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The purpose of this thesis is, considering the increased terrorist threat against Sweden, toinvestigate if the terrorist threat falls within the scope of national security in Chapter 2 ofthe Instrument of Government and national security in the European Convention onHuman Rights (ECHR). Furthermore, the aim is to answer the question if the proposal inSOU 2024:52 regarding the amendment of Chapter 2, Section 10 of the Public Order Act,concerning the denial of permits for general assembly on the grounds of national security,is compatible with article 10 and 11 in the ECHR. In answering these questions, both alegal dogmatic and a legal analytical method are employed. The analysis demonstratesthat the terrorist threat is encompassed by both national security in Chapter 2 of theInstrument of Government and the ECHR. Furthermore, it confirms that the proposal toamend Chapter 2, Section 10 of the Public Order Act in SOU 2024:52 is in accordancewith article 10 and 11 in the ECHR.

Human Resource Analytics (HRA) is a technology-enabled organisational practice that utilises quantitative data and analysis to enhance HR decision-making. While HRA has gained increasing interest among HR practitioners, its adoption has been predominantly concentrated in technology-intensive private sector companies. At the same time, academic research on HRA remains limited, particularly in the public sector. Although factors such as low technological maturity and a lesser focus on profit maximisation and competitive advantage may hinder its implementation, HRA holds significant potential for public sector organisations due to their distinct characteristics. These include large workforces generating extensive HR-related data, political authority, governmental ownership, and a strong emphasis on transparency, accountability, and efficiency in areas such as competence supply, workforce recruitment, and retention.This thesis comprises four papers that collectively conceptualise and investigate the practice of HRA, exploring the reasons, preconditions, and processes involved in its implementation within public sector organisations. Empirical data were collected from three Swedish public sector organisations at the national, regional, and local levels. The study employs an engaged scholarship research design, allowing for the pragmatic application of multiple theoretical perspectives best suited to address the overarching research question: How is HRA being implemented in public sector organisations? This research aims to contribute to the existing HRA literature while also offering practical insights for organisations and HR practitioners operating in this under-researched context.By adopting a practice-based approach, informed by institutional legitimacy concept, the AMO (Ability, Motivation, Opportunity) framework, and organisational translation perspective, this thesis reveals that HRA practices undergo significant adaptation during implementation. In the public sector, HRA has primarily been limited to improving HR reporting and the visualisation of descriptive HR data. HRA practitioners, driven by contextual factors and the need to ensure the legitimacy of HR activities through economic rationality, face constraints related to analytical skills, organisational resources, and sector-specific characteristics.Given the rapid advancements in technology, including the growing influence of AI, future research should explore how these developments, alongside challenges such as employee privacy and data protection, impact the further evolution of HRA practices in the public sector.

I detta rättsvetenskapliga arbete behandlas fullgörelsepåföljden vid dröjsmål på säljarens sida enligt köplag (1990:931). Särskilt fokus ligger på köparens rätt att hålla fast vid köpet. Syftet med arbetet är att utreda de förutsättningar under vilka säljaren kan befrias från sin fullgörelseplikt. I arbetet görs därför en genomgång av förpliktelser, dröjsmålsbegreppet, fullgörelsepåföljden samt möjligheten att befrias från fullgörelseplikten. Ett dröjsmål på säljarens sida uppstår när denne inte presterar i enlighet med de villkor som i köpavtalet ställts upp för avlämnandetidpunkten. Utgångspunkten är principen ompacta sunt servanda, vilken innebär att avtal ska hållas. Samtidigt erkänner rättsordningen att det kan finnas situationer där fullgörelse inte bör kunna krävas, exempelvis vid hinder som säljaren inte kan övervinna eller när fullgörelse skulle medföra orimliga uppoffringar. Analysen omfattar en genomgång av fullgörelsebestämmelser i både äldre och gällande rätt. Vidare granskas rättspraxis och doktrin för att klargöra hur rekvisiten förbefrielse från fullgörelseplikten ska tolkas. Slutsatsen som dras är att fullgörelseplikten i svensk köprätt är starkt förankrad och att befrielsereglerna ska tillämpas restriktivt. Vidare ska reglerna bedömas med utgångspunkt i omständigheterna i det enskilda fallet. En säljare bör därför utnyttja lagens dispositiva karaktär för att begränsa sin egen risk.

This thesis examines how the amendments to the Swedish Parental Code (föräldrabalken), which came into effect on January 1 2025, may influence the formal and substantive reasoning in cases concerning custody, residence, and visitation. Special focus is given to cases involving allegations of violence or other forms of abuse against either a parent or a child. The thesis also aims to analyze whether the reasoning in judgments can contribute to achieving the overall purpose of the amendments – namely, strengthening the protection of children.

In order to address the research questions, a legal doctrinal method is applied, analyzing legal sources such as statutes, preparatory works, case law, and doctrinal writings. The thesis identifies a distinction between what must and what should be included in the reasoning in custody cases. Whether the best interest of the child is classified as a legal fact or as a complex legal fact, as well as whether the circumstances included in the assessment of the child’s best interest are regarded as legal facts or evidentiary facts, is of essential importance.

The results indicate that the amendments, by prioritizing the risk of violence over the contact principle and by introducing an obligation to obtain expert opinions in certain cases, can lead to a more detailed account of risk assessment and justification in the reasoning. This has the potential to enhance the protection of children and lead to more well-founded decisions. At the same time, it is noted that the legal consequences of deficient reasoning are limited, making the courts’ interpretation and application of legal facts and evidentiary facts crucial for the practical impact of the amendments.

This essay examines the allocation of the right to deduct input value added tax (VAT) in projects involving the construction of residential buildings and garages. While there is no right to deduct input VAT for the construction of residential buildings, there is a right to deduct input VAT for the construction of parking spaces and garages. The central issue concerns how costs should be allocated in cases of comprehensive construction projects of both residential buildings and garages. The study systematically reviews all lower court case law to identify patterns in legal application. The analysis reveals inconsistencies in how input VAT allocation is applied. Furthermore, the essay discusses whether the current legal practice aligns with EU law. The application of the law is critically assessed, and it is suggested that the Supreme Administrative Court should review the issue to ensure greater consistency and legal clarity.  

Det brukar sägas att politiken ligger nedströms från kulturen. En jurist menar i sin tur troligtvis att juridiken ligger nedströms från politiken. Många juridiska frågeställningar och rättsområden, inte minst den konstitutionella rätten, kretsar kring hur juridik och politik bör förhålla sig till varandra. Det finns ingen brist på diskussioner, debattartiklar och publikationer som diskuterar hur dessa intresseområden bör balansera och reglera varandra. Söker man däremot efter åsikter  kring hur juridiken bör förhålla sig till kulturen så möts man av en mycket underlig tystnad. En snabb sökning  efter kulturrätt på de stora svenska universitetsbibliotekens söktjänster så ges nästan inga sökträffar. Om det ligger någon sanning i att politiken förhåller sig till kulturen och att juridiken i sin tur förhåller sig till politiken så framstår det som oerhört märkligt att så pass lite forskning och diskussioner har förts längre uppströms än politikens flodbanker. Inom den politiska sfären finns det desto fler ivriga debatter kring den politiska sidan av kulturen: nämligen kulturpolitiken. Den senaste tiden har även fört med sig en del utveckling på det kulturpolitiska området och området har ännu en gång blivit föremål för vilda diskussioner. Ett färskt exempel är regeringens förslag om att införa en ny kulturkanon. Förslaget har fört kulturpolitiken upp till ytan igen och det är tydligt att det råder delade meningar om hur kulturpolitiken i praktiken bör utformas. Inom den juridiska sfären är det däremot förhållandevis tyst. Det verkar nästan som att den samhällspolitiska läran om politikens avstånd till kulturen indirekt verkar avskräcka juridikens intrång på kulturområdet. Sannerligen, om till och med politiken bör träda varsamt på kulturens område, hur kan juridiken i sin tur ha någon rätt att inkräkta på dess domän? Den här uppsatsen kommer därför göra ett djärvt försök att göra just det, inkräkta på det nästintill outforskade kulturområdets anknytning till juridiken: kulturrätten.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka lärares upplevelser och erfarenheter av att använda digitala verktyg inom undervisningen för elever med läs- och skrivsvårigheter. Detta arbete genomfördes genom kvalitativa intervjuer av lärare som har varit verksamma i svenska grundskola inom årskurserna 4–6. Analysen av intervjuerna genomförs genom en tematisk analys med utgångsteorier från sociokulturell teori samt didaktisk teori. Resultatet visade att respondenterna fann att digitala verktyg är ett viktigt hjälpmedel för elever med läs- och skrivsvårigheter och att det finns många möjligheter till att använda de för att hjälpa elever att delta i ordinarie undervisning. Samtidigt finner respondenterna att de funderar över digitala verktygens påverkan på elever inom aspekterna av skärmtid samt om det bidrar till en förbättring av elevernas läs- och skrivförmågor. I diskussionen presenteras respondenternas upplevelser kopplat till relevant forskning inom ämnet och i konklusionen ges en uppmaning till vidare forskning inom ämnet samt förslag för vidare undersökningar. 

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur verbaltext och bild förhåller sig till varandra i två olika läromedel i de samhällsorienterande ämnena avsedda för årskurs 1–3. Studien utgår från den sociosemiotiska teorin där lärande framträder som en social och kommunikativ process, där människor skapar mening genom att använda sig av olika semiotiska modaliteter för att förmedla innehåll. Metoden som används för att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar är en multimodal analys. Studiens analysmodell är en modell för ämnesdidaktiskt arbete med multimodala texter. Resultatet visar att det finns ett tydligt samspel mellan verbaltext och bild i läroböckerna som analyserats. Vidare framkom det i resultatet att rumslig närhet identifierats och att båda läroböckerna förhåller sig väl till kongruensprincipen. I kontrast till detta framkom det att färgmässig närhet inte förekom i läroböckerna. Slutsatsen som dras i studien är att samspelet mellan verbaltext och bild i läroböckerna påverkar elevernas förståelse och det är av stor vikt att lärare har kunskap om hur multimodalitet kan påverka lärandet och förståelsen av ett ämnesinnehåll.

This chapter sets out to discuss if, why, and how theology should be used for critique of and resistance to oppression. Shariati understands Islam as an ideology, in the Gramscian sense of a worldview that can demystify oppressive relations and make resistance possible. Shariati claims that concepts such as oppression, justice, and righteous leadership receive their most lucid articulations in Islamic tradition. The first set of reasons centres around the fact that theology, or religious tradition, is the tradition of the poor. A comparison of these writers also brings into focus what traditions can bring to reasoning as an endeavour. A certain stringency of method might be the prerequisite for allowing tradition to exert its resistance, to realise the critical and transformative potential of tradition. Traditions form conditions of thought, which become evident in lingering emphases, directions taken, perspectives adopted, and the specific shape of the solutions to certain intricate problems.

Prehospital care involves increasingly complex decision-making processes, necessitating commensurate advances in the methods used to assess and improve the quality of patient triage processes. This doctoral project aimed to advance the measurement of patient outcomes in the evaluation of prehospital decision-making and develop interventions to improve those outcomes. In study I, a set of outcome definitions for evaluating referrals to non-emergency care by dispatch nurses was validated, confirming the ability of systematic data abstraction processes to identify patient harms missed by traditional incident reporting systems. In study II, an intervention delivering feedback on process and outcome metrics to dispatch nurses was evaluated, identifying improvements in some process metrics, while impacts on outcomes remained elusive. In study III a machine learning-based approach to estimating composite risk scores was validated internally for use in prehospital contexts. In study IV, similar models for use in Ambulance care were externally validated in a dataset collected from six Swedish regions, finding that model performance remained superior to traditional rule-based risk assessment instruments even when the models were applied in novel settings. Study V is a randomized controlled trial whereby a clinical decision support tool based on these models was found to enhance the ability of dispatchers to identify and prioritize high-risk patients in resource constrained situations. Future directions for study include the incorporation of additional structured and unstructured data in the prediction models, and efforts to evaluate and enhance their fairness and alignment with human assessments of care need. Open-source software packages implementing these tools are available to enhance the transparency of the work and stimulate further development.

Undervisningen inom samhällskunskapen präglas av både möjligheter och utmaningar sett till Skolverkets breda centrala innehåll inom ämnet, både inom grundskolan och gymnasiet. Kan undervisningen se olika ut beroende på lärare och kan detta grunda sig i hur de olika undervisningsmetoderna, traditionell undervisning, aktivt lärande och öppet klassrumsklimat kombineras? Studien syftar att genom en enkätstudie med samhällskunskapslärare undersöka, både kvalitativt samt kvantitativt, vilka undervisningsmetoder som lärare använder sig av och hur dessa kombineras inom samhällskunskapsundervisningen.Vidare syftar studien att undersöka vilka utmaningar som uppstår när undervisningsmetoder kombineras och om detta kan tolkas utifrån lärares erfarenhet. 

Uppsatsen utgår ifrån Martens & Gainous (2013) studie som undersöker vilka undervisningsmetoder som lärare använder sig av i USA inom samhällskunskapen och vad som funkar. Denna egenförfattade studie visar att det finns fyra tydliga utmaningar: kunskapsnivå, social nivå, struktur och tidsbrist i kombinerandet av undervisningsmetoder. Dessa fyra utmaningar kan i sin tur förstås och kopplas till lärarens erfarenhet och att det finns en skillnad mellan oerfarna lärare och mer erfarna. Studien visar att valet och kombinationen av undervisningsmetoder i samhällskunskapsundervisningen kan förstås utifrån de utmaningar som de responderande lärarna svarat men även vilka tillvägagångssätt som lärarna utgår ifrån i sin undervisning. Beroende på hur läraren kombinerar undervisningsmetoderna i sin undervisning så skapas olika utmaningar och detta kan dels tolkas utifrån lärares erfarenhet.

American Exceptionalism has demonstrated significant staying power in political and academic discourse and has been reinterpreted throughout history. This thesis investigates the change or continuity of American Exceptionalism (AE) in Republican and Democratic presidential rhetoric from 2001-2024. A descriptive idea analysis is conducted on the annual State of the Union addresses (SOTU) of four presidents: George W. Bush, Barack Obama, Donald Trump, and Joseph Biden. The analysis considers both domestic and foreign policy elements in the speeches, drawing on a typology of AE that divides exceptionalism into two primary categories: inward and outward exceptionalism. The aim is to identify the dominant type of exceptionalism across the four presidencies, compare between political parties, and determine whether there is change or continuity in AE types over time. The results indicate no consistent change or continuity of American Exceptionalism. Instead, the study reveals the dynamic nature of AE, with greater divergences occurring between political parties and more significant convergences of AE types existing within parties. 

This study investigates legal professionals’ understanding of the attribution of moral guilt to complainants in court hearings, comparing rape, assault, and fraud cases in Sweden.

Sixteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with judges, prosecutors, defence lawyers, and complainants’ counsels.

The findings suggest that while professionals assert that attributions of moral guilt to complainants are rare, complainants may perceive blame due to misinterpretation of legally relevant questions. Undue attribution of moral guilt occasionally occurs, particularly during defence cross-examination. Strategies to mitigate the risk of blame include ensuring that hearings are respectful and fact oriented, addressing victim-blaming issues in professional development courses, and preparing complainants prior to hearings. In our study, the attribution of moral guilt predominantly centred on rape cases, which may be due to historical discourse and sensitivity surrounding sexual assault cases.

The study highlights the need for further research into mechanisms of attributing moral guilt to complainants and into sources of tension that contribute to negative experiences for complainants. 

This study explores how provisions for rebel integration into government affect the durability of peace agreements. Based on models of power-sharing, peacebuilding, and spoiler dynamics, the paper investigates whether former rebel groups in governance diminish the risk of peace agreement termination. Based on a logistic regression analysis of 210 peace agreements drawn from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) Peace Agreement Dataset (1975–2021), the study shows that peace settlements with explicit provisions for rebel integration are linked to a lower risk of agreement termination. When rebels are integrated into government systems, the incentive to undermine agreements reduces, making it more likely that peace will hold, the findings suggest. But the analysis also identifies powerful destabilizing factors, like provisions for foreign troop withdrawals, which strongly correlate with higher termination risks. Lastly, commissions in charge of implementation, that is highly anticipated to make peace agreements more durable, also display little statistical significance in predicting durability of agreement. Such insights contribute to the post-conflict governance literature by stressing the importance of institutionalized rebel participation for sustaining peace. The study indicates that more long-term studies on the political implications of the integration of rebels are needed and that future studies should test additional control variables, use different mediation and modeling techniques, and include mixed-methods approaches to better support causal claims.

This chapter argues that in order to understand the linkages between populism and restrictions of migrants’ rights, more awareness is needed of the distinction between empirical facts and institutional facts. If the distinction is disregarded, negative consequences can follow. The chapter explains that mobility – the movement of bodies through space – is the empirical fact to which the law attaches a series of legal concepts by way of institutional facts (e.g. citizenship, residence, population, and migration). The chapter demonstrates that, once aware of the distinction, we are better equipped to see how legal regulations governing the institutional fact of population affect our social and constitutional identity. Migration law and policy ultimately impact on the composition of the institutional fact of the People (those who count as citizens) and its role in the constitutional order (what the citizens do, which rights and duties they have), that determines the state’s constitutional identity. Therefore, as this chapter argues, migration law can be employed to both strengthen and dismantle constitutional democratic institutions. Migration lawyers thus have much to offer to constitutional lawyers who are concerned about the contemporary resilience of the constitutional setting.

Diabetes is a set of chronic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia and pancreatic dysfunction. The pancreas consists of two tissue compartments with highly distinct functions – hormone-producing islets of Langerhans and acinar tissue with an exocrine function. Improved understanding of immune processes and stromal cells within the compartments of the pancreas may highlight important specializations, which could lead to novel insights into islet dysfunction in diabetes or islet transplantation. Thus, in this thesis the properties of pancreatic innate immunity and microvascular endothelial cells were compared between islet- and exocrine tissue from human organ donors. 

Enteroviral infection has been suggested to trigger development of type 1 diabetes. In paper I, the feasibility of using innate immunity viral sensor protein kinase R (PKR) as evidence of enteroviral infection in the pancreas was examined. A general PKR expression was found at protein and RNA level in islets and exocrine tissue under basal conditions, and in vitro infection of islets with enterovirus did not lead to distinct PKR expression. This suggests that PKR expression should not be used to corroborate enteroviral infection in the human pancreas. In paper II, gene expression profiles were generated and compared between microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs) from islets and exocrine tissue. Gene sets involved in vascular- and endothelial development were enriched in islet MVEC samples. This suggests increased vascular proliferation within islets, potentially consistent with tissue remodeling. In paper III, gene expression profiles were generated and analyzed in CD206- and CD206+ macrophages from islets and exocrine tissue. Gene sets involved in inflammation and glycolysis were enriched in CD206- macrophages, while gene sets involved in complement, scavenging and immune regulation were enriched in CD206+ macrophages. In comparisons between tissues, a few immune regulation-associated gene sets were enriched in islet macrophages while gene sets associated with proinflammatory functions and extracellular matrix were enriched in exocrine macrophages. 

The main findings in this thesis were that expression of PKR is poor evidence of viral infection in the pancreas, identification of islet-MVEC gene expression consistent with intraislet vascular remodeling, and a characterization of global gene expression in two subgroups of macrophages in islets and in exocrine tissue.

Antibody-based therapeutics have revolutionised the field of immune-oncology and other diseases with their diverse targeted effects. Immune-stimulatory antibodies, such as agonistic CD40 antibodies, have shown promising preclinical results in inducing specific anti-tumour responses. This thesis presents the development of a novel bispecific antibody platform based on agonistic CD40 antibodies designed to enable flexible peptide cargo delivery.

In paper I, the design of a tetravalent bispecific antibody platform based on two well-established agonistic anti-CD40 antibodies was evaluated. The bispecific antibodies retained their agonistic activity and demonstrated high-affinity binding to a defined peptide tag, enabling efficient intracellular peptide antigen delivery. This affinity binding was crucial for inducing antigen-specific T cell proliferation in vivo. The lead candidate identified in paper I was further assessed for large-scale production in paper II, using the PiggyBack transfection system to generate a stable cell pool. Optimisation of nutrients and feeding schedules allowed for large-scale bioreactor culturing, followed by purification and quality analysis. 

In paper III, a novel set of anti-CD40 antibodies was generated through phage display, and the lead antibody clone, which exhibited agonistic activity and low off-target binding, was converted to the bispecific format described in paper I, but with a humanised version of the single chain fragment variable (scFv). This candidate drug, in combination with peptide cargo, generated potent anti-tumour effects in several tumour models and demonstrated low toxicity and immunogenicity. 

In paper IV, the peptide tag binding to the bispecific antibody was modified by amino acid substitution to assess whether affinity binding and/or biological effects could be modified. The substitution with a non-conserved amino acid led to a slightly decreased affinity binding. This substitution led to modified in vitro antigen processing and/or presentation of the CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell antigens, while in vivo activity appeared to depend more on conjugate stability.

In conclusion, this bispecific antibody platform facilitates flexible peptide cargo loading by affinity binding and provides a promising opportunity for personalised therapy by using patient-specific neoantigen peptides as cargo to generate effective anti-tumour T cell responses. 

Microplastic (MP) pollution has emerged as a global environmental concern, particularly in urban environments, where stormwater serves as a major transport pathway for MPs into aquatic ecosystems. This thesis investigates MP sources, distribution, and removal strategies in urban settings, with a focus on stormwater filtration solutions. Field studies were conducted in Uppsala, Sweden, to assess MP contamination in road dust and spider webs (Paper I). Results indicated spatial variability, with indoor parking lots exhibiting the highest MP loads, predominantly polyurethane. Spider webs effectively captured airborne MPs, and particularly polyester fibers, demonstrating their potential as passive samplers of atmospheric pollution. To mitigate MP transport via stormwater, laboratory and pilot-scale filtration experiments were conducted using sand, bark, and biochar as filter materials (Papers II-IV). Laboratory-scale horizontal flow filters demonstrated high MP retention across all tested materials. However, results indicated that the retention efficiency was influenced by MP shape and size, with fibers being particularly well retained. Additionally, biochar-beds suggested a polarity-dependent filtration effect, preferentially removing non-polar MPs over polar MPs, emphasizing the role of polymer properties in filtration performance (Paper IV). The pilot-scale biochar-beds were tested with semi-artificial stormwater and with simulated environmental stressors, including prolonged drying and road salt exposure (Paper IV). Results revealed that biochar efficiently removed MPs and particulate-bound metals. Environmental factors influenced filter performance; drying-induced structural changes in biochar resulted in an initial surge of MP release upon rewetting, and pH shifts altered metal speciation and reduced metal removal efficiency. This research advances the understanding of urban MP pollution and its remediation, demonstrating that filtration-based stormwater treatments can effectively capture MPs before they reach aquatic ecosystems. The findings emphasize the need for environmentally robust stormwater management solutions and highlight the importance of considering real-world stressors in filtration system design. Future studies should explore long-term filter performance and the combined effects of multiple environmental stressors to optimize MP removal strategies.

Introduction:Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment method for, among otherthings, severe depression and other psychiatric conditions. The treatment involves a short,induced seizure under anesthesia. ECT gives good results in many people, but there is a highrisk of suffering from memory problems and other cognitive problems.

Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the experiences of ECT treatment in patientssuffering from mental illness.

Method: A qualitative literature study in which ten scientific articles with a qualitativeapproach were analyzed. The databases used in the literature search were PubMed, CINAHL,and PsycInfo.

Result: The result of the study shows that ECT for the most part has a good and fast effect -even though a lot of patients get side effects like memory loss. These effects did affect thepatients negatively and lowered their quality of life. Patients felt like they got too littleinformation about the treatment and that they didn't feel involved in their treatment plan.Family and friends who were supportive contributed to a better experience for the patients.

Conclusion: The literature review shows that many people experienced ECT treatment aspositive. Negative experiences involved memory difficulties, insufficient information andlack of participation in the treatment planning process. To improve the experience, thehealthcare provider should provide the patient with information about their treatment andmake them participate in their care.

Keywords: ECT, electroconvulsive therapy, mental illness

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The waiting time for a heart and/or lung transplant is long, due to both the increasing demand and the shortage of organs. As a result, many patients die before they receive a transplant. The uncertainty regarding the timing of the procedure can cause psychological distress for both patients and their relatives. While some research has addressed the physical and psychological effects of the waiting period for transplant patients, there is still a lack of a deeper understanding of their emotional and psychological experiences during this time. Therefore, it is important to understand how these patients experience the waiting time on a deeper level to enable better nursing care for the patients.

Aim: To describe experiences of patients during the waiting time for heart and/or lung transplant.

Methods: A general literature review with a descriptive design and qualitative approach. Ten scientific articles were retrieved from the PubMed and CINAHL databases.

Results: Two categories and six subcategories were identified. The findings revealed that patients waiting for heart and/or lung transplants experienced both positive and negative emotions. Support and information from other transplant patients and healthcare professionals had a positive impact on their experiences during the waiting period. The transplant was seen as a chance for survival but also evoked feelings of guilt and gratitude. The waiting time was perceived as long, causing feelings of anxiety and fear.

Conclusion: The waiting time for heart and lung transplantation was characterized by both positive and negative emotions. Patients' experiences during the waiting period were positively influenced by support and information from both other transplant patients and healthcare professionals. Despite this, there are other areas of care that could be improved, such as information, psychosocial support and individualized care. Further research into how patients manage their emotions and thoughts and what support they need to be able to manage these emotions and thoughts during the waiting period could enable improved patient care.

Keywords: Heart transplantation, Lung transplantation, Patient experiences, Waiting list

Fe-based metallic glasses as soft-magnetic cores in energy applications increase the efficiency and significantly lower the energy losses during use, compared to conventional electrical steels. Metallic glass production calls for rapid cooling from high temperatures, solidifying the liquid before it crystallises. The additive manufacturing technique laser-based powder bed fusion is an increasingly popular production method for these materials. The material is melted stepwise, in small melt pool volumes at a time, allowing the heat to dissipate fast. The extreme thermal environment in laser-based powder bed fusion additive manufacturing enables the production of metallic glasses without shape restrictions. However, thermal cycling can also lead to residual stress and it is challenging to find a stable process window where defects like cracks, pores, or lack-of-fusion are not deteriorating the material properties. A great challenge is also to control the devitrification, nucleation and growth of crystalline phases commonly occurs, especially in the heat affected zone around the melt pool.

This work explores production and devitrification of metallic glasses in extreme thermal environments, with the intention to evaluate composition and production methods for soft-magnetic materials and metallic glasses. The influence of boron concentration and heating rate on Fe-Co-Nb-B metallic glasses is captured with millisecond precision using high brilliance synchrotron diffraction techniques. We are able to show the shift in the initial phase formation from α-Fe to the metastable Fe₂₃B₆ for higher boron concentrations (20 at.%) and high heating rates. The devitrification at slow heating rates was also investigated, using both calorimetry and magnetometry. The experimental description of the devitrification was additionally complemented with modelling. Using the same in-situ setup, we also evaluated the impact of oxygen contamination in a Zr-based metallic glass. Two different devitrifi-cation modes, homogeneous and heterogeneous, are measured and successfully mod-elled, for a selection of oxygen doping levels. Additionally, two studies are presented where Fe-based metallic glass and metallic glass composites are manufactured using laser-based powder bed fusion. The process development was successfully supported by Kerr microscopy imaging of melt pools of single tracks and the magnetic and structural properties of the produced parts were evaluated.

The article presents the Neo-Aramaic dialect of Tin, a village in the Ṣapna valley in northern Iraq, focusing on the dialect’s phonology, morphology, and lexicon. This variety, spoken by Christians of the Chaldean Catholic Church, is most closely related to the nearby Christian dialect of Aradhin, but is nevertheless distinct in many ways. The synchronic description is supplemented with a comparative and historical perspective, indicating how Tin’s features fit into the NENA dialectal map and how unusual or unexpected forms can be explained by historical developments. Contact influences from Northern Kurdish and vernacular Arabic are also discussed. Interesting features of this dialect include the innovation of an initial /d/ in the Present Base forms of verba primae /ʾ/ and sporadic cases of vowel harmony.

Ectomycorrhiza (ECM) is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plants, which is essential for many woody plants. ECM fungi have evolved independently multiple times in several lineages from saprotrophic ancestors. However, the origin and diversification processes of ECM lineages are still not well understood. In Paper I, we addressed whether ECM lineages evolved independently or if reversals to saprotrophy occurred. These hypotheses were tested using model-based methods and a phylogeny based on 2 174 ECM taxa. We concluded that our inferences about ECM evolution are affected by whether a rate shift in different time periods or ECM clades is allowed, and that reversals to saprotrophy are probably rare. In Paper II, I investigated whether the ECM-linked genomic changes occurred abruptly at the transition to the ECM lifestyle or were part of a trend before or after the transition in ECM lineages. I compared 26 genomes from ECM species in Inocybaceae with six saprotrophic outgroups. The findings suggest that the molecular changes, important for transition to the ECM lifestyle, occur in proximity to the origin of this lifestyle in Inocybaceae. In Paper III, I explored whether genomic diversity in ECM lineages is shaped by independent transitions or due to diversification within each lineage. I compiled a phylogenetically diverse dataset of 75 genomes, representing eight ECM lineages. The findings show that while genomic diversity from lineage-level additions quickly saturates for all enzyme groups investigated, species-level additions continue to contribute new diversity beyond the limits of our dataset. In Paper IV, we tested the mutual exclusivity of psilocybin and muscarine in Inocybaceae species by screening 21 samples. I also explored the origin and evolution of genes involved in psilocybin production in these species using 24 genomes. We detected both psilocybin and muscarine, for the first time, in a single species of Inocybaceae and also concluded that the psilocybin gene cluster has evolved through convergent evolution, with two possible origins of the gene cluster within the family. Overall, this thesis contributes to improving our understanding of ECM fungal evolution and highlights how traits that appear alike can emerge through distinct evolutionary processes.

This thesis consists of an introduction and three research articles in the field of module categories. In Paper I, we we establish a biequivalence between the bicategory of cyclic module categories, Tambara modules and their morphisms for a fixed monoidal category, and the bicategory of monoids, bimodules and bimodule morphisms in the category of Tambara modules on the same monoidal category. This yields additional functoriality properties to the reconstruction theory of module categories for tensor categories, and gives a weak generalization thereof to the setting of general, in particular non-rigid, monoidal categories. Further, we prove an action-via-enrichment result for Tambara modules, extending the results of Wood into the non-closed setting.

In Paper II, we define a notion of dual objects in semigroup categories. We show that if a semigroup category is rigid, then this semigroup category is promonoidal. We also solve a problem of lifting module categories for semigroup categories, and characterize finite tensor categories in terms of their semigroup categories of projective objects.

In Paper III, we develop a reconstruction theory for abelian module categories over abelian monoidal categories which is very close to the tensor-categorical theory. Rather than (co)monoids in the base monoidal category , we obtain lax module (co)monads on it, generalizing (co)monoids, and we give counter-examples to the existence of a reconstructing monoid. For the monoidal category of comodules over a bialgebra, we show that such comonads are given by Hopf trimodule algebras. This gives categorical proofs of the theorem of Hopf trimodules of Hausser and Nill and the Hopf-monadic theorem of Hopf modules of Bruguières, Lack and Virelizier. Towards these results, we show an Eilenberg-Watts theorem for lax module monads, and extend the formalism of multicategories of Linton coequalizers of Aguiar, Haim and López Franco to the multiactegorical setting.

 Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur normer och maktstrukturer gestaltas i Alfons Åberg-böckerna med utgångspunkt i lärande och kulturella värderingar kring makt och auktoritet i barns sociala relationer. Studien avser även att analysera hur litterära gestaltningar kan påverka barns förståelse av barn-vuxenrelationer samt vilken betydelse de kan ha för böckernas långvariga popularitet. För att besvara forskningsfrågorna genomfördes en systematisk analys av ett urval av Alfons Åberg-böckerna. Analysen utgår ifrån textstudier med utgångspunkt i litteraturvetenskapliga begrepp, diskursanalys och socialkonstruktivistiska teorier.  Studien bygger på tidigare forskning om barnlitteratur och maktstrukturer och belyser hur text konstruerar normer och auktoritet relationer. I analysen synliggörs de språkliga som används för att förmedla sociala och kulturella värderingar.

Resultaten från den första delstudien indikerar att Alfons Åberg-böckerna återger traditionella maktstrukturer genom att skildra hierarkiska relationer, där vuxna i regel tillskrivs auktoritet. Samtidigt framkommer att böckerna även inkluderar situationer där barn ges handlingsutrymme och möjlighet att påverka sin sociala omgivning. Den andra delstudien visar att barns förståelse av relationer präglas av en tydlig medvetenhet om de faktorer som påverkar uppfattningen om vuxna samt deras egen position i dessa relationer. Ur ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv blir det tydligt hur litteraturen både speglar och omförhandlar normer och maktförhållanden genom interaktionen mellan barn och vuxna. Böckernas popularitet kan delvis förstås genom deras relaterbara skildringar av barn-vuxenrelationer samt pedagogiska relevans.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka uppfattningar om hur pedagoger i förskola och förskoleklass arbetar för att inkludera samt bemöta barns olika behov i barngruppen, detta med särskilt fokus på barn i behov av särskilt stöd. Detta är en kombinerad metodstudie där en kvalitativ intervjustudie och en kvantitativ enkätstudie genomförts. Det teoretiska ramverket utgår från Claes Nilholms tre specialpedagogiska perspektiv: det kompensatoriska, det kritiska och dilemmaperspektivet.  Resultatet visar att pedagoger uppfattar inkludering som en självklar del av sitt uppdrag där barns olikheter ses som utgångspunkt för det pedagogiska arbetet. Relationer, flexibilitet och tidiga insatser lyfts fram som centrala delar i det inkluderande arbetet medan brist på resurser, tid och kompetens utgör betydande utmaningar. Analysen visar att pedagoger ofta navigerar mellan ideal om inkludering och praktiska begränsningar, något som tydligt speglas i dilemmaperspektivet. Studien belyser vikten av att inkludering inte endast handlar om fysisk närvaro, utan om aktivt deltagande och en tillgänglig lärmiljö. Resultaten kan bidra med förståelse för hur lärare uppfattar inkluderingsarbetet i praktiken, samt vilka villkor som påverkar möjligheterna att nå en likvärdig utbildning för alla barn. 

The entry introduces Kosovo heritage politics and focuses on the consequences and the aftermath of the Kosovo War in 1999. The war led to the creation of a sovereign Kosovar nation-state, in which heritage has been used both to construct a new national identity but also to maintain the conflict between Kosovo and Serbia. A historical overview of the development of heritage legislation in Kosovo leading up to the war is given, as well as an account of the post-war development. The case of Mitrovica is presented in more detail. A divided town in northern Kosovo in which heritage from different historical periods is found, episodes in Mitrovica’s past are actively used and claimed by both Kosovo-Albanians and Serbs. Urban spaces such as squares, bridges, buildings and monuments are used to support these claims, celebrating past conflicts, and resisting attempts of reconciliation and urban reconstruction. By looking at choices and uses of heritage assets, how historical circumstances influence the possibilities of identifying a heritage shared by several ethnic communities is presented.

Effective targeting of somatic cancer mutations to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy requires an individualized approach. Autogene cevumeran is a uridine messenger RNA lipoplex-based individualized neoantigen-specific immunotherapy designed from tumor-specific somatic mutation data obtained from tumor tissue of each individual patient to stimulate T cell responses against up to 20 neoantigens. This ongoing phase 1 study evaluated autogene cevumeran as monotherapy (n = 30) and in combination with atezolizumab (n = 183) in pretreated patients with advanced solid tumors. The primary objective was safety and tolerability; exploratory objectives included evaluation of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, preliminary antitumor activity and immunogenicity. Non-prespecified interim analysis showed that autogene cevumeran was well tolerated and elicited poly-epitopic neoantigen-specific responses, encompassing CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells, in 71% of patients, most of them undetectable at baseline. Responses were detectable up to 23 months after treatment initiation. CD8+ T cells specific for several neoantigens constituted a median of 7.3% of circulating CD8+ T cells, reaching up to 23% in some patients. Autogene cevumeran-induced T cells were found within tumor lesions constituting up to 7.2% of tumor-infiltrating T cells. Clinical activity was observed, including one objective response in monotherapy dose escalation and in two patients with disease characteristics unfavorable for response to immunotherapy treated in combination with atezolizumab. These findings support the continued development of autogene cevumeran in earlier treatment lines. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT03289962.

A search for violation of the charge-parity (CP) symmetry in the D+ -> K- K+ pi(+) decay is presented, with proton-proton collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.4 fb(-1), collected at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV with the LHCb detector. A novel model-independent technique is used to compare the D+ and D- phase-space distributions, with instrumental asymmetries subtracted using the D-s(+) -> K- K+ pi(+) decay as a control channel. The p value for the hypothesis of CP conservation is 8.1%. The CP asymmetry observables A(CP vertical bar S)(phi pi+) = (0.95 +/- 0.43(stat) +/- 0.26(syst)) x 10(-3) and A(CP vertical bar S)((K) over bar *0 K+) = (-0.26 +/- 0.56(stat) +/- 0.18(syst)) x 10(-3) are also measured. These results show no evidence of CP violation and represent the most sensitive search performed through the phase space of a multibody decay.

A measurement of the time-dependent ratio of the D-0 -> K+ to (D) over bar (0) pi(-) decay rates is reported. The analysis uses a sample of proton-proton collisions corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 6 fb- 1 recorded by the LHCb experiment from 2015 through 2018 at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The D-0 meson is required to originate from a D*(2010)(+) -> D-0 pi(+) decay, such that its flavor at production is inferred from the charge of the accompanying pion. The measurement is performed simultaneously for the K+ pi(-) and K- pi(+) final states, allowing both mixing and CP-violation parameters to be determined. The value of the ratio of the decay rates at production is determined to be R-K pi = (343.1 +/- 2.0) x 10(-5). The mixing parameters are measured to be c(K pi) = (51.4 +/- 3.5) x 10(-4) and c(K pi)(0) = (13 +/- 4) x 10(-6), where root R(K pi)c(K pi) is the linear coefficient of the expansion of the ratio as a function of decay time in units of the D-0 lifetime, and c(K pi)(0) is the quadratic coefficient, both averaged between the K+ pi(-) and K- pi(+) final states. The precision is improved relative to the previous best measurement by approximately 60%. No evidence for CP violation is found.

Recent scholarship has come to rethink how the concept of anarchy captures the fragmented plurality of contemporary world politics. This article continues that inquiry through an interpretative reading of the popular TV-series Game of Thrones. The appeal of this show partly derives from its animation of medieval tropes to interpellate with contemporary global politics; it echoes power struggles constitutive of today’s international relations. However, while the fantasy show portrays conflictual relations between different claimants of the Iron Throne in Westeros, it also composes subaltern voices amidst these violent claims to power. This article concludes that such an interpretation diversifies the meanings of anarchy, as both violence and freedom, in the ‘game of thrones’ of contemporary politics.

Conflicts over managing large carnivores have been prominent in Sweden in recent decades. The most significant controversies are related to wolves, but the bear, lynx, and wolverine are also included. While the state and environmental organizations make efforts to guarantee a viable population of the large protected carnivores, farmers generally have a negative attitude towards large carnivores and a low level of trust in wildlife governance. Based on 22 in-depth interviews, 37 telephone questionnaires with Swedish farmers, and an analysis of 111 applications for protective hunting, this paper aims to demonstrate how these farmers' perspectives on large carnivores can be explained by moral (sense of right and wrong) and moral economy (a system of obligations related to values and relations intervening with political views and financial decisions). The paper argues that farming, in addition to being an economic activity, is integrated with values, heritage, and relations to other human beings and animals. Farmers understand these values to be threatened by large carnivores, especially by wolves. The paper contextualizes negative sentiments, conflicts, protests, and also illegal hunting of large carnivores in relation to a sense of morals, sense of fairness, meanings, traditions, and mechanisms of daily life. We argue that this perspective provides a lens through which to interpret the conflict between farmers on the one side and the state and animal rights activists on the other. Such interpretation has consequences for understanding the legitimacy of government, shifting the focus from the processes of political governance (predominant in liberal political philosophy) to legitimacy tied to collective notions of social goods.

Hitler’s invasion of Poland and subsequent invasion of the Soviet Union initiated a war centred around race and the expansion of the German Nazi empire. Millions of German soldiers between the ages of eighteen to forty-five from all parts of society participated in what was represented as a war in the defence of the German Volksgemeinschaft. In reality it was a war of annihilation targeted against Jews and Bolsheviks. While the Wehrmacht officially was meant to wage war, not annihilate Jews, many of its members participated actively or passively by aiding the killers, or by witnessing the genocidal killings. A majority of these men were devout Christians, and they were all devoted to a solution to the so-called “Jewish problem.” This article explores the individual faith of Christian Wehrmacht soldiers in the context of the war of annihilation and genocidal violence on the Eastern Front during the Second World War, including the negotiations and re-negotiations of their faith in relation to the killing of Jews, communists, and other “undesirables” in Eastern Europe. It analyses the perspective of soldiers on the ground in Poland and Eastern Europe through their own words, as presented in the private correspondence of sixty-seven Wehrmacht soldiers, and will argue that the perceived threat of Jews and communism to Christianity, enabled the soldiers to re-interpret their faith to exclude Jews and communists from any rules of Christian morality. This dynamic will also be explored in relation to how these men encountered Christians in communist Eastern Europe; on being confronted with fellow Christians who had been deprived of their right to practice their faith, the soldiers found kindship as well as new meaning and a higher purpose to the annihilation of Jews and the war of extermination in the East.

The study is a piece of philology, combined with historical translation studies. It is intended to update, further develop and partly revalue the conception of the Swedish and Danish Reformers’ translation of the Holy Bible into the contemporary vernaculars, carried out in the second quarter of the 16th century.

A new angle of approach is the view of the early Reformation Bible in Scandinavia as a coherent complex of text, along with the attempt to sharply distinguish between the process of translation, i.e., the actual linguistic shift, and the subsequent revision of the text before printing. To that end, the term and the notion of translation philology has been coined. A third new feature in this biblical approach in Scandinavian philology is the focusing on the grammatical (syntactical) structure of phrases and sentences, not so much on the lexicon and vocabulary.

After an introductory chapter (1), the content of the book falls into two main parts. In the first (chapters 2–5), the focus is on “the documents and history”, in the second (chapters 6–15) on “the documents and language”.

Though treating the entire East Scandinavian Bible translation in the formative early Reformation epoch on the same methodologial terms, the author pays particular attention to the Swedish New testament 1526. The complicated preparation of this pioneering work is analysed and described with a method – and partly even a result – sharply opposed to traditional views.

Understanding the electrically active defects and impurities in semiconductors, especially in intrinsic or unintentionally doped wide bandgap materials, still remains a challenge. Here, time-of-flight (ToF) measurement using a solid state light source (355 and 213 nm) was performed on intrinsic silicon carbide and single-crystalline diamond. The charge transient spectroscopy (QTS) and the inverse Laplace (IL) QTS methods were applied to analyze the ToF results. Using these methods, we were able to trace the existing impurities in both materials. However, ILQTS proved to be more sensitive, with higher resolution for detection of existing multiple defects. The results suggest that this system can successfully be employed to investigate electrically active impurities at different energy states in highly resistive and undoped materials.

In the mid-1960s the Nobel Foundation initiated a series of Nobel Symposia that continue to this day. These concerned areas associated with the Nobel Prizes in the sciences, literature, peace, and soon also economics. In 1969 the first of four ‘cross-cultural’ symposia was organized. This paper focuses on the first three of these (1969, 1974, 1978) and comments on the fourth (1983). These symposia were non-technical and focused on what was often described as ‘world problems’ considered at the time to constitute a serious global crisis, which included, for example, environmental degradation, nuclear threats, overpopulation and a diminishing status of science. An important ambition of the symposia, which failed, was to produce authoritative syntheses concerning the role of science in grappling with the global crisis, a consideration that is here described as ‘macroethical’. In conclusion, the sometimes-turbulent symposia are discussed in relation to ideas about reflexive modernization and associated phenomena (neoliberalism, innovation policy), seen as symptoms of the crisis and the criticism of traditional modernization theory that it helped trigger.