the first review that places the user as a central object of study in the research field of historic buildings and energy efficiency. Relevant interdisciplinary topics and research results that make up the core of the field are presented and discussed in relation to user behaviour and its impact on energy consumption. The paper also investigates how user behaviour aspects can be integrated in a procedural approach to energy refurbishment in historic buildings. Research and experience from the building stock in general clearly shows how a user's awareness and behaviour, such as choice of temperature, zone heating and controlled airing, can have a significant effect on energy demand yet have no physical impact on the building. However, this has not received enough attention with regards to the historic building stock, where many physical energy efficiency measures can have negative impacts on the historic qualities of the building. Modification of user behaviour can therefore be a way not only to reduce energy demand but also to minimise the physical impact of increasing energy efficiency on historic buildings. The paper concludes that the current research agenda on historic buildings and energy efficiency has broken much ground but remains focused more on technical solutions than bottom-up user perspectives. Two main topics are identified as key barriers and future research fields: First, energy performance modelling is identified as a general barrier to developing sustainable strategies that promote user impact in historic buildings. Accurate energy modelling of historic buildings is a complex field reliant on the thermal interplay between user-building and building-district. Improved knowledge and intensified research is necessary to avoid distorted energy modelling results and unwanted rebound effects. Practical tools also require that the modelling can be used for trade-off scenarios where other sustainability aspects such as cultural heritage and economy are weighed in. Second, awareness raising in order to foster a deeper understanding and knowledge about the construction, system and cultural heritage values of a building is proposed as a key ingredient and driver for improved and sustainable energy behaviour. The paper argues that while user-driven energy efficiency represents an important resource for fostering less energy-demanding and less intrusive interventions in historic buildings, there are no guarantees for achieving the planned level of energy efficiency without taking into account user behaviour and the actual operation and energy performance of the historic building. To do this without risking negative consequences, improved decision-making processes are needed on policy, building and user level. An interdisciplinary bottom-up approach to energy refurbishment is presented. The essence of the model is that users and residents should always play a central role in the decision-making process because the well-being of the historic building will always depend on its day-to-day users, and vice versa.

Human remains are a part of museums and other collections around the world. Concidering storage the storage of these individuals is a matter of ethics and respect for the dead. The museums follow guidelines to adress the ethical questions that arise from these concerns. ’Buried in the Magazine’ examines the collection management of human remains within the Swedishmuseums. Examining how this work is being preformed, and whether it is done with respect. Do museums view human remains differently than other other materials, what do museums consider most important? The essay takes the perspective that human remains should be treated differently to other pieces, as the human rights of the individuals should be considered from an ethical perspective. The essay is based on interviews and observations of museums and their collections as well as how the museum follow their guidlines to maintain respekt for the dead.

The use of monuments in urban space is often bounded to political power and social hierarchy; through spatial distribution, form and meanings of public statues one social group can convey political myths and stabilize or legitimize political authority. In Mitrovica, the divided city of Kosovo, since the conflict of 1999, and during the apartheid-like regime preceding it, uses of the past became more and more entangled with present-day political objectives connected to territory and national identity. here different interpretations of the past are manifested in public space by Kosovo Serbs and Kosovo Albanians. 

ANALYS Den Islamiska staten attacker mot Palmyra och andra kulturarv i Syrien och Irak har fått stor uppmärksamhet i internationella medier. Men attacker mot kulturarv i väpnade konflikter är inte unikt för IS, och dessa attacker kan ha en rad olika syften. Det skriver Johan Brosché, Joakim Kreutz och Mattias Legner utifrån ett nytt tvärvetenskapligt forskningsprojekt.

Although attacks on cultural property have caused international outcry,our understanding of this phenomenon is still limited. In particular, littleresearch has been directed towards exploring the motivations for suchattacks. Therefore, we ask: What are the motives for attacking sites, buildingsor objects representing cultural heritage? By combining insights from peaceand conflict research with findings from heritage studies we present atypology of motivations for attacking cultural property. We identify four,not mutually exclusive, broad groups of motives: (i) attacks related to conflictgoals, in which cultural property is targeted because it is connected to theissue the warring parties are fighting over (ii), military-strategic attacks, inwhich the main motivation is to win tactical advantages in the conflict (iii),signalling attacks, in which cultural property is targeted as a low-risk targetthat signals the commitment of the aggressor, and (iv) economic incentiveswhere cultural property provides funding for warring parties. Our typologyoffers a theoretical structure for research about why, when, and by whom,cultural property is targeted. This is not only likely to provide academicbenefits, but also to contribute to the development of more effective toolsfor the protection of cultural property during armed conflict.

Technical characteristics and cultural values affect the possibility of saving energy in the historic building stock. The issue has been addressed and studied in monumental buildings. For the majority of historic buildings, defined in this research as traditional constructions built before 1945 when the building sector became more industrialised, there is still a need for further studies. In order to study a large building stock it is necessary to make generalisations. To break down the stock into a few statistically representative categories is one way of doing that.

The aim of this article is to present the development of a method to categorise a historic building stock with the ability to identify the potential for energy saving and preservation of cultural values. By studying building categories and typical buildings in detail the results can be extrapolated to represent a large building stock.

The method for categorisation is done in three steps: building inventory, categorisation and selection of typical buildings. The inventory is when data on the building stock is gathered and compiled. This is necessary in order to have a sound statistical basis for the following steps of the method. The categorisation is done by dividing the buildings in groups based on their basic characteristics; for example size and number of adjoining walls. A delimitation is done, if necessary, in order to exclude atypical buildings.

Typical buildings from each category are then selected by letting the medium values within the categories decide the characteristics of the typical buildings. Other characteristics such as age, use, construction type etc. can be determined for the typical buildings and motivated statistically based on the data in the inventory.

A case study has been carried out on the historic building stock in the town Visby in Sweden, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. When applying the method for categorisation on the buildings built before 1945 in Visby the results show that 70 % of the buildings’ volume is represented by 87 % of the buildings. The study shows that it is possible to generalise some aspects even in a relatively richly nuanced building stock by letting the basic characteristics constitute the first common denominators in a categorisation.

The result of the categorisation facilitates the identification of representative typical buildings that can be used for energy modelling. The six groups of typical buildings identified in Visby are presented at the end of the article.

This study has been conducted within the multi-disciplinary projects Potential and policies for energy efficiency in Swedish buildings built before 1945, financed by the Swedish Energy Agency and Energy Efficiency for EU Historic Districts, funded by the European Commission under its Seventh Framework Programme.