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  • 1.
    Duphorn, Walter
    Uppsala universitet, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Tekniska sektionen, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper.
    Uses and Issues – The case of Visby Cathedral: An analysis of values and frictions associated with usage at a venue that is both cultural heritage and an active religious institution2019Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (magisterexamen), 10 poäng / 15 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis is a case study of Visby Cathedral, cultural heritage with a rich history that has been an active site of worship since medieval times. This has resulted in an interest in the cathedral as a tourist destination which has increased exponentially since the city became a world heritage. The main aim of this thesis was to see how the heritagization of the cathedral affects it through the public uses that take place within the cathedral to see which values are promoted. Following this the frictions that are caused by the uses was studied to garner a better understanding of how the identity of the cathedral was impacted on both internal and external levels. My hypothesis going in was that much of the identifiable frictions were caused by the difference between the religious and cultural identity of the cathedral. In the analysis four use-categories with separate key functions: Religious, Art & Music, Political and Tourism. While all usages did not cause friction, all categories did to varying degrees of severity. The religious use still appears to be the core influencing factor since the recent incorporation of the overriding values of inclusion of acceptance originated within these uses which inspire all categories of use. Much of the experienced friction appears to be the result of push-back to these values. This could indicate that to a clash between modern cultural ideas and traditional Christian perspectives are at the core of the issues as the hypothesis suggested but the different nature and number of identifiable values and frictions at play suggests that while this is likely a factor, it is not the only one.

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    Uses and Issues - The case of Visby Cathedral
  • 2.
    Ekström, Mathias
    Uppsala universitet, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Tekniska sektionen, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och industriell teknik.
    Friluftsliv and friluftslivsmålen as tools for sustainable regional development: An analysis of the role of outdoor recreation in the regional planning process in Sweden2020Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [sv]

    Denna masteruppsats har syftat till att belysa förekomsten av friluftsliv i regionala strategier, relaterat till hur friluftsliv kan bidra till regional utveckling och tillväxt. Detta analyserades i samband med uppkomsten av friluftslivsmålen, där friluftsliv är syftat till att vara involverad i den regionala utvecklingen och den fysiska planeringsprocessen i regioner. Emellertid är omfattningen av åtgärder för att involvera friluftsliv i RUS/P (Regional Utvecklingsstrategi/Plan) från regionala myndigheter låga. Länsstyrelserna å andra sidan arbetar aktivt inom sina regioner för att involvera friluftsliv i den fysiska planeringsprocessen. Detta är på grund av den skillnaden i ansvarsområden över specifika faktorer mellan de två myndigheterna. Detsamma kan kopplas till de många likheter och skillnader som främst återfinns i Länsstyrelsernas arbete. Exempelvis hur friluftsliv ofta beskrivs bidra på ett positivt sätt för medborgarens välbefinnande och livskvalitet, som i sin tur positivt påverkar många aspekter av regional utveckling, medan vissa fokuserar på att diskutera konsekvenserna av friluftsliv på miljön.

    Friluftsliv kan fungera som en katalysator för regional utveckling, även om friluftslivets kommersiella verksamhetsmöjligheter kan påstås vara geografiskt beroende kan dock dess indirekta sociala, ekonomiska och miljömässiga bidrag för regional utveckling syftas till att vara geografiskt oberoende. En slutsats som gjorts i uppsatsen är att en mer övergripande planeringsprocess regionalt för att främja friluftsliv behövs, där både regionerna och Länsstyrelserna genomför planeringen i överensstämmelse med Naturvårdsverket för att sprida den nödvändiga kunskapen i syfte att engagera i aktiv diskussion för främjandet av smart rumslig planering mellan myndigheterna.

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    Fulltext Friluftsliv ME
  • 3.
    El Maazouzi, Azdine
    Uppsala universitet, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Tekniska sektionen, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och industriell teknik.
    The Impact of Official Tourism Websites on the Destination Image: The case of Morocco2020Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (magisterexamen), 10 poäng / 15 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    The destination image is a significant factor that determines the success of a tourist destination. Information sources such as official websites of a tourist destination also play a critical role in attracting more tourists. This paper focuses on analyzing the impact of online sources such as the destination image's official websites. Being an exceptional tourism destination among the Arab countries, Morocco has been selected to analyze its official website's impact on its image. The paper applies a qualitative research design to accomplish the research. Data has been collected from the official website of the selected tourist destination. The study reveals that quality content and rich cognitive information on the destination's official tourism website have a distinct influence on the destination's image perception that eventually attracts, motivates, and encourages tourists to visit once or repeatedly. Therefore, it is necessary to take into consideration the quality of information being provided to potential tourists to create an enhanced image of the destination and the perceptions of tourists about Morocco's destination.

     

     

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  • 4.
    Elf Donaldson, Evelina
    Uppsala universitet, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Tekniska sektionen, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och industriell teknik.
    Visitor Perceptions of Authenticity and Commodification in Easter Island Cultural Heritage Tourism: Pride and Empowerment of the Rapanui2020Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (magisterexamen), 10 poäng / 15 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    This study sought to analyze tourist perceptions of cultural heritage tourism on Easter Island, more specifically, how they perceived and valued the concept of ‘authenticity’ in representations of local Rapanui culture. By analyzing and categorizing trends found in Trip Advisor reviews left for 6 tourism businesses on the island (3 traditional performance venues and 3 guided tour companies), this primary research question was further broken down to assess 1) what factors in particular render an experience valuable and authentic to the tourist, 2) how tourists perceive indigenous Rapanui’s relationship to their own culture in the context of cultural tourism, and 3) if they perceive the industry as exploiting or empowering the Rapanui people. Ultimately the study uncovered the tendency for tourists to look to the transmitters of culture themselves (i.e. local performers, guides, company owners) when assessing the value and authenticity of their cultural experience, taking into account the transmitter’s indigenous heritage, cultural pride, knowledgeability, and openness and eagerness to share their culture with visitors (evident by the perceived passion with which they performed, or the personal storytelling and friendship evident in the guide-guest relationship). In addition to constructing value and authenticity, these qualities left visitors with the impression that local Rapanui are empowered by the industry and have agency over the manner in which their culture is showcased. The tourist’s search for meaning was also an important finding, as the majority either appreciated direct explanations about island culture and history, or created their own meaning when none was provided. While the scope of this study was limited to Easter Island, it has implications that may be applied to other destinations with indigenous, cultural tourism, as it very much speaks to the value that tourists place on cultural pride and preservation, community-based grassroots tourism, a desire for meaning and explanation, and consideration for the tourist’s own impact on the destination.

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  • 5.
    Kindvall, Linnea
    Uppsala universitet, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Tekniska sektionen, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper.
    Making art for sustainability?: A qualitative study about identifying artists' perspective on the relationship between environmental art and sustainable development2019Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (magisterexamen), 10 poäng / 15 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    Environmental art is increasingly becoming a medium to address environmental challenges and studies have shown that the art form offers many opportunities when included within work of sustainable development. This study has investigated artists motivations to pursue environmental art and asked whether artists believe that art can contribute to sustainable development. This project was achieved using a qualitative approach and cross-sectional design, through semi-structured interviews with ten artists working with environmental art in different parts of the world. The theoretical framework consisted of theories describing artists’ motivations to pursue art and environmental art, as well as motivations of environmental activists. Results showed that artists are motivated to pursue environmental art for several reasons, some of these reasons relates to the same motivational factors among environmental activists. The artists also lined that their own connection to nature was a big motivation for pursuing environmental art. Nine out of ten artists agreed that art can contribute to sustainable development, and one artist questioned whether any development can be sustainable.  The conclusion of this study is that artists’ main motivation to pursue environmental art derives from a response to environmental concerns in society and the world of today, out of a belief that art offers other kinds of opportunities to reflect on environmental concerns than normally communicated environmental information.  

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  • 6.
    Nair, Sumit
    Uppsala universitet, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Tekniska sektionen, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper. Uppsala universitet, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Geovetenskapliga sektionen, Institutionen för geovetenskaper.
    Stora Karlsö Tourism Sustainability Studies - A case study to understand & investigate impacts of water shortage and power outage on tourism.2019Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (magisterexamen), 10 poäng / 15 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
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  • 7.
    Paul, Leonie
    Uppsala universitet, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Tekniska sektionen, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och industriell teknik.
    The flying Classroom: Study trips in Education for Sustainable Development2020Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 30 poäng / 45 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    Higher education in any area of sustainable development is increasingly seen as aremedy to solve the currently faced climate crisis. However, the complex,interdisciplinary, and even personal nature of Education for Sustainable Development(ESD) questions the status quo of traditional pedagogic approaches and learningtechniques. Using the example of a study trip provider specialized in ESD, therelevance of experiential real-life studies in a foreign setting is investigated and theirpotential for Sustainability Education highlighted. An online questionnaire serves as afundament for understanding the impacts of multidimensional study trips regardingpersonal but especially professional choices. Data of more than 100 formerparticipants of sustainability-related study trips were gathered and evaluatedquantitatively as well as following a deductive analysis. Focus is drawn topro-environmental behaviors and beliefs that are potentially nourished by theexposure to natural treasures and first-hand expertise in Sustainable Development.The results of this study substantiate the great potential for knowledge transfer,behavioral changes, and shifts in mindsets based on experiential learning taking placein the context of traveling. Participants are encouraged and determined to follow acareer in sustainability after participating in the program. Half of the examined alumnigroup is already in a position that supports Sustainable Development in some form,leading to the overall success of the utilization of study trips in ESD, despite existingweaknesses.

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  • 8. Philpot, Lorne
    Investigating tourist flows from South Africa to the United Kingdom. Has the visa regime caused the decline, or are there other factors ? (A qualitative study)2019Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (magisterexamen), 40 poäng / 60 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    This study examined the causes of declining tourist flows. The aim was to establish the effect of visa restrictions on South African nationals travelling to the United Kingdom. In addition, it was sought to determine if other factors influenced the decline in South Africans nationals visiting the United Kingdom. Qualitative interviews were conducted with travel agency personnel, to gain an understanding of travel patterns and market trends (over a number of years) for South African nationals visiting the United Kingdom. A survey was conducted with South African nationals who qualified as potential travellers to the United Kingdom. The survey was a quantitative means to evaluate information gathered from the qualitative interviews. It also served as a means of triangulation. Responses from survey respondents confirmed findings gathered from qualitative interviews, while also indicating the relevance of the visa restriction being the most significant deterrent for South Africans when deciding to visit the United Kingdom. In light of these findings, it is suggested that the United Kingdom simplify the visa application process and reduce the visa cost, by extending the validity of the standard visa, in order to reduce the resentment and negative feelings South African nationals towards the United Kingdom visa requirement.

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  • 9.
    Shuangqi, Liu
    Uppsala universitet, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Tekniska sektionen, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper.
    Factors driving entrepreneurialinitiatives in sustainable destinations2019Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 80 poäng / 120 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    With the in-depth advancement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), governments and relevant policy makers are taking steps to meet the SDG goals. Sustainable entrepreneurship requires a large degree of participation from the entrepreneurial sector in the destination, and these entrepreneurs in sustainable destinations are expected to have more sense of responsibility, and their entrepreneurial activities are expected to be more sustainable, ie altruistic. This is consistent with the dualistic entrepreneurial motivation model. Is the entrepreneurial motivation of entrepreneurs in sustainable destinations more altruistic? This is unknown because entrepreneurial motivation in the context of a particular sustainable destination has not received much attention. This study examines the factors driving entrepreneurial initiatives in sustainable destinations. For answering research question, this study conducted a statistical analysis of the collected data by conducting a questionnaire survey of 131 entrepreneurs from sustainable destinations. Based on the impact of motivation on action, the conclusions of this study confirm that the entrepreneurial motivations in sustainable destinations are moving towards sustainable entrepreneurs, that is, they not only consider their own interests, but also take into account the interests of others. The significance of this research is to provide a direction for decision makers within sustainable destinations, or international, sustainable development missions, to understand the practical drivers of their policies related to sustainable development and sustainable entrepreneurship. In addition, the study also discusses the inadequacies of current sustainable entrepreneurship as demonstrated by the results of data analysis.

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  • 10.
    Shuangqi, Liu
    Uppsala universitet, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Tekniska sektionen, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper.
    Factors driving entrepreneurialinitiatives in sustainable destinations2019Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 80 poäng / 120 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    With the in-depth advancement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), governments and relevant policy makers are taking steps to meet the SDG goals. Sustainable entrepreneurship requires a large degree of participation from the entrepreneurial sector in the destination, and these entrepreneurs in sustainable destinations are expected to have more sense of responsibility, and their entrepreneurial activities are expected to be more sustainable, ie altruistic. This is consistent with the dualistic entrepreneurial motivation model. Is the entrepreneurial motivation of entrepreneurs in sustainable destinations more altruistic? This is unknown because entrepreneurial motivation in the context of a particular sustainable destination has not received much attention. This study examines the factors driving entrepreneurial initiatives in sustainable destinations. For answering research question, this study conducted a statistical analysis of the collected data by conducting a questionnaire survey of 131 entrepreneurs from sustainable destinations. Based on the impact of motivation on action, the conclusions of this study confirm that the entrepreneurial motivations in sustainable destinations are moving towards sustainable entrepreneurs, that is, they not only consider their own interests, but also take into account the interests of others. The significance of this research is to provide a direction for decision makers within sustainable destinations, or international, sustainable development missions, to understand the practical drivers of their policies related to sustainable development and sustainable entrepreneurship. In addition, the study also discusses the inadequacies of current sustainable entrepreneurship as demonstrated by the results of data analysis.

  • 11.
    Sveinsdóttir, Ása Marta
    Uppsala universitet, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Tekniska sektionen, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och industriell teknik.
    Lifestyle Entrepreneurs in Hospitality: Using multiple case study to investigate lifestyle entrepreneurs' motives to engage in sustainable destination development2020Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    A relatively small body of literature in tourism concentrates on lifestyle entrepreneurs in hospitality. Lifestyle entrepreneurs are entrepreneurs that create a business to alter their own lifestyle, interests, and well-being. They are people that are fueled by the desire for adventure and establish a business, usually away from their home country, to generate lifestyle benefits and quality of life. Lifestyle entrepreneurship in tourism is a growing trend and lifestyle entrepreneurs have been praised by previous scholars, for their nongrowth motivation and charismatic characteristics. This research aims to reconsider these entrepreneurs’ motives and values with the purpose of moving beyond their ambitions for themselves, and investigating their motivations and values towards the destination they are located in, and through this explore the role they might play in the development of the destination at large. Using a sample of small guesthouse and hotel owners located in different places around the world, the results show that even though the lifestyle entrepreneurs seem to be primarily motivated by generating well-being for self, the study identifies positive impacts of these entrepreneurs that should not be underestimated and could increase the competitiveness of their destination. The research suggests that promoting these entrepreneurs would contribute to sustainable destination development, considering the small-scale responsible tourism they seem to attract. However, results indicate that they might not be a reliable force for tourism development.

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  • 12.
    Söderholm, Emma
    Uppsala universitet, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Tekniska sektionen, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och industriell teknik.
    A comparative study of sustainable communication on hotels’ websites2020Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis investigates how hotels communicate their sustainability efforts to their customers on their websites. As sustainability is becoming more known and more expected, businesses feel more pressure to have sustainable initiatives. However, sustainability has no international standards, meaning that businesses can have quite different ideas of what sustainability entails. Therefore, this study looks into different sustainable initiatives that hotels have.

    The thesis uses discourse analysis to compare what sustainability issues are addressed and how they are presented on the websites. This is done by comparing six theoretical perspectives: sustainability, marketing, storytelling, implementation, and certification. The study was conducted by investigating the websites of 75 hotels in four different cities across the world: Helsinki, Berlin, Los Angeles, and Wellington. In addition, eight international hotel chains were investigated. The hotels are first compared within countries and, afterwards, the countries are compared with each other.

    The study finds that the most common sustainable initiatives in hotels are environmental changes within the hotels. Furthermore, it is found that there is a lot of variation between how hotels present their sustainability initiatives. While some hotels present their initiatives clearly, some others only vaguely mention them or hide them away. While many hotels have certification, they do not show the certificates clearly. Furthermore, none of the international chains have certification. The thesis concludes in suggesting a possible future study that would examine how the sustainable initiatives on the websites differ from reality.

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  • 13.
    Tilaar, Margaritifera Jennifer Ignatia
    Uppsala universitet, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Tekniska sektionen, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och industriell teknik.
    The Tourism Industry in A Developing Destination in Time of Crisis: The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on The Tourism Industry in North Sulawesi, Indonesia2020Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (magisterexamen), 10 poäng / 15 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    The tourism industry is a developing industry that has the risk of facing various challenges in the form of crisis. World Health Organization (WHO) announced the COVID-19 pandemic on March 11th, 2020 that caused disruption in people's mobility across the world in order to reduce the infection rate. Many industries were affected by this, especially the tourism industry as it relies on people traveling to different places to run. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) already made initial assessment to see the potential economic impact. The result helped the general population to understand the scale of impact of the crisis. However, business owners need to understand how it affects the contingency of their business. This research conducted a study towards business owners in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, as a developing destination, to assess the impact to the businesses through the five components of Service Management System (SMS) model. The result shows how big the impact is, which is in line with the initial assessment from economic perspective by UNWTO, where three out of five components of SMS are impacted with minimum space for workaround.

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  • 14.
    Uziallo, Katherine
    Uppsala universitet, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Tekniska sektionen, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper. Uppsala universitet, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Historisk-filosofiska fakulteten, Institutionen för kulturantropologi och etnologi.
    Death Sells: Thanatourism Theming as a Sustainability Strategy at Gotlands Museum2019Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (magisterexamen), 10 poäng / 15 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    Over the past century the phenomenon of thanatourism, or dark tourism, has become increasingly popular, with tourists now able to encounter death at a wide range of sites across the world. While much scholarship has focused on tourism at sites of disaster and atrocity, less research has taken place into thanatourism in a museum context.

    This thesis investigates how Gotlands Museum is offering its visitors a dark tourism experience by adopting thanatourism theming in its exhibitions and programmes. It explores the ways the museum presents Gotland’s dark history, asks how and why the museum has adopted thanatourism as a thematisation strategy, and considers whether this strategy is helping the institution achieve future sustainability.

    This study is based on in-depth interviews with current staff members at the museum, who have been involved with creating exhibitions and presenting programmes related to Gotland’s dark history. Detailed observation of the exhibitions Medieval Gotland and 1361 – The Battle for Gotland, as well as the guided city tour The Bloody Summer, also provide additional data.

    The study finds that Gotlands Museum has harnessed the ‘purposeful Otherness’ of death through implementing thanatourism theming in both its permanent exhibitions and public programming in order to reach new and wider audiences. It also finds that this is an example of the museum embracing new museology and adopting the customer-centric focus of the tourism industry by presenting thrilling exhibitions and programmes to attract more visitors.

    The study suggests that by implementing popular thanatourism-themed exhibitions and programmes, Gotlands Museum has been able to be economically, socially and culturally sustainable by attracting visitors, educating diverse groups, telling diverse stories and preserving Gotland’s history for future generations.

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  • 15.
    YANG, KAI
    Uppsala universitet, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Tekniska sektionen, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper.
    A comparative study of sustainability in the hospitality sector in Chinese hotels2019Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (magisterexamen), 20hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    The development of an industrial civilization,and rapidurban economic growth, leads tomore and more pressure onthe natural environment. Furthermore, the tourism industry is one of the major industries in the world and to understand the importance of sustainable development for the environment and society, the tourism industry is the first to understand. Regarding China's tourism industry, the tourism industry's GDP accounts for 11.04% of the total GDP, and the tourism industry provides 28.26 million jobs (Travel China, 2019), so sustainable tourism is very important in China. However, China lacks literature on sustainable development and lacks systematic knowledge about sustainable development. Therefore, this thesis will study what implementation of Chinese hotels and what implement in globalhotels in sustainable development. Furthermore, it figuresout the differencebetween Chinese hotels and globalhotels, with regardstosustainability in China. In order to get the most accurate results, this thesis employs a multitude ofcase studiesand it gathers qualitative data by conducting semi-structured interviews, with 3 Chinese hotel and 3 globalhotels.In the empirical data, the researcher collected data from interviews with managers from three globalhotels and three Chinese hotels.Through the comparison and analysis of data, with regards to the research questions, Chinese hotels implement Energy, Emission and waste in sustainability work. globalhotels implement Energy, Water Emission, Supplier and Management in their sustainability work in China.The finding pointed to more sustainability in the globalhotels than the Chinese hotels

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    Thesis
  • 16.
    Zhao, Zhixuan
    Uppsala universitet, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Tekniska sektionen, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och industriell teknik.
    A comparative study on differences in sustainable development of hotels in Sweden and China2020Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    This study mainly compares and analyzes the sustainable development measures of hotels in China and Sweden. In this study, purposive sampling method is adopted to select hotels in China and Sweden, and the data of sample hotels are coded and classified and then compared and analyzed according to different categories. According to the results of the study, there are two major differences in sustainability measures between Chinese and Swedish hotels. First, the text information shows that Chinese hotels pay more attention to the establishment of overall hotel management system, such as energy management system and water resource management system, than Swedish hotels. Second, Swedish hotels have a more mature thinking on sustainable development, which is reflected in the fact that the hotel puts itself in the process of social sustainable development, instead of treating the hotel group itself as an island. This can be well reflected by the hotel's measures on food. The hotel not only pays attention to the consumption of food in the hotel, but also pays attention to the early procurement and the disposal of the leftover food, which is also a combination of environmental sustainability and social sustainability. The main reason for the difference in sustainable development measures between hotels in China and Sweden can be attributed to the different social development conditions in the two countries. As a developed country, Sweden has good welfare policies to ensure the interests of vulnerable groups, which gives the country room to think beyond its economic interests. As China paid attention to economic development in the early stage, although the overall economic development is now in good condition, the basic living needs of people in some areas still need to be improved. In such an environment, the society itself pays attention to economic benefits and somehow ignores sustainable development. Consequently, the national group, as consumers, has no requirement for the sustainable development of enterprises. As a result, the driving force for the sustainable development of Chinese enterprises only comes from national policies.

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