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This thesis addresses key challenges in Nano-Impact Electrochemistry (NIE), an advanced technique within Single-Entity Electrochemistry (SEE) that enables the detection and analysis of individual nanoscale objects. By measuring discrete collision events between nanoscale entities and electrodes, NIE provides unique insights into electrochemical processes that remain hidden in conventional ensemble measurements. The research focuses on four significant challenges: improving signal-to-noise ratios through advances in instrumentation, developing robust computational methods for signal analysis, conducting measurements based on these advances, and validating experimental signals through theoretical modeling for accurate mechanistic interpretation.

Methodological developments first focused on noise reduction through optimized experimental setups. High-impedance sourcemeter configurations with specialized pre-amplifiers were implemented alongside refined nanoelectrode fabrication protocols, reducing noise levels from picoamperes to femtoamperes. Novel data analysis algorithms were then developed using sliding window transformations with shape-based signal detection rather than conventional threshold methods. These approaches incorporated data-driven template matching for spike detection and convolutional neural networks for step identification, enabling more reliable signal processing across diverse experimental conditions.

With these methodological foundations, NIE was applied to previously unexplored catalytic systems. Studies of plasmon-enhanced electrocatalysis on gold nanoparticles revealed wavelength-specific enhancement effects only observable at the single-entity level, providing evidence for the contribution of hot carriers in catalysis. Investigations of diffusion-limited enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) demonstrated how NIE can be used to study enzymatic activity.

Computational modeling provided further theoretical frameworks for interpretation. A geometric model for catalytic NIE accurately reproduced experimental data for catalase, while sequential blocking simulations revealed how collision location and history affect observed signal characteristics.

This integrated approach combining experimental advancements, sophisticated data analysis, and computational modeling significantly expands NIE applications. The findings demonstrate NIE's unique capability to reveal entity-specific behaviors obscured in ensemble measurements, opening new avenues for understanding nanoscale electrochemical phenomena.

The expanding potential of 2D MXenes opens up promising avenues for flexible biomedical applications. MXenes, a new family of two-dimensional materials with exceptional mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties, have garnered attention for their potential to revolutionize healthcare. These properties enable MXenes to interface seamlessly with biological systems, offering innovative diagnostics, therapeutics, and regenerative medicine solutions. In the biomedical domain, MXenes have shown promise in antibacterial applications, drug delivery, biosensing, photothermal therapy, and tissue engineering, and their biocompatibility and ease of functionalization enhance their utility in real-world healthcare settings. Their large surface areas make them ideal for drug delivery systems, enabling precise encapsulation and release of therapeutic molecules. High electrical conductivity of MXenes has opened new possibilities for neuroprosthetics and brain-machine interfaces, potentially restoring lost functions. Their excellent mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance make MXenes promising for durable orthodontic devices. Furthermore, their surface-modification capabilities allow for innovative biosensing and diagnostic platforms for sensitive disease detection. MXenes are compatible with imaging techniques, making them suitable contrast agents that can enhance the resolution of medical imaging. MXenes also hold potential in wearable health monitoring devices, advanced bioelectronics, and smart implants, bridging the gap between laboratory research and clinical deployment. However, there are certain challenges regarding their biocompatibility, long-term effects, and large-scale production, which need further research to ensure their safe integration into biomedical applications. This review presents the advancements in the biophysical fabrication of 2D MXenes and their antimicrobial properties and biocompatibility, along with their applications in diagnostics, imaging, biosensing, and therapeutics.

We present a new method for the verification of quantum circuits based on a novel symbolic representation of sets of quantum states using level-synchronized tree automata (LSTAs). LSTAs extend classical tree automata by labeling each transition with a set of choices, which are then used to synchronize subtrees of an accepted tree. Compared to the traditional tree automata, LSTAs have an incomparable expressive power while maintaining important properties, such as closure under union and intersection, and decidable language emptiness and inclusion. We have developed an efficient and fully automated symbolic verification algorithm for quantum circuits based on LSTAs. The complexity of supported gate operations is at most quadratic, dramatically improving the exponential worst-case complexity of an earlier tree automata-based approach. Furthermore, we show that LSTAs are a promising model for parameterized verification, i.e., verifying the correctness of families of circuits with the same structure for any number of qubits involved, which principally lies beyond the capabilities of previous automated approaches. We implemented this method as a C++ tool and compared it with three symbolic quantum circuit verifiers and two simulators on several benchmark examples. The results show that our approach can solve problems with sizes orders of magnitude larger than the state of the art.

Interatomic potentials were measured for combinations of chemical elements relevant for nuclear fusion. Angular scans of the scattering yield were performed on a W(110) and a Fe(100) single crystal using He+ and D2+ beams with energies of 3 keV/atom using a time-of-flight low-energy ion scattering setup. Information on the interatomic potentials was deduced by reproducing width and intensity of minima and maxima in the angular scans in molecular dynamics simulations by adjusting the assumed screening length with a correction factor. Results from experiments were compared to common interatomic potential models and density functional theory predictions. Our measurements show that the uncorrected Thomas-Fermi-Moli & egrave;re and the Ziegler-Biersack-Littmark potentials overestimate the interatomic potential for the studied combinations. In contrast, the Yamamura-Takeuchi-Kawamura potential yields values slightly below our experimental result. At the same time, density functional theory predictions agree well with our experimental results for the He cases while differing significantly for the D cases.

Rapid urbanization is changing the way Africans experience and engage the state in their everyday lives, creating new opportunities for urban claim-making. But it also creates the conditions for local capture. In their quest for rights and services, how do neighborhoods navigate these rapidly changing political environments? How does this vary across poor, middle-class, and wealthy neighborhoods? Based on 16 focus group discussions and 87 key informant interviews in eight neighborhoods in Lagos (Nigeria) and Accra (Ghana), we find that residents in lowincome neighborhoods seek direct connections through voting blocs and the instrumental use of their concerned youth associations, while high-income neighborhoods use personal connections and leverage their residence associations to influence state power. We argue that a neighborhood's class structure shapes the political connections that residents have to the state, thereby shaping the everyday strategies that residents use to claim citizenship.

Geologic carbon storage in saline acquirers is a feasible and scalable way of reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Since 2022, Denmark has stepped up site characterization at five suitable onshore locations for this purpose with a particular focus on four-way domal structures. A dual-element recording system incorporating landstreamer and wireless recorders was innovated and upscaled in a cost- and time-effective way for this purpose at the R & oslash;dby structure (one of the five sites). The dual-element recording allows a better imaging of the near-surface structures but also because of its broadband nature, it helps to retain higher resolution for imaging toplap structures and smaller faults in the area. The landstreamer data better image fault structures offsetting the Bunter Sandstone Formation, which is the primary reservoir, and the overlying geological seals such as Fjerritslev, & Oslash;rslev and Falster Formations. The Vedsted Formation, which a secondary seal in the region, appears unfaulted in the landstreamer data. The landstreamer data also reveal glacial valleys, near the surface, which are a source of groundwater. The two complementary datasets, from the landstreamer and nodal data, help to de-risk geological carbon storage in Denmark and is a solution we recommend to be adapted for onshore sites elsewhere in the world specially where the logistical acquisition challenges are not significant.

Decommissioning in healthcare serves multiple purposes beyond achieving economic efficiency, including the planned removal and reassessment of services to facilitate more effective care and treatments. Despite their importance, decommissioning processes face challenges due to resource scarcity and are at a higher risk of failure compared to other service changes. To understand how decommissioning programmes unfold in healthcare, more empirical studies are required. Region Dalarna in Sweden initiated a decommissioning programme with the intention of achieving budget balance, a decision driven by a long-term budget deficit. The executive leadership team empowered healthcare managers to propose changes by giving them significant decision-making opportunities. After a period of two years, the programme had achieved positive outcomes, including enhanced economic efficiency, improved patient care and increased staff motivation. The aim of this thesis was, therefore, to provide evidence on critical factors perceived by politicians, public servants, and healthcare managers crucial for the successful implementation of a large-scale decommissioning programme. The study employed a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods across four empirical studies. Study I used interviews with department managers to identify what made successful decommissioning implementation possible. Study II involved interviews with members of the executive leadership team, including six political leaders and twelve public servants, to gather insights on effective decommissioning. Study III used a cross-sectional survey to compare perceptions among department and unit managers regarding leadership, participation, and responsibility. Finally, Study IV adopted a mixed-methods approach, incorporating interviews and surveys with department managers to examine the practical application of a prioritization model during the decommissioning programme. In study I, results indicated that successful implementation relied on credible problem framing, early involvement of healthcare managers, and clinical champions in the region´s leadership. Study II identified seven critical factors for facilitating decommissioning, emphasizing robust evidence and a cultural shift toward responsible resource use. Study III revealed dissatisfaction among unit managers regarding leadership support and participation, suggesting a need for improved involvement. Study IV showed that while the prioritization model was generally perceived positively, its implementation faced challenges, including time constraints and inconsistent acceptance. Overall, the findings provide valuable insights and highlight the complexities of navigating decommissioning programmes.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur pedagoger beskriver att de arbetar med att skapa trygghet för flerspråkiga barn och familjer under förskolans introduktion. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ metodansats och är uppdelad i två delstudier. Den första delstudien använde semistrukturerade intervjuer medan den andra delstudien använde kvalitativ enkät med öppna frågor som insamlingsmetod för att fördjupa förståelsen för pedagogernas beskrivningar av de metoder och strategier de anser framgångsrika. Studiens tre teoretiska perspektiv; anknytningsteorin, interkulturellt förhållningssätt och translanguaging, blev tillhjälp för att analysera pedagogernas beskrivningar kring arbetssätt och bemötande och erbjöd tillsammans en helhetsbild av hur detta går till. Studiens resultat visar att trygg anknytning för flerspråkiga barn under förskolans introduktion skapas genom pedagogers lyhördhet, närvaro och anpassningsförmåga. En aktiv och inkluderande kommunikation, där språkbarriärer överbryggas med hjälp av tolk och flertalet icke-verbala kommunikationssätt, är avgörande för att bygga tillit och skapa en trygg relation med flerspråkiga familjer där ett gemensamt språk ofta saknas. Vidare framkom vikten av att beakta språkliga och kulturella behov som centralt för att främja en inkluderande och respektfull miljö. Detta understryker vikten av ett helhetsperspektiv där förskolans pedagoger medvetet väljer strategier för att stärka relationerna mellan pedagoger, barn och vårdnadshavare.

Charge transfer dynamics govern the functionality and performance of numerous electronic applications. This thesis explores the fundamental aspects of ultrafast charge transfer at interfaces of semiconductor and adsorbate systems using X-ray-based spectroscopy. The studied material systems provide an array of parameters which influence electron delocalization, including composition, structure, and quantum confinement. To understand the effects of these parameters on charge dynamics, we employ Core-Hole Clock Spectroscopy in the framework of Resonant Auger Spectroscopy, supplemented by Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy to study electronic structures. Probing these systems with X-rays allows selective excitation of core-levels in an element-specific and chemically specific way, providing detailed atomic-level insight into charge dynamics on subfemtosecond timescales.

Three categories of materials were investigated. The first involves xenon monolayers adsorbed on gold, silver, and copper. Comparisons across these substrates show that even minor variations in metal work function and xenon-metal hybridization significantly impact both core-level binding energies and electron transfer rates. Secondly, studies of donor-acceptor polymer bulk heterojunctions under varying donor-acceptor ratios show how polymer chain ordering and shifts in core-level binding energies influence charge dynamics. Donor-acceptor bilayers, using multiple donor-acceptor combinations, were also examined to clarify charge transfer at well-defined interfaces, further deepening our understanding of dynamics in organic semiconductor systems vital for applications including organic electronics and solar cells. Additionally, the effects of prolonged X-ray irradiation on both electronic structure and charge dynamics were assessed to distinguish intrinsic material responses from beam-induced changes in spectroscopic data. Finally, our results on lead sulfide quantum dots of varying sizes illustrate how quantum confinement restricts available electronic states and alters charge dynamics at the nanoscale. Core-hole clock measurements with chemical specificity reveal nearly identical electron transfer timescales from both lead and sulfur, indicating that both elements play comparable roles in charge transport.

These findings advance our fundamental understanding of how interfacial properties govern electronic structure and ultrafast charge transfer in various semiconducting and molecular systems. This knowledge, in turn, can inform the design of material interfaces in technologies such as solar cells, flexible electronics, and quantum-dot-based sensors.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka förskollärares användning av olika digitala och analoga lärresurser i sin undervisning i relation till barns språkutveckling. Metoderna som använts i undersökningen var semistrukturerade intervjuer och observationer. Fältarbetet genomfördes vid två förskolor i olika kommuner med sex förskollärare för intervju och fyra förskollärare och barngrupper för observationer. 

Denna studie har haft sin utgångspunkt i det sociokulturella perspektivet där de centrala begreppen artefakter, mediering och proximal utvecklingszon använts för att analysera det insamlade datamaterialet. 

Studiens huvudsakliga resultat visar att alla förskollärarna hade en samsyn kring att de digitala verktygen i förskolan ska ses som ett komplement till de analoga materialen. Att kombinera dessa resurser kan möjliggöra fler vägar för barnen att utforska och bli medskapare i sina lärprocesser. De digitala lärresurserna vilka sågs återkommande i verksamheterna var projektorer och lärplattor som användes för att projicera berättelser och bilder. Detta möjliggjorde att barnen fick utrymme till socialt samspel och deltagande i aktiviteten. 

De analoga lärresurserna som användes var figurer från berättelser och skrivmaterial som till exempel penna och papper. Dessa material bidrog till att barnen själva fick producera och berätta olika sagor samt träna sina läs- och skrivkunskaper utifrån ett skolförberedande syfte. De utmaningar som framkom i arbetet med de digitala verktygen var att det fanns begränsningar i förskollärarnas samsyn och kompetens kring hur de digitala verktygen kunde användas för att skapa lärandetillfällen. Det som kan ses utmanande med det analoga materialet var de finmotoriska färdigheter och kunskaper som krävdes för att skriva och rita.

Denna studie undersöker hur de nationella minoritetsspråken kommer till uttryck i flerspråkigskönlitteratur för lågstadiet. Detta för att utvärdera hur dessa verk kan användas för att låta elevernamöta och bekanta sig med de nationella minoritetsspråken i svenskämnet. Studien utgår ifrån etttransspråkande perspektiv och analyserar förekomsten av språkväxling mellan svenska och denationella minoritetsspråken samt den syn på språken som skildras i skönlitteraturen. Språkväxlingkan i detta fall definieras som användande av andra språk än huvudspråket i verket. Studien utgårfrån en kvalitativ ansats med kvantitativa inslag och genomfördes genom två typer av tematiskanalys. I studien analyserades sex skönlitterära verk rörande nationella minoriteter som alla valts utfrån en befintlig läslista för lågstadiet utgiven av Skolverket och Kulturrådet.I resultatet framkom att språkväxling förekom i fem av sex analyserade verk och att språksynen”språk som problem” dominerade, ofta i kombination med språk som resurs. Orden på denationella minoritetsspråken översattes i hög grad och var oftast ord med kulturell, religiös ellertraditionell koppling till minoriteten. Utifrån studiens resultat och analys ansågs fem av de sexanalyserade verken ha potential att användas i undervisning om nationella minoritetsspråk isvenskämnet. Tre av dessa ansågs dessutom särskilt lämpliga då de i texten hade ett större fokuspå sitt nationella minoritetsspråk. 

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur män respektive kvinnor framställs i läromedel för historieämnet i årskurs 1–3 i förhållande till de jämställdhetsuppdrag som skolan har enligt Skolverket och skollagen. Detta gjordes genom att undersöka frågeställningarna Hur representeras män/pojkar respektive kvinnor/flickor i läroboken? Hur många illustrationer visar kvinnor/flickor respektive män/pojkar i läroboken? Hur många gånger nämns kvinnor/flickor respektive män/pojkar i texten i läroboken? Datainsamlingen gjordes genom att analysera ett läromedel i SO riktat till årskurs 1–3. Analysen genomförs genom en kritisk diskursanalys samt en innehållsanalys. Resultatet av studien visade att kvinnorna har en undanskymd roll i historieskrivningen, både i texterna och i illustrationerna. Männen representeras som stora och starka medan kvinnorna skildras som små och svaga. Den undersökta läroboken reproducerar därför stereotypa traditionella könsnormer snarare än de jämställda könsnormer som uttrycks i skolans värdgrund och historieämnets kursplan.

Flera forskningsstudier beskriver konkret material som ett viktigt hjälpmedel i undervisningen, inte minst vid komplexa operationer. Algebra är en stor del av det centrala innehållet i läroplanen och det är ett ämne som många menar har krupit ner i åldrarna. Vi har gjort en undersökning för att ta reda på lärares uppfattningar av användningen av konkret material i algebraundervisningen och syftet med studien var att ta reda på hur lärare använder sig av konkret material i undervisningen och vad som påverkar lärarnas val av metoder i algebra samt hur de kan förstår utifrån metoden CRA (concrete-representational-abstract). En kvalitativ metod valdes där sex utbildade lärare i årskurserna 1–3 har intervjuats. Samtliga intervjuer har analyserats utifrån en tematisk analys och resultatet visar på både likheter och skillnader i den forskning som uppsatsen bygger på. De intervjuade lärarna är överens om att konkret material har fler fördelar än nackdelar och att det är ett stort hjälpmedel i undervisningen av algebra.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur samer och samisk religion representeras i svenska läromedel för årskurserna 4–6. Studien analyserar representationen och meningsskapandet av det samiska folket och samisk religion. Studien använder sig av en kvalitativ textanalytisk metod för att undersöka hur text-och bildinnehållet i läromedlen används för att skapa mening kring samer som folkgrupp och samisk religion. Resultaten visar på att den samiska religionen ofta framställs som en historisk företeelse utan koppling till dagens samiska kultur eller religionsutövande. Samerna skildras som passiva objekt i sin egen historia, där de och deras historia genomgående beskrivs utifrån majoritetsbefolkningens perspektiv, utan att ge utrymme för det samiska folkets egna eller alternativa perspektiv. Läromedlen homogeniserar även samerna som grupp, där de ofta skildras i traditionella kläder och i relation till renskötsel, utan att lyfta den mångfald som finns inom den samiska befolkningen. Studien pekar på ett behov av en mer nyanserad och inkluderande representation av det samiska folket och dess religion i skolans läromedel. Undervisningen kan genom att lyfta samiska röster och synliggöra samtida samisk andlighet bidra till en mer rättvis och representativ historiebeskrivning.

Studiens syfte är att utveckla kunskap om F-3-lärares arbete med skönlitteratur i undervisning som avser att utveckla elevers läsförståelse. Studien utgår från didaktisk teori där studiens resultat förstås utifrån de tre didaktiska frågorna vad, hur och varför samt den didaktiska triangeln. Datamaterialet samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem lärare i årskurs F-3. Analysmetoden som använts för att analysera materialet är tematisk analys. 

Resultaten visar att lärare väljer att arbeta med liknande skönlitterära texter. Det framträdande arbetssättet som lärarna arbetar med är högläsning och samtal. Det främsta argumentet som lärarna lyfter för att använda skönlitteratur i undervisning för att utveckla läsförståelse är att läsning av skönlitteratur väcker elevernas läslust, vilket gör att eleverna läser mer och därmed övar på sin läsförståelse. Slutsatsen av studien visar att arbete med skönlitteratur utgör en viktig del i svenskundervisningen för att utveckla elevernas läsförståelse. 

Syftet för denna studie är att undersöka hur tolv olika historieläromedel för årskurs 4-6, genom tidsperioden 1963-2022 framställer kvinnor och män under stormaktstiden och om det följer det riktlinjer som den aktuella läroplanen hade/har. Det kommer undersökas genom att studera genussysmtemet och genuskontraktet. Denna studie har utgått ifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys där två olika analysmetoder har använts, ett motsatsschema samt en genustrappa. Motsatsschemat av Nikolajeva (2004) har använts på delfråga ett och två, medan sista delfrågan svaras utifrån egen tolkning av genustrappan gjord av Edwardz och Lundsträm (2003).Studiens resultat visar att endast ett fåtal kvinnor nämns i historieläromedlen och att de hamnar i skuggan av mannen. Männen dominerar i kapitlet om Sveriges stormaktstid vilket stämmer överens med tidigare forskning. Studien har även kommit fram till att historieläromedel har utvecklats genom tiderna, men att mer forskning skulle behövas inom ämnet.

This study contributes to the debate on the role of spatial contexts in rural entrepreneurship. Drawing on rural and indigenous entrepreneurship theory, we explore how four Sámi entrepreneurs from Sweden and Norway engage with their spatial contexts. We employ a multiple-case study design, an interpretive philosophy of science, and elements from indigenous research methodologies. Our findings demonstrate that the entrepreneurs engage both within and across their spatial contexts, encompassing environments both nearby and far away. We also identify drivers and practices associated with this entrepreneurial engagement. Based on the findings, we develop The Sámi Entrepreneurial Engagement Framework. The framework serves as an illustration of how a Sámi perspective adds new insight into the field of rural entrepreneurship and offers a comprehensive lens for understanding entrepreneurial engagement with spatial contexts in culturally rich and environmentally sensitive settings.

This note examines uncertainty in time-series inference from rare episodes, focusing on the narrative approach. A small number of randomly drawn episodes may falsely suggest policy effects because they are associated with macroeconomic shocks that do not cancel out in inference. We illustrate this using Fisher-style exact inference. Applying our test to Romer and Romer's (2023) analysis, we find substantial uncertainty. Although the unemployment rate's peak response to an identified monetary contraction exceeds the 95-percent confidence bands of the counterfactual distribution based on randomly drawn months-suggesting systematic policy effects-this finding is reversed once additional controls are included.

An electrochemical biosensor based on modified carbon screen-printed electrodes was developed for the detection of hemagglutinin of influenza A H1N1 virus (H1). Gold nanoflowers were electrodeposited on the electrode to increase conductivity and surface area. The electrochemical signal was amplified by functionalization of the gold nanoflowers with 4-aminothiophenol, which resulted in a 100-fold decrease of the charge transfer resistance due to a tunneling effect. Subsequently, monoclonal antibodies against H1 were immobilized on the surface via covalent amide bond formation, followed by blocking with bovine serum albumin to minimize nonspecific hydrophobic binding. The electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments in the presence of [Fe(CN)6]3-/4-. Differential pulse voltammetry was used to measure the change in current across the electrode as a function of H1 concentration. This was performed on a series of samples of artificial saliva containing H1 protein in a clinically relevant concentration range. In these experiments, the biosensor showed a limit of detection of 19 pg/mL. Finally, the biosensor platform was coupled to an automated microfluidics system, and no significant decrease of the electrochemical signal was observed.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and other diverse sexual orientations and gender identity groups (LGBTQ+) face high rates of poor mental health. In the most severe and emergent of instances, inpatient psychiatric care may be required. LGBTQ+ people report experiences of mistreatment in healthcare settings broadly, such as denial of healthcare services and harassment from healthcare providers and other patients. However, little is known about the experiences of LGBTQ+ people in inpatient psychiatric care settings, specifically. The purpose of this review was to assess the existing literature for descriptions of LGBTQ+ people's experiences within inpatient psychiatric care. We searched multiple databases (i.e., PubMed, PsychINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science and Google Scholar) for peer-reviewed articles that described the experiences of LGBTQ+ people within inpatient psychiatric care that were published in English. The included articles (N = 14) were analysed using a conceptual model of stigma and organised within those strata (structural, interpersonal and individual stigma) across the inpatient experience, (admission, inpatient unit, and discharge). Themes identified included: noninclusive intake tools and pervasive misgendering during the admission process; lack of healthcare infrastructure, inadequate training and lack of cultural humility, pervasive discrimination and victimization, silencing of LGBTQ+ patients, and feelings of fear and shame while on inpatient units, and lack of community resources during the discharge process. Clinicians should consider the perspectives and experiences of LGBTQ+ people to enact identity-affirming care practices that may increase mental healthcare engagement and improve long-term mental health outcomes.

Antibiotic resistance is a growing global health threat that risks the lives of millions. Among the resistance mechanisms, that mediated by metallo-beta-lactamases is of particular concern as these bacterial enzymes dismantle most beta-lactam antibiotics, which are our widest applied and cheapest to produce antibiotic agents. So far, no clinically applicable metallo-beta-lactamase inhibitors are available. Aiming to adapt to structural variations, we introduce the inhibitor concept: dynamically chiral phosphonic acids. We demonstrate that they are straightforward to synthesize, penetrate bacterial membranes, inhibit the metallo-beta-lactamase enzymes NDM-1, VIM-2 and GIM-1, and are non-toxic to human cells. Mimicking the transition state of beta-lactam hydrolysis, they target the Zn ions of the metallo-beta-lactamase active site. As a unique feature, both of their stereoisomers bind metallo-beta-lactamases, which provides them unparalleled adaptability to the structural diversity of these enzymes, and may allow them to hamper bacteria's ability for resistance development.

Topological quantum materials hold great promise for future technological applications. Their unique electronic properties, such as protected surface states and exotic quasi-particles, offer opportunities for designing novel electronic and spintronics devices and allow quantum information processing. The origin of the interplay between various electronic orders in topological quantum materials, such as superconductivity and magnetism, remains unclear, particularly whether these electronic orders cooperate, compete, or simply coexist. Since the 2000s, the combination of topology and matter has sparked a tremendous surge of interest among theoreticians and experimentalists alike. Novel theoretical descriptions and predictions as well as complex experimental setups confirming or refuting these theories continuously appear in renowned journals. This review aims to provide conceptual tools to understand the fundamental concepts of this ever-growing field. Superconductivity and its historical development will serve as a second pillar alongside topological materials. While the main focus of this review is topological materials such as topological insulators and semimetals, topological superconductors will be explained phenomenologically.

The progression in contemporary scientific field is facilitated by a multitude of sophisticated and cutting-edge methodologies that are employed for various research purposes. Among these methodologies, microscopy stands out as a fundamental and essential technique utilized in scientific investigations. Moreover, due to the continuous evolution and enhancement of microscopic methodologies, nanotechnology has reached a highly developed stage within modern scientific realm, particularly renowned for its wide-ranging applications in the fields of biomedicine and environmental science. When it comes to conducting comprehensive and in-depth experimental analyses to explore the nanotechnological aspects relevant to biological applications, the concept of nano-biological interaction emerges as the focal point of any research initiative. Nonetheless, this particular study necessitates a meticulous approach toward imaging and visualization at diverse magnification levels to ensure accurate observations and interpretations. It is widely acknowledged that modern microscopy has emerged as a sophisticated and invaluable instrument in this regard. This review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion on the progress made in microscopic techniques specifically tailored for visualizing the interactions between nanostructures and biological entities, thereby facilitating the exploration of the practical applications of nanotechnology in the realm of biological sciences.

 We show regularity results for a broad class of oscillatory and Fourier integral operators, acting on Besov-Lipschitz and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces. These results lead to improved regularity estimates for solutions to classes of partial differential equations. In addition, we also show new sparse domination results for these operators in paper III, providing weighted, and vector-valued inequalities, and weak (1,1) estimates as consequences. This later framework not only strengthens known bounds but also gives precise quantitative control of operator norms.

We study parabolic double cosets in a Coxeter system by decomposing them into atom(ic coset)s, a generalization of simple reflections introduced in a joint work with Elias, Libedinsky, Patimo. We define and classify braid relations between compositions of atoms and prove a Matsumoto theorem. Together with a quadratic relation, our braid relations give a presentation of nilCoxeter algebroids similar to Demazure's presentation of nilCoxeter algebras. Our consideration of reduced compositions of atoms gives rise to a new combinatorial structure, which is equipped with a length function and a Bruhat order and is realized as Tits cone intersections in the sense of Iyama-Wemyss. (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Verifying programs that manipulate heap-allocated data structures is a long-standing challenge in software verification. This thesis summarises a series of five papers that advance the state of the art in automated verification of such programs through transformation-based approaches. The contributions include the development of a formal SMT-LIB theory of heaps to represent heap operations, the implementation of this theory in an automated verification tool for C programs, and novel invariant-based encodings that simplify reasoning about heap structures. The thesis further presents methods for automatically instrumenting programs to simplify verification tasks involving quantified properties and aggregations. All proposed techniques are fully automated and do not rely on user-provided annotations, enabling verification of heap-manipulating programs with quantified invariants that previously posed significant challenges to automated verification tools.

This chapter examines the mainstream libertarian theory of justice and its criticisms. Its focus is on the tradition’s protection of individual rights and the enforcement of contracts, as well as a re-examination of historical property acquisitions and state arbitration. The authors encourage justice thinkers to consider the diverse range of alternatives to mainstream (conservative) libertarian thought, such as those originating in anarchist thought, to account for the ecological limits of natural resources, for example, and how such arguments present primary constraints on libertarian perspectives on absolute rights of liberty.

Ion transport properties such as ionic conductivity, diffusion coefficients, effective transference numbers, and interphase resistance are some of the most important electrochemical properties of polymer battery electrolytes. Precise measurement of those, particularly when polymers are of low molecular weight and in a semi-solid phase, is difficult. Here we develop an improved measurement methodology including cell development, give theoretical background necessary for the detailed understanding, and test those on high weight percent, 40-60 wt %, lithium bis(trifluormethylsulfonyl)imide salt in polyethylene oxide model system with low Mw between 2000 and 6000. We also give guidelines on how such experiments may go wrong, and the specific problems that occur.

Magnetic vortices and skyrmions are typically characterized by distinct topological invariants. This paper presents a unified approach for the topological classification of these textures, encompassing isolated objects and configurations where skyrmions and vortices coexist. Using homotopy group analysis, we derive topological invariants that form the free Abelian group, Z x Z. We provide an explicit method for calculating the corresponding integer indices in continuous and discrete systems. This unified classification framework extends beyond magnetism and is applicable to physical systems in general.

Ultrafast magnetization dynamics driven by ultrashort pump lasers is typically explained by changes in the electronic populations and scattering pathways of excited conduction electrons. This conventional approach overlooks the fundamental role of quantum mechanical selection rules, governing transitions from the core states to the conduction band, that form the key method of the probing step in these experiments. By employing fully ab initio time-dependent density functional theory, we reveal that these selection rules profoundly influence the interpretation of ultrafast spin dynamics at specific probe energies. Our analysis for hcp Co and fcc Ni at the M edge demonstrates that the transient dynamics, as revealed in pump-probe experiments, arises from a complex interplay of optical excitations of the M shell. Taking into account the selection rules and conduction electron spin flips leads to highly energy-dependent dynamics. These findings address long-standing discrepancies in experimental transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements and show that only through meticulous consideration of the matrix elements at the probe stage, can one ensure that the magnetization dynamics is revealed in its true nature, instead of being muddled by artifacts arising from the choice of probe energy.

This study contributes to geothermal exploration in 1660–1520 Ma old, reworked bedrock in Sweden. Our primary objectives are to constrain the orientation of horizontal stresses, and to discuss implications for geothermal exploration. High-resolution acoustic televiewer image data reveal the downhole distribution of stress indicators (borehole breakouts, drilling-induced fractures and petal centreline fractures) and pre-existing structures (natural fractures, foliation). About 135 m of stress indicators are measured from 0.2–1.0 km. The results suggest a uniform NNW–SSE mean maximum horizontal stress orientation. A total of 1525 pre-existing structures (natural fractures, foliation) are mapped in borehole GE-1. The prevailing stress regime controls whether natural fractures and foliation are well-oriented for stimulation. For strike-slip and normal faulting stress regimes, well-oriented fractures steeply dip towards the WSW. For a reverse faulting stress regime, shallow dipping fractures are well-oriented for stimulation. The downhole distribution of stress indicators and other stress measurements in the region and other parts of Fennoscandia tentatively suggest a strike-slip stress regime, but additional studies are needed to constrain the complete stress field at study depth and towards engineered geothermal systems reservoir target depths.

Our secondary objective is to highlight that interpretation of high-resolution acoustic data, particularly in metamorphic crystalline rocks, is subjective and that more guidelines for data interpretation are needed. The interactive interpretation of the images is based on visual analyses of complex pre-existing structures and stress indicators with highly variable shapes. The application of three methods for data analyses in the GE-1 borehole proposes that drilling-induced fractures are little influenced by the method applied. Interpretations on individual borehole breakout azimuths may, however, result in over 10° differences in orientation.

Oxygen is essential for sustaining life, making its monitoring crucial in clinical settings, particularly in critical care. Pulse oximetry, based on photoplethysmography (PPG), is widely used for non-invasive arterial oxygen saturation (SaO₂) measurement, typically applied to the finger or earlobe. However, these sites are vulnerable to signal loss during vasoconstriction, such as in shock, cold exposure, or the administration of vasoactive drugs. The sternum, a centrally located bone with a rich blood supply, may be less affected by perfusion disturbances than peripheral sites. This thesis explores the feasibility of using the sternum as a site for non-invasive intraosseous PPG-based monitoring.

The first study, conducted on healthy volunteers subjected to incremental hypoxia, demonstrated that sternal PPG detected the minimum observed arterial saturation significantly faster than conventional pulse oximetry, on average, 28.7 seconds earlier than a finger probe and 6.6 seconds earlier than an ear probe, respectively. However, individual variability of the PPG data required subject-specific analysis.

Since the sternum has a mixed arteriovenous blood flow, a subsequent study aimed to determine the origin of the sternal PPG signal. The results showed that intramedullary sternal oxygen saturation (SsO₂) and the PPG signals more closely resembled mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO₂) than SaO₂. In the third study, a novel derived parameter, non-invasive SsO₂ (nSsO₂), was introduced and demonstrated an 87% concordance rate with concomitant alterations in SvO₂, suggesting its potential for continuous non-invasive monitoring of changes in venous oxygenation. However, in cases of severe hypovolemia, the correlation weakened, possibly due to altered microcirculatory dynamics in the sternum.

A final study examined the sternal PPG signal under different physiological conditions, including modulation of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and hypovolemia. Despite differences in the compartment composition between the sternum and peripheral soft tissues, the results demonstrated that sternal PPG waveforms responded to hemodynamic alterations in a manner similar to that previously described for peripheral PPG measurements.

The findings of this thesis suggest that intramedullary sternal PPG may offer a useful complement to conventional PPG measurements, particularly for assessing global oxygen balance. However, further research is needed to define and validate its clinical applications.

Today the maximum allowed enrichment in uranium pellets created at Westinghouse Electric Sweden’s (WSE) nuclear fuel factory is 5%. The market is currently moving towards higher enrichment in its nuclear fuel for its benefits with energy security, such as higher energy density, and economics. The aim with this project is to investigate the possibility of using Westinghouse Electric Company’s nuclear fuel pellets LEU+ ADOPT produced in Springfield, United Kingdom, with a weight enrichment of up to 8% safely in WSE’s factory in Västerås. These pellets would be used to produce fuel assemblies with higher enrichments compared to production of today. 

The analysis will be made using Monte-Carlo N-Particle Transport Code (MCNP) version 6.2. MCNP is a Monte-Carlo based program that can calculate values with the use of mathematical equations to model systems in the factory. The value calculated in this project is the neutron multiplication factor keff. With the keff value a conclusion can be made whether the system will have an uncontrolled chain fission reaction or not during an accident scenario. If the keff value is too high, modifications to the model are needed to decrease the keff value to a safe level. 

In this project three different accident scenarios were analyzed, and all were unsafe with the increased uranium in the pellets before modifications were made. However, with modifications to the systems by reducing conservative margins and introducing neutron absorbers to the system a critically safe model was achieved.

Background: Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) undergoing haemodialysis (HD) have a high risk of cardiovascular (CV) events. This study evaluated troponin I (hs-cTnI) as a predictor of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), CV death and all-cause death.

Methods: The AURORA trial, a multicentre, randomized, double-blind trial involved 2776 HD patients comparing rosuvastatin with placebo. No significant effect was found on the composite primary endpoint of CV death, non-fatal myocardial infarction or non-fatal stroke. In this post hoc analysis, we analysed the association between baseline hs-cTnI and outcomes using Cox regression analyses. We adjusted for multiple background factors and available biomarkers. Hs-cTnI was log2-transformed and modelled using a four-knot restricted cubic spline. Variables were ordered by their importance in the models using chi 2 value minus degrees of freedom.

Results: Baseline median hs-cTnI was 17.3 pg/mL. During follow-up, 734 MACEs, 598 CV deaths, and 1094 total deaths occurred. Patients in the upper quartile of hs-cTnI (>32.6 pg/mL) had significantly higher risk of MACEs [hazard ratio (HR) 1.92; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.57-2.35], CV death (HR 2.12; 95% CI 1.69-2.66), all-cause death (HR 1.84; 95% CI 1.55-2.17) and non-CV death (HR 1.59; 95% CI 1.23-2.05) after full adjustment compared with those in the lowest quartile (<10.1 pg/mL). Hs-cTnI was identified as the strongest predictor for MACEs, CV death, and all-cause death, but not for non-CV death.

Conclusions: Baseline hs-cTnI is a strong and independent predictor for MACEs and death in patients with ESKD undergoing haemodialysis.

In the Nordic countries, but not just there, women are increasingly living a contradiction, that between a strongly embedded public equality rhetoric and the fact that in emerging, highly technologized work contexts such as ICT and eHealth they constitute a minority despite numerous initiatives set up to increase women’s participation in STEM domains. Why does this continue to be the case? The introduction explores some of the reasons why this continues and sets out the contradictions that govern this state of affairs. It discusses the relation between a fully embedded and highly articulated public equality discourse and one of Nordic exceptionalism in a context where horizontal sex segregation in the labour market, including research and innovation, remains strong. It suggests that the public rhetoric regarding both equality and Nordic exceptionalism makes it difficult to raise dissenting voices, but also, that the persistent gender inequalities in the Nordics vary by country.

Introduktion: Psykisk ohälsa är ett växande samhällsproblem både i Sverige och globalt. Trots detta är stigmat kring psykisk ohälsa utbrett, vilket kan leda till sämre bemötande och behandling inom vården. År 2022 vårdades 12 619 personer enligt lagen om psykiatrisk tvångsvård (LPT).  

Syfte: Att undersöka patienters upplevelser av psykiatrisk tvångsvård. 

Metod: En litteraturöversikt med deskriptiv design och kvalitativ ansats. Genom sökning i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL valdes 14 artiklar ut som kvalitetsgranskats och ingår i resultatanalysen. 

Resultat: Upplevelsen av psykiatrisk tvångsvård präglades av känslor av maktlöshet och förlorad kontroll, där många patienter kände sig objektifierade genom att inte bli sedda som människor bakom sin diagnos. Positiva upplevelser förknippades med empati och stöd från hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal, medan missförstånd och bristande kommunikation skapade rädsla och obehag. Tvångsåtgärder upplevdes som traumatiska och gav upphov till ilska och aggression. Trots att många såg tvångsvården som traumatisk uppskattades den sociala gemenskapen med andra patienter. Upplevelsen resulterade i minskat förtroende för vården, psykiska påfrestningar och en önskan om ett mer personcentrerat förhållningssätt. 

Slutsats: Även om vissa patienter ansåg att tvångsvården var nödvändig, upplevde de flesta den som traumatisk, snarare än som en effektiv behandlingsmetod. Bemötandet från hälso- och sjukvårdpersonalen var avgörande för patienternas upplevelse. Ett mer personcentrerat förhållningssätt skulle kunna förbättra upplevelsen av tvångsvård och därmed öka välbefinnandet. Ytterligare forskning kan behövas för att fördjupa förståelsen av etiska riktlinjer för tvångsvård och deras praktiska implementering och påverkan på patientvården. 

An abortion means that the pregnancy is to be terminated. There are two different types of abortions: medical abortion and surgical abortion. In the world, 73 million abortions are performed each year and the laws on abortion vary widely around the world. It is a discussed topic that is constantly developing and changing. The aim of this study was to explore women’s experiences in connection with self-selected abortion. The methos used was a literature review of eleven qualitative studies from the countries; Kenya, India, Australia, Canada, USA, Turky, Colombia and Scottland. The results were divided into three categories: Psychological impact. physical impact and relationships. Within these three categories, nine subcategories were identified. Women’s experiences in connection with self-selected abortion were individual and varying. Women experienced that their physical and mental health was affected, as well as their relationships to varying extents. The psychological and emotional impact that the women experienced in connection with self-selected abortion appeared frequently in the results. Shame, guilt, psychological suffering and strong emotions are common during the process. Several women emphasized the importance of knowledge, information, support and treatment from healthcare, and had a great importance to how their experience of abortion process turned out. Women who have had an abortion did not just undergo a medical process that affect their physical condition. For the most part, women describe the psychological stress associated with an abortion.

Research on how people look for and interact with information has a long history in the information field. The current literature has been repeatedly reviewed in earlier volumes of Annual Review of Information Science and Technology. In this review, we offer an overview of the research published in this area in the years 2016–2022 with a focus on the trends that have emerged in this period. We use the term “information behavior” as an umbrella for the research area interested in how people become informed and engage with information in diverse manners acknowledging that different researchers and subfields prefer other terms and frameworks, including information practices, information experience, and health information seeking, to name a few. We reviewed 1270 articles in the field published in the years 2016–2022 and identified seven emerging trends: The CoVID-19 Pandemic, Diversity and Inclusion, Embodiment, Misinformation and Trust, Social Q&A Websites, Collaboration, and Information Creation. The reviewed literature and trends are discussed in relation to their significance for information, earlier review of information behavior research, and the long-debated issue of theory-driven versus atheoretical research in the field.