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  • 1.
    Chandler, Jennifer A.
    et al.
    Univ Ottawa, Fac Law, Ottawa, ON, Canada..
    Cabrera, Laura Y.
    Michigan State Univ, Ctr Eth & Humanities Life Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.;Michigan State Univ, Dept Translat Neurosci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA..
    Doshi, Paresh
    Jaslok Hosp & Res Ctr, Dept Neurosurg, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India..
    Fecteau, Shirley
    Univ Laval, Dept Psychiat & Neurosci, Fac Med, Quebec City, PQ, Canada.;Ctr Integre Univ Sante & Serv Sociaux Capitale Na, CERVO Brain Res Ctr, Quebec City, PQ, Canada..
    Fins, Joseph J.
    Weill Cornell, Consortium Adv Study Brain Injury, Weill Cornell Med Coll, New York, NY USA.;Rockefeller Univ, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.;Yale Law Sch, Solomon Ctr Hlth Law & Policy, New Haven, CT USA..
    Guinjoan, Salvador
    Laureate Inst Brain Res, Tulsa, OK USA..
    Hamani, Clement
    Univ Toronto, Harquail Ctr Neuromodulat, Sunnybrook Res Inst, Div Neurosurg,Sunnybrook Hlth Sci Ctr, Toronto, ON, Canada..
    Herrera-Ferra, Karen
    Asociac Mexicana Neuroet, Mexico City, DF, Mexico..
    Honey, C. Michael
    Univ Manitoba, Sect Neurosurg, Max Rady Coll Med, Winnipeg, MB, Canada..
    Illes, Judy
    Univ British Columbia, Neuroeth Canada, Div Neurol, Dept Med, Vancouver, BC, Canada..
    Kopell, Brian H.
    Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai, Dept Neurosurg, New York, NY 10029 USA.;Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai, Dept Neurol, New York, NY 10029 USA.;Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai, Dept Psychiat, New York, NY 10029 USA.;Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai, Dept Neurosci, New York, NY 10029 USA..
    Lipsman, Nir
    Univ Toronto, Div Neurosurg, Harquail Ctr Neuromodulat, Sunnybrook Hlth Sci Ctr, Toronto, ON, Canada..
    McDonald, Patrick J.
    Univ British Columbia, BC Childrens Hosp, Div Neurosurg, Fac Med, Vancouver, BC, Canada..
    Mayberg, Helen S.
    Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai, Dept Neurosurg, New York, NY 10029 USA.;Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai, Dept Neurol, New York, NY 10029 USA.;Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai, Dept Psychiat, New York, NY 10029 USA.;Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai, Dept Neurosci, New York, NY 10029 USA..
    Nadler, Roland
    Univ British Columbia, Peter A Allard Sch Law, Vancouver, BC, Canada..
    Nuttin, Bart
    Katholieke Univ KU Leuven, Univ Ziekenhuis UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium..
    Oliveira-Maia, Albino J.
    Champalimaud Ctr Unknown, Champalimaud Res & Clin Ctr, Lisbon, Portugal.;Univ Nova Lisboa, NOVA Med Sch, NMS, Lisbon, Portugal..
    Rangel, Cristian
    Univ Ottawa, Dept Innovat Med Educ, Fac Med, Ottawa, ON, Canada..
    Ribeiro, Raphael
    Univ Ottawa, Fac Law, Ottawa, ON, Canada..
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Wu, Hemmings
    Zhejiang Univ, Affiliated Hosp 2, Dept Neurosurg, Sch Med, Hangzhou, Peoples R China..
    International Legal Approaches to Neurosurgery for Psychiatric Disorders2021In: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, E-ISSN 1662-5161, Vol. 14, article id 588458Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders (NPD), also sometimes referred to as psychosurgery, is rapidly evolving, with new techniques and indications being investigated actively. Many within the field have suggested that some form of guidelines or regulations are needed to help ensure that a promising field develops safely. Multiple countries have enacted specific laws regulating NPD. This article reviews NPD-specific laws drawn from North and South America, Asia and Europe, in order to identify the typical form and contents of these laws and to set the groundwork for the design of an optimal regulation for the field. Key challenges for this design that are revealed by the review are how to define the scope of the law (what should be regulated), what types of regulations are required (eligibility criteria, approval procedures, data collection, and oversight mechanisms), and how to approach international harmonization given the potential migration of researchers and patients.

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  • 2.
    Das, Jayatri
    et al.
    Franklin Inst, Philadelphia, PA USA..
    Forlini, Cynthia
    Deakin Univ, Sch Med, Geelong, Vic, Australia..
    Porcello, Darrell M.
    Univ Calif, Lawrence Hall Sci, Berkeley, CA USA.;Childrens Creat Museum, San Francisco, CA USA..
    Rommelfanger, Karen S.
    Emory Univ, Dept Neurol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.;Inst Neuroeth Think & Tank, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA..
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics. NeuroeticaBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina..
    Neuroscience is ready for neuroethics engagement2022In: Frontiers in Communication, E-ISSN 2297-900X, Vol. 7, article id 909964Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Neuroscience research has been expanding, providing new insights into brain and nervous system function and potentially transformative technological applications. In recent years, there has been a flurry of prominent international scientific academies and intergovernmental organizations calling for engagement with different publics on social, ethical, and regulatory issues related to neuroscience and neurotechnology advances. Neuroscientific activities and outputs are value-laden; they reflect the cultural, ethical, and political values that are prioritized in different societies at a given time and impact a variety of publics beyond the laboratory. The focus on engagement in neuroscience recognizes the breadth and significance of current neuroscience research whilst acknowledging the need for a neuroethical approach that explores the epistemic and moral values influencing the neuroscientific agenda. The field of neuroethics is characterized by its focus on the social, legal, and philosophical implications of neuroscience including its impact on cultural assumptions about the cognitive experience, identity, consciousness, and decision-making. Here, we outline a proposal for neuroethics engagement that reflects an enhanced and evolving understanding of public engagement with neuroethical issues to create opportunities to share ideation, decision-making, and collaboration in neuroscience endeavors for the benefit of society. We demonstrate the synergies between public engagement and neuroethics scholarship and activities that can guide neuroethics engagement.

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  • 3. Delegates, Global Neuroethics Summit
    et al.
    Rommelfanger, Karen S.
    Emory Univ, Ctr Eth, Neuroeth Program, Dept Neurol, 1531 Dickey Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA;Emory Univ, Ctr Eth, Neuroeth Program, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, 1531 Dickey Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
    Jeong, Sung-Jin
    Korea Brain Res Inst, 61 Choeomdan Ro, Daegu 41068, South Korea.
    Ema, Arisa
    Univ Tokyo, Coll Arts & Sci, Sci & Technol Studies, Tokyo 1138654, Japan.
    Fukushi, Tamami
    Japan Agcy Med Res & Dev, Dept Res Infrastruct, Tokyo, Japan.
    Kasai, Kiyoto
    UTIAS, Dept Neuropsychiat, WPI IRCN, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1138655, Japan;UTIAS, Int Res Ctr Neurointelligence, WPI IRCN, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1138655, Japan.
    Ramos, Khara M.
    NINDS, Off Sci Liaison, Off Director, NIH, Bldg 36,Rm 4D04, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Singh, Ilina
    Univ Oxford, Dept Psychiat, Oxford, England;Univ Oxford, Wellcome Ctr Eth & Humanities, Oxford, England.
    Neuroethics Questions to Guide Ethical Research in the International Brain Initiatives2018In: Neuron, ISSN 0896-6273, E-ISSN 1097-4199, Vol. 100, no 1, p. 19-36Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Increasingly, national governments across the globe are prioritizing investments in neuroscience. Currently, seven active or in-development national-level brain research initiatives exist, spanning four continents. Engaging with the underlying values and ethical concerns that drive brain research across cultural and continental divides is critical to future research. Culture influences what kinds of science are supported and where science can be conducted through ethical frameworks and evaluations of risk. Neuroscientists and philosophers alike have found themselves together encountering perennial questions; these questions are engaged by the field of neuroethics, related to the nature of understanding the self and identity, the existence and meaning of free will, defining the role of reason in human behavior, and more. With this Perspective article, we aim to prioritize and advance to the foreground a list of neuroethics questions for neuroscientists operating in the context of these international brain initiatives.

  • 4.
    Farisco, Michele
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Evers, Kathinka
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics. Centro de Investigaciones Filosoficas.
    Big Science, Brain Simulation and Neuroethics2016In: AJOB Neuroscience, ISSN 2150-7740, E-ISSN 2150-7759, Vol. 7, no 1, p. 28-30Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We believe that it is valuable to investigate conceptual understandings of the brain andof simulation in order to better grasp the ethical implicationsof simulation technology in particular. Such conceptualexamination is offered by fundamental neuroethics. Inthis commentary we propose a reading of simulationwithin the framework of fundamental neuroethics.

  • 5.
    Farisco, Michele
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Evers, Kathinka
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Towards Establishing Criteria for the Ethical Analysisof Artificial Intelligence2020In: Science and Engineering Ethics, ISSN 1353-3452, E-ISSN 1471-5546, Vol. 26, no 5, p. 2413-2425Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ethical reflection on Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a priority. In this article, we propose a methodological model for a comprehensive ethical analysis ofsome uses of AI, notably as a replacement of human actors in specific activities. Weemphasize the need for conceptual clarification of relevant key terms (e.g., intelligence) in order to undertake such reflection. Against that background, we distinguish two levels of ethical analysis, one practical and one theoretical. Focusing onthe state of AI at present, we suggest that regardless of the presence of intelligence,the lack of morally relevant features calls for caution when considering the role ofAI in some specific human activities.

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    fulltext
  • 6.
    Farisco, Michele
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics. Science and Society Unit, Biogem, Biology and Molecular Genetics Institute, Via Camporeale, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics. Programa de Neuroetica, Centro de Investigaciones Filosoficas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
    American and European Guidelines on Disorders of Consciousness: Ethical Challenges of Implementation2022In: The journal of head trauma rehabilitation, ISSN 0885-9701, E-ISSN 1550-509X, Vol. 37, no 4, p. 258-262Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The recently published Guidelines on Disorders of Consciousness (DoCs) by the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) and by the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) in collaboration with the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine (ACRM) and the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR) stand as the most ambitious international attempts to provide clear and standardized recommendations to clinicians working with patients with DoCs. They offer an updated, timely, and wide-ranging list of recommendations for the diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical care of affected patients. However, while commendable, the guidelines pose a number of questions including some related to the practical implementation of their recommendations. The paper introduces the Distributed Responsibility Model as a tool for maximizing the impact of recommendations in clinical practice

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  • 7.
    Farisco, Michele
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Evers, Kathinka
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Neuroethics: A Conceptual Approach2018In: Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, ISSN 0963-1801, E-ISSN 1469-2147, Vol. 27, no 4, p. 717-727Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this article, we begin by identifying three main neuroethical approaches: neurobioethics, empirical neuroethics, and conceptual neuroethics. Our focus is on conceptual approaches that generally emphasize the need to develop and use a methodological modus operandi for effectively linking scientific (i.e., neuroscience) and philosophical (i.e., ethics) interpretations. We explain and assess the value of conceptual neuroethics approaches and explain and defend one such approach that we propose as being particularly fruitful for addressing the various issues raised by neuroscience: fundamental neuroethics.

  • 8. Luna, Florencia
    et al.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Moral Incoherence and hidden Battles: Stem Cell Research in Argentina2010In: Developing World Bioethics, ISSN 1471-8731, E-ISSN 1471-8847, Vol. 10, no 3, p. 120-128Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this article, the authors focus on Argentina's activity in the developing field of regenerative medicine, specifically stem cell research. They take as a starting point a recent article by Shawn Harmon (published in this journal) who argues that attempts to regulate the practice in Argentina are morally incoherent. The authors try to show first, that there is no such 'attempt to legislate' on stem cell research in Argentina and this is due to a number of reasons that they explain. Second, by examining the role played by different values, conflicting legal and moral views, and the influence of various actors, they attempt to show that the legislative silence regarding stem cell research may not necessarily be a manifestation of a legal/moral disconnection but rather a survival strategy for navigating the long and heated battle on the moral status of the embryo and the kind of treatment it deserves.

  • 9. Melo Martin, Inmaculada
    et al.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    On Disgust and Human Dignity2011In: Journal of Value Inquiry, ISSN 0022-5363, E-ISSN 1573-0492, Vol. 45, no 2, p. 159-168Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we critically examine Nussbaum’s claim that moralized disgust necessarily presents a threat to the dignity of human beings. Without calling into question Nussbaum’s account of human dignity and of the emotion of disgust, we have seen that whether dignity can be conceptualized as an inalienable characteristic possessed by all human beings or as a characteristic tied to the development and exercise of the central human capabilities, moralized disgust need not be incompatible with respect for the dignity of human beings. However, the fact that moral disgust need not present a threat to the equal respect and dignity of all human beings does not support the claim that there is wisdom in repugnance. It might well be that disgust is not very reliable and thus not a particularly good moral guide. Also, it might be that, as Nussbaum suggests, the link of disgust with the desire to remain pure can result in a failure to move us to engage socially, to protest against wrongdoing, and to right wrongs. If so, disgust might not be a valuable emotion for social reform. Hence, there might be good reasons to question the value of disgust as a response to moral wrongs, but a concern that disgust inevitably threatens human dignity does not seem to be one of them 

  • 10. Rommelfanger, Karen S.
    et al.
    Ramos, Khara M.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics. Institute of Neuroethics Think and Do Tank, Atlanta, GA, USA.
    Conceptual conundrums for neuroscience2023In: Neuron, ISSN 0896-6273, E-ISSN 1097-4199, Vol. 111, no 5, p. 608-609Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Offering conceptual clarity can be a difficult task when scientists are increasingly called to keep up with the broader ecosystem of science communication such as social media and trends to incorporate persuasive writing in federally funded grants. We offer that the inclusion of diverse stakeholder voices and collaborative input that extends beyond the lab would better support the connections between science and society's challenges and opportunities and maximize the potential of science to do good.

  • 11.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Bioethics, Difference and Rights2004In: Linking Visions: Feminist Bioethics, Human Rights, and the Developing World / [ed] Tong R. Donchin A & Dodds S., Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2004, p. 57-73Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Recently, it has become fashionable to highlight cultural and ethnic issues in bioethics and to argue that they should be clinically and ethically salient. In this essay, I identify two main strategies used to defend this view, and address the issues raised by them by focusing on Hispanic patients. In the first section of this essay, I describe some empirical research on Hispanic patients, some of the assumptions underlying its conclusions, and discuss some ethical issues raised by the prevalence of stereotyping and generalizing about minorities. In the second section, I indicate the limitations of the prevailing essentialist thinking on ethnicity and culture and suggest alternative directions for future research. In the third and final section, I advance the argument that even if stereotyping and essentialist thinking are avoided, respect for cultural and ethnic differences is morally defensible only when it is compatible with the acknowledgment of fundamental rights. 

  • 12.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Brain Imaging and Privacy Concerns2016In: Neurotechnology and Direct Brain Communication / [ed] Farisco Michele & Evers Kathinka, Routledge, 2016, p. 143-157Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this chapter, the author highlights some efforts to approach the issue of functional neuro-imaging and its possible threat to privacy in the neuroethics literature. Two main approaches or strategies are usually used in the discussion: the first strategy consists in a description and discussion of what neuro-imaging can and cannot do with a focus on the technical and methodological problems that bedevil the technology. The second strategy focuses on the metaphysical assumptions about the mind underlying concerns on the subject of neuro-imaging and mental privacy. Sometimes these two strategies are used jointly. There is a third strategy, less common in the neuroethics literature, that brackets technical, methodological, and metaphysical issues to put the focus on the discussion of normative questions. The questions raised are: why would neuroimaging’s impinging on privacy be problematic? What is valuable about mental privacy? Would it be morally undesirable to have less of it? My main aim is to outline the first two strategies clarifying their implications for the privacy debate, and then focus more on the third. I end by proposing to expand the normative discussion to incorporate some of the issues raised by a recent account of privacy as contextual integrity. 

  • 13.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    El cerebro de quien? Algunas reflexiones sobre la neurociencia de las diferencias sexuales2014In: Genero y Bioetica / [ed] Casado M. Luna F. Vazquez R, Editorial Fontamara , 2014, p. 179-193Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [es]

    En este capitulo,  esquematizo algunas de las cuestiones relativas a los estudios sobre las diferencias sexuales y la posibilidad de inclusión de sus resultados en otros tipos de investigación. Considero que el entrecruce de lo empírico con consideraciones morales teóricas enriquece la discusion y no me opongo a que los resultados de ciertos tipos de investigación empírica (por ejemplo, sobre diferencias sexuales) jueguen un papel en otros tipos de investigación empírica (por ejemplo, sobre las bases neurales de la moralidad). Sin embargo, me parece fundamental proceder con much cautela en el uso de los resultados de los estudios neurocientíficos sobre diferencias sexuales, que típicamente se ven infectados de prejuicios problemáticos. 

  • 14.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Humanness: Some neuroethical reflections2021In: Regulating Neuroscience: Transnational legal challenges / [ed] Martin Hevia, Elsevier, 2021, p. 1-179Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Neuroscience research is expected to further our understanding of humans. Such knowledge might make an impact on some ingrained beliefs about what humans are and invite reconsideration of ethical and legal categories that tend to draw a sharp line between humans and living and non-living non-humans and the legal protections each deserves. Moreover, the convergence of neuroscience and technology leads to the development and applications of neurotechnology to alleviate diseases and even enhance the human brain. Some neurotechnological applications, it is often suggested, could have an impact on humanness in general and on the identity and personhood of specific individuals in particular and that this calls for legal responses. A lively debate regarding the ethical implications of neurotechnologies on personal identity and authenticity has taken a prominent place within neuroethics. Less has been written on what is the “humanness” that some people suggest might be altered by some neurotechnological applications.

    In this chapter, I focus on this issue. First, I provide some conceptual distinctions and outline how “humanness” has typically been addressed. Next, I outline current neuroscientific research that gives support to the view that the constant and multifactorial human bio-cultural interplay that enables high level behavioral and cognitive features might be paramount in what humans are. Finally, I advance some implications for the ethical and legal discussion.

  • 15.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    La neurociencia y la identidad: un debate abierto2015In: El Mejoramiento Humano / [ed] César Ortega Esquembre Andrés Richart Piqueras Víctor Páramo Valero Christian Ruíz Rubio, Editorial Comares, 2015, p. 57-67Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [es]

    Large brain projects worldwide, such as the American BRAIN initiative and the European Human Brain Project, are generating vigorous moral discussions on a number of topics. They range from how responsible research should be carried out and how to ethically use the findings, to critical questions about the impact of neuroscientific findings on human lives in general and subjective human experiences in particular. One important concern that has been voiced is that advances in brain research can potentially threaten human identity either by substantially altering it or by directly undermining it. In this paper, the author identifies and presents some of these identity related concerns. 

  • 16.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Las diferencias sexuales y la discusion neuroetica2014In: Debate Feminista, ISSN 0188-9478, Vol. 25, no 49, p. 94-116Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [es]

    En este capítulo, me propongo indagar este entrecruzamiento conceptual entre el feminismo y la neuroética. En la primera parte, presentaré algunos de los temas mas recurrentes de la neuroética, para luego señalar los matices diferentes introducidos por el feminismo. En la segunda parte me concentro en algunas inquietudes feministas sobre la investigación neurocientífica de las diferencias sexuales, en particular las relacionadas con la manera como se lleva a cabo y las consecuencias de sus resultados. Finalmente, en la tercera parte sugiero que es hora de trascender las etiquetas y nos propongamos hacer una neuroética lo suficientemente crítica e intelectualmente honesta como para que esté atenta a todo tipo de consideración moralmente significativa incluyendo, por supuesto, las de género. 

  • 17.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Neuroethics in a “Psy” World: the Case of Argentina2014In: Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, ISSN 0963-1801, E-ISSN 1469-2147, Vol. 23, no 3Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Given the cultural psychoanalytic tradition that shapes the thought of Argentineans and their current skepticism with regard to the neurosciences when it comes to understanding human behavior, this article addresses the question of whether a healthy neyuroethics can develop in the country.

  • 18.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Neuroethics in Context: The Development of the Discipline in Argentina2018In: The Routledge Handbook of Neuroethics / [ed] Johnson S. Rommelfanger K, Routledge, 2018Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    At present, the impact of scientific research and the effects of neurotechnology on human beings not only as biological beings but also as moral beings is increasingly felt in medicine and the humanities. It is reasonable to think that the future will bring even more ways of knowing, modifying, healing, and possibly enhancing the brain thus challenging our intuitions about who we are and how we act - or should act. Neuroethics attempts to both offer a collective response to the ethical issues that rapidly developing science raises, and to find new answers to age-old philosophical questions. This discipline is not as established in Argentina as it is in the United States and some European nations, but the unique historic-cultural and academic landscape of Argentina suggests promises for neuroethics to deliver original results if/when this development occurs. Here, I  briefly explain some of the neuroethical concerns that attract more attention locally and I make explicit some of the salient topics and challenges shaping neuroethics in Argentina. 

  • 19.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    On the Normative Implications of Social Neuroscience2013In: RECERCA: Revista di Pensament I Analisi, Vol. 13, p. 29-42Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Within the last decades, brain science has been offering new insights into the relationship among diverse psychological processes and the neural correlates of our moral thought and behavior. Despite the distinction between the explanatory/descriptive nature of science and the normative nature of morality, some neuroethicists have claimed that neuroscientific findings have normative implications. In this paper, I identify three interpretations of the claim. The first focuses on neuroscience’s role in explaining the origin of morality and of moral values and how neurobiology is the bases of moral behavior. A second version is about the role that neuroscientific knowledge can play in showing the psychological plausibility of the moral psychology underlying some ethical approaches. Finally, a third version advances that neuroscience could play a role in determining the moral plausibility of some normative approaches. My aim is to delineate each version and highlight the issues raised to suggest that while neuroscience might provide information regarding the nature of moral reasoning, its role in the normative discussion itself is still quite limited.

  • 20.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Proactive Epigenesis and Ethics2017In: EMBO Reports, ISSN 1469-221X, E-ISSN 1469-3178, Vol. 18, no 8, p. 1271-Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A recent article by Kathinka Evers and Jean Pierre Changeux offers a new approach to the issue of moral change. They propose proactive epigenesis as a tool to communicate and establish social and ethical norms in education and upbringing so as to build better societies. In this short commentary I explain their view and then identify and explain some of the normative issues raised by their proposal. In particular, I  focus on some moral claims they make that raise deep questions about justification and frameworks and thus require further discussion. Based on my analysis, I propose that the authors themselves further develop their views and elaborate on the specifically moral issues raised by their proposal and hope that their joint work on this issue inspires empirical and theoretical research from disciplines such as moral philosophy, pedagogy, and social science to further examine proactive epigenesis and the possibilities it opens for addressing moral improvement.

  • 21.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Rationality and the moral significance of emotions2015In: Inherent and Instrumental Values: Excursions in Value Inquiry, University Press of America, 2015, p. 89-99Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A conventional assumption of traditional moral philosophy is that emotions are irrational forces likely to make us act other than on moral principles. One aspect of this tradition that its followers emphasize is the notion that a moral life is a matter of rational self-sufficiency.  Because rationality grounds morality, and emotions are allegedly merely irrational phenomena, they have no positive moral significance. Since the recent renewal of interest in the emotions, however, some philosophers have concerned themselves with morally vindicating the emotions by arguing that under some conditions they can be assessed as rational.  This chapter addresses the connection usually made between the moral significance of the emotions and their rational status. 

  • 22.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Reflexiones sobre la bioetica y la biotecnologia2012In: Perspectivas Bioeticas81, ISSN 1575-8443, Vol. 17, no 32, p. 81-95Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    New biomedical technologies and research have raised a number of ethical issues and created a polarized debate about how to understand and solve them. Here, I present two rival approaches regarding how to look at biotechnology: the neoconservative and the progressive approaches. I explore some of their underlying assumptions and consider the role that similar approaches play in shaping the public perception and discussion of the ethical issues raised by biotechnology in Latin American countries. 

  • 23.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Rodo, Morality and Race2011In: Forging People: Race, Ethnicity and Nationality in Spanish-American Philosophy / [ed] Jorge Gracia, University of Notre Dame Press, 2011, p. 181-202Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    What constitutes an authentic Latin American identity, particularly in the face of European and North American values and their overpowering influence? How should such an identity be understood? These are topics that seem inescapable in any history of ideas in Latin America, and continue to be hotly debated. They were also discussed during the period of state formation, the early 1900s, when several intellectuals felt the need to reaffirm a distinctive collective identity and were instrumental in fueling the valorization of a Latin American consciousness. José Enrique Rodó is taken to be one of the key figures in the movement. Rodó rallied against the pervasive moral and political power of the United States by doing two things: first, he tried to invert common beliefs about the inferiority of the Latin American “race.” Second, he argued for the existence of a united Latin American community with an unquestionable mission: the moral revitalization of humanity. In this chapter I examine Rodo's view and critically examine its assumptions.

     

                                                      

  • 24.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics. Ctr Invest Filosof, Neuroeth Program, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.; European Human Brain Project, Eth & Soc Subproject, Uppsala, Sweden..
    Salud reproductiva, legislación y opciones de maternidad2017In: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics, ISSN 1937-4585, E-ISSN 1937-4577, Vol. 10, no 1, p. 248-251Article, book review (Other academic)
  • 25.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Sobre la neuroetica2016In: Revista Latinoamericana de Filosofia, ISSN 0325-0725, Vol. 42Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [es]

    Introduction to a special issue devoted to neuroethics. This article provides an overview of the main issues raised by recent neuroscientific advances and the different approaches used to understand and discuss them. 

  • 26.
    Salles, Arleen
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Bertomeu, Maria Julia
    Bioethics: Latin American Perspectives2002Collection (editor) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This book presents a unique view of the current state of development of bioethics in Laitn America. Twelve Latin American bioeethicists address a vast range of questions including autonomy, rights, justice and the role of culture and religion in bioethics.

  • 27.
    Salles, Arleen
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Bjaalie, Jan
    Evers, Kathinka
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Farisco, Michele
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Fothergill, Tyr
    Guerrero, Manuel
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Maslen, Hannah
    Muller, Jeffrey
    Prescott, Tony
    Stahl, Bernd
    Walter, Henrik
    Zilles, Karl
    Amunts, Katrin
    The Human Brain Project: Responsible Brain Research for the Benefit of Society2019In: Neuron, ISSN 0896-6273, E-ISSN 1097-4199, Vol. 101, no 3, p. 380-384Article, review/survey (Refereed)
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  • 28.
    Salles, Arleen
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Evers, KathinkaUppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    La Vida Social del Cerebro2014Collection (editor) (Refereed)
  • 29.
    Salles, Arleen
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Evers, Kathinka
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Social Neuroscience and Neuroethics: A Fruitful Synergy2017In: Neuroscience and Social Science: The Missing Link / [ed] A. Ibáñez et al. (eds.), Springer, 2017, p. 531-546Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Social neuroscience is shedding new light on the relationship between the brain and its environments. In the process, and despite criticism from the social sciences, the field is contributing to the discussion of long-standing controversies concerning, for example, the "nature-nurture" distinction and the relationships between social and neurobiological structures.

    In this chapter, we argue that in this endeavor social neuroscience would benefit from partnering with neuroethics insofar as their respective areas and methods of explanation are complementary rather than in competition. We provide a richer account of neuroethics than the one given in social neuroscientists' common descriptions of that field and suggest that, when understood in this richer (and in our view more adequate) fashion, neuroethics may open up productive avenues for research and play a key role in allowing us to determine social neuroscience's contribution to unveiling important epistemological as well as ontological notions. Accordingly, social neuroscience and neuroethics may form a constructive partnership.

  • 30.
    Salles, Arleen
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics. Centro de Investigaciones Filosoficas (CIF),F), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
    Evers, Kathinka
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Farisco, Michele
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics. Biogem, Biology and Molecular Genetics Institute, Ariano Irpino, Camporeale, Italy.
    Anthropomorphism in AI2020In: AJOB Neuroscience, ISSN 2150-7740, E-ISSN 2150-7759, Vol. 11, no 2, p. 88-95Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AI research is growing rapidly raising various ethical issues related to safety, risks, and other effects widely discussed in the literature. We believe that in order to adequately address those issues and engage in a productive normative discussion it is necessary to examine key concepts and categories. One such category is anthropomorphism. It is a well-known fact that AI’s functionalities and innovations are often anthropomorphized (i.e., described and conceived as characterized by human traits). The general public’s anthropomorphic attitudes and some of their ethical consequences (particularly in the context of social robots and their interaction with humans) have been widely discussed in the literature. However, how anthropomorphism permeates AI research itself (i.e., in the very language of computer scientists, designers, and programmers), and what the epistemological and ethical consequences of this might be have received less attention. In this paper we explore this issue. We first set the methodological/theoretical stage, making a distinction between a normative and a conceptual approach to the issues. Next, after a brief analysis of anthropomorphism and its manifestations in the public, we explore its presence within AI research with a particular focus on brain-inspired AI. Finally, on the basis of our analysis, we identify some potential epistemological and ethical consequences of the use of anthropomorphic language and discourse within the AI research community, thus reinforcing the need of complementing the practical with a conceptual analysis.

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  • 31.
    Salles, Arleen
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics. Programa de Neuroetica, Centro de Investigaciones Filosoficas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
    Evers, Kathinka
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Farisco, Michele
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics. Biogem Genetic Research Centre, Ariano Irpino, Italy.
    Neuroethics and Philosophy in Responsible Research and Innovation: The Case of the Human Brain Project2019In: Neuroethics, ISSN 1874-5490, E-ISSN 1874-5504, Vol. 12, no 2, p. 201-211Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) is an important ethical, legal, and political theme for the European Commission. Although variously defined, it is generally understood as an interactive process that engages social actors, researchers, and innovators who must be mutually responsive and work towards the ethical permissibility of the relevant research and its products. The framework of RRI calls for contextually addressing not just research and innovation impact but also the background research process, specially the societal visions underlying it and the norms and priorities that shape scientific agendas. This requires the integration of anticipatory, inclusive, and responsive dimensions, and the nurturing of a certain type of reflexivity among a variety of stakeholders, from scientists to funders. In this paper, we do not address potential limitations but focus on the potential contribution of philosophical reflection to RRI in the context of the Ethics and Society subproject of the Human Brain Project (HBP). We show how the type of conceptual analysis provided by philosophically oriented approaches theoretically and ethically broadens research and innovation within the HBP. We further suggest that overt inclusion of philosophical reflection can promote the aims and objectives of RRI.

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  • 32.
    Salles, Arleen
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics. Centro de Investigaciones Filosoficas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
    Evers, Kathinka
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Farisco, Michele
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics. Biogem, Biology and Molecular Genetics Institute, Ariano Irpino, Italy.
    The Need for a Conceptual Expansion of Neuroethics2019In: AJOB Neuroscience, ISSN 2150-7740, E-ISSN 2150-7759, Vol. 10, no 3, p. 126-128Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In “Neuroethics at 15: The Current and Future Environment for Neuroethics” the Emerging Issues Task Force of the INS provides an overview of the current and future topics for neuroethics and the foreseeable challenges that the field will face. The authors note that these challenges, emerging both at individual, societal, and often global levels, are importantly connected to increasing knowledge of the brain and neurotechnical capabilities, to increasing awareness of value diversity and of the need to attend to a global landscape, and to novel applications (commercial, military, governmental) of neuroscientific findings. The overarching theme, the authors note, is expansion. In this commentary we focus on the fourth needed expansion: an expansion in how neuroethics and its methodologies are conceived and how neuroethical issues should be approached. Accordingly, we explore the key role that  conceptual analysis plays in normative discussions, in refining our empirical knowledge, and in fostering a clearer and more reliable vision on how to respond the many philosophical issues raised by neuroscientific knowledge and neurotechnologies

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  • 33.
    Salles, Arleen
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics. Centro de Investigaciones Filosoficas.
    Farisco, Michele
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics. Biogem, Biology and Molecular Genetics Institute.
    Of Ethical Frameworks and Neuroethics in Big Neuroscience Projects: A View from the HBP2020In: AJOB Neuroscience, ISSN 2150-7740, E-ISSN 2150-7759, Vol. 11, no 3, p. 167-175Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The recently published BRAIN 2.0 Neuroethics Report offers a very helpful overview of the possible ethical, social, philosophical, and legal issues raised by neuroscience in the context of BRAIN’s research priorities thus contributing to the attempt to develop ethically sound neuroscience. In this article, we turn to a running theme of the document: the need for an ethical framework for the BRAIN Initiative and for further integration of neuroethics and neuroscience. We assess some of the issues raised and provide an explanation of how we have addressed them in the Human Brain Project. We offer our experience in the HBP as a potential contribution to the international debate about neuroethics in the big brain initiatives. Our hope is that among other things, the type of exchange proposed by this AJOB special issue will prove productive in further identifying and discussing the issues and in inspiring appropriate solutions.

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  • 34.
    Salles, Arleen
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Melo Martin, Inmaculada
    Disgust in Bioethics2012In: Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, ISSN 0963-1801, E-ISSN 1469-2147, Vol. 21, no 2, p. 267-280Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We propose to advance the dialogue by clarifying the different ways in which disgust is used when dealing with bio- ethical issues, particularly those issues that relate to new biotechnological developments. We argue that discus- sions involving this concept are mud- dled because of a failure to clarify the particular content of the emotion and its manifestations, or because disputants are using disgust in different ways. We identify here four main uses of the concept of disgust. In some cases, dis- gust is used as an example to illustrate the proper role of emotional sensibility in bioethical thinking. In other cases, disgust is discussed as a possible source of moral knowledge that can help us discern the permissibility of biomedical practices or technologies. Disgust is also used as a rhetorical device to bring forth opposition or rejection of such practices or biotechnological advances. Finally, disgust is used in the bioethics literature as a tool that, on grounds of irrationality or ignorance, allows one to dismiss the concerns of those who appeal to disgust when rejecting new biomedical technologies. Of course, the different uses of disgust are interrelated, and sometimes more than one of these uses is found in the same work. We believe however, that these diverse uses have different normative implications, and thus it is impor-tant to clarify what it is that one wants to achieve when using the concept of disgust. 

  • 35.
    Salles, Arleen
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Melo Martin, Inmaculada
    Moral Bioenhancement: Much Ado about Nothing?2015In: Bioethics, ISSN 0269-9702, E-ISSN 1467-8519, Vol. 29, no 4, p. 223-232Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Recently, some have proposed moral bioenhancement as a solution to the serious moral evils that humans face. Seemingly disillusioned with tradi- tional methods of moral education, proponents of bioenhancement believe that we should pursue and apply biotechnological means to morally enhance human beings. Such proposal has generated a lively debate about the permissibility of moral bioenhancement. We argue here that such debate is specious. The claim that moral bioenhancement is a solution – whether permissible or not – to the serious moral problems that affect human beings is based on several problematic framing assumptions. We evaluate here three of such assumptions: the first rests on a contested understanding of morality, the second consist in a mistaken conception of human moral problems, and the third relates to problematic presuppositions grounding the interpretation of existent scientific evidence presented to defend moral bioenhancement. Once these framing assumptions are iden- tified and critically evaluated, it becomes clear that the moral bioenhancement debate is misguided. 

  • 36.
    Salles, Arleen
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Millan Zaibert, lizabeth
    The Role of History in Latin American Philosophy: Contemporary Perspectives2005Collection (editor) (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    During the early history of Latin American philosophy, the contributions from Latin American thinkers were generally viewed to be mere copies of the work done by Spanish and Portuguese philosophers. Hence, there was not much interest in investigating the contributions from the “colonies,” as the general view was that the intellectual tradition, like the political one, was dominated by the colonizers. Nowadays, the lack of general knowledge regarding Latin American philosophy can be attributed to many factors, one of which is a language barrier. Few major philosophical texts from Latin America have been translated into English, and this is in part due to the fact that while English, French, and German are recognized as important philosophical languages, Spanish is relegated to the realm of magical realism or of immigrant fruit pickers. We believe that the contribu- tions included in this volume demonstrate that there are original positions to be found in the work of Latin American philosophers and so that at least some philosophical work from Latin America offers new insights and solutions to problems, hence making it relevant to philosophers from other regions of the world. One goal we have in presenting this collection is to introduce some important, contemporary philosophical voices of the Latin American philosophical tradition. 

  • 37.
    Salles, Arleen
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Stahl, Bernd
    Bjaalie, Jan
    Domingo-Ferrer, Josep
    Rose, Nikolas
    Rainey, Stephen
    Spranger, Tade
    Bitsch, Lise
    Christen, Marcus
    Farisco, Michele
    Opinion and Action Plan on 'Data Protection and Privacy'2017Other (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A fuller understanding of the human brain, better diagnoses and treatment of brain disorders, as well as the development of new brain-like technologies are all goals of the Human Brain Project. Realizing these goals requires the collection, storage, curation, and analysis of data of various sorts over extended periods of time.

    Securing privacy interests and advancing data protection measures are key concerns of the Human Brain Project. Their importance was recognized during the proposal development, taken up by the Ethics and Society Subproject (SP12) and reinforced by the Ethics Review in Jan 2015. The HBP needs to comply with national and European data protection legislation. But it is clear that the HBP must go beyond existing legal protections and show not only that it is ethically sensitive to privacy concerns even when such concerns fall outside regulatory frameworks, but also that it makes appropriate use of data and is able to identify and respond to new, unanticipated threats to privacy as they emerge. This document expresses the opinion concerning data protection and privacy by those involved in the Ethics and Society section of the HBP. This includes the members of the sub-project on Ethics and Society (SP12), members of the Ethics Advisory Board and the Ethics Rapporteurs. We identify some of the main privacy-related concerns within HBP, articulate the basic ethical principles that should guide examination of the issues, and present a brief review of the history of data protection and regulation in Europe, focusing on the current state of such regulation. While aware that misuse of the information must be prevented, we are mindful that a form of privacy protection that would prohibit use of any medical or other records for research would stifle medical and scientific progress making it impossible to achieve expected benefits to health that are in the public interest. Therefore, we offer final recommendations that are intended to minimize potential risks while securing the public benefit anticipated from HBP research.

    Finally, it is worth noting that there is a more general context to current debates on data protection and privacy. A variety of well publicised events have revealed the extent to which the security apparatuses of different national states acquire covert access to data stored on the internet and mine it in various ways in the course of their work. These revelations influence how citizens think about and how policymakers legislate data protection.

    The structure of the the Opinion is as follows: it starts with a description of some of the key privacy challenges and concerns raised by the HBP. The Opinion then describes conceptual and empirical research on privacy and data protection undertaken in the context of the HBP. It outlines technical options and the regulatory environment within which the HBP operates. The Opinion concludes with a set of recommendations to the HBP.

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  • 38.
    Stahl, Bernd Carsten
    et al.
    Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
    Akintoye, Simisola
    Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
    Bitsch, Lise
    Danish Board of Technology Foundation, Hvidovre, Denmark.
    Bringedal, Berit
    Institute for Studies of the Medical Profession, Oslo, Norway.
    Eke, Damian
    Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
    Farisco, Michele
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics. Biogem, Biology and Molecular Genetics Institute, Ariano Irpino, Italy.
    Grasenick, Karin
    Convelop cooperative knowledge design gmbh, Graz, Austria.
    Guerrero, Manuel
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics. Department of Bioethics & Medical Humanities, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
    Knight, William
    Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
    Leach, Tonii
    Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
    Nyholm, Sven
    Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
    Ogoh, George
    Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
    Rosemann, Achim
    Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Trattnig, Julia
    Convelop cooperative knowledge design gmbh, Graz, Austria.
    Ulnicane, Inga
    Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
    From Responsible Research and Innovation to responsibility by design2021In: Journal of Responsible Innovation, ISSN 2329-9460, E-ISSN 2329-9037, Vol. 8, no 2, p. 175-198Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Drawing on more than eight years working to implement Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) in the Human Brain Project, a large EU-funded research project that brings together neuroscience, computing, social sciences, and the humanities, and one of the largest investments in RRI in one project, this article offers insights on RRI and explores its possible future. We focus on the question of how RRI can have long-lasting impact and persist beyond the time horizon of funded projects. For this purpose, we suggest the concept of ‘responsibility by design’ which is intended to encapsulate the idea of embedding RRI in research and innovation in a way that makes it part of the fabric of the resulting outcomes, in our case, a distributed European Research Infrastructure.

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  • 39.
    Ulnicane, Inga
    et al.
    De Montfort Univ, Ctr Comp & Social Responsibil, Leicester LE1 9BH, Leics, England..
    Mahfoud, Tara
    Univ Essex, Dept Sociol, Colchester, Essex, England..
    Salles, Arleen
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics.
    Experimentation, learning and dialogue: an RRI-inspired approach to dual-use of concern2023In: Journal of Responsible Innovation, ISSN 2329-9460, E-ISSN 2329-9037, Vol. 10, no 1, article id 2094071Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Responsible Research and Innovation is promoted by research funders and scientific communities as a way to place societal needs and values at the centre of research and innovation. In practice, however, legal compliance still tends to dominate the RRI agenda. In order to move beyond the dominance of legal compliance and address a broader societal agenda, this article argues that RRI requires: (1) a productive intertwining of research and practice; (2) the integration of anticipation, reflection, engagement, and action (AREA) in a nonlinear process; and (3) an experimental approach. Based on this framework, this article draws on our experience of developing and institutionalizing an RRI-inspired approach to address dual-use and misuse issues in the EU-funded Human Brain Project. Our experience suggests that the four dimensions of the AREA framework work better not as separate stages but rather being flexibly intertwined to enable experimentation, learning, and dialogue.

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