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Kaliff, Anders, ProfessorORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-0611-2631
Publications (10 of 54) Show all publications
Kaliff, A. & Østigård, T. (2025). Early Indo-European Silk Roads: Ecology of Cattle, Waterways and Winter Migration (50ed.). Uppsala: Uppsala University
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Early Indo-European Silk Roads: Ecology of Cattle, Waterways and Winter Migration
2025 (English)Book (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

An ecological perspective that considers winter conditions and waterways, viewed from the perspective of cattle, may offer new insights into potential migration routes across the Eurasian steppes. Today, nearly half the world’s population speaks an Indo-European language. The spread of these languages through prehistoric migration has been a subject of debate for over 200 years. Recent advances in ancient DNA studies have reignited this discussion and sparked academic disputes. This analysis highlights a fundamental but often overlooked aspect of early pastoral migration in an ecological context: the role of cattle. By focusing on cattle, certain migration routes emerge as more viable, while others appear unfeasible in light of specific ecological conditions and natural obstacles. The Eurasian steppe, characterised by long, harsh winters and bisected by major north-south-flowing rivers, presents significant ecological barriers to east-west migrations to Europe and the Ural Mountains. Yet, the earliest major migrations occurred in east-west direction. Even in winter, river valleys and riverbeds, with their generally reliable supply of water and vegetation, would have been of fundamental importance for the survival of large herds. Moreover, when rivers were frozen in winter, pastoralists could easily cross north-south-flowing rivers and use the east-west waterways as highways for rapid movement over vast distances. In this light, we argue that, during the winter, the great rivers of Eurasia were key enablers of early Indo-European migration and expansion.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Uppsala University, 2025. p. 122 Edition: 50
Series
Occasional papers in archaeology, ISSN 1100-6358 ; 90
National Category
Archaeology
Research subject
Archaeology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-565027 (URN)978-91-506-3137-1 (ISBN)
Funder
Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, M19-0625:1
Available from: 2025-09-05 Created: 2025-09-05 Last updated: 2025-09-09
Kaliff, A. (2025). Zsófia Torma and the cradle of civilisation: Transylvania's pioneering archaeologist and her discoveries. Uppsala: Uppsala University
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Zsófia Torma and the cradle of civilisation: Transylvania's pioneering archaeologist and her discoveries
2025 (English)Book (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

More than 7000 years ago, parts of central and south-eastern Europe were already home to advanced agricultural societies, with city-like settlements housing several thousand inhabitants. The first traces of this remarkable culture were excavated in the 1870s at Tordos (Turdaș) in Transylvania, by Zsófia Torma (1832–1899), Hungary’s first female archaeologist and one of the very first women in the history of archaeology. This book is about this remarkable woman and her discovery – the traces of Europe’s first civilisation, with the oldest traces of metallurgy to date and possibly even a form of early writing. The book also describes the place where Zsófia Torma worked, Hungarian Transylvania, and its history. Her life’s work coincides with a very important period in Hungarian history, in a Europe that would soon be shattered by the carnage of the First World War. Archaeology was a new science, and Zsófia was one of its very first women. She should therefore be well known in the history of archaeology, which is unfortunately not the case. It is therefore time to bring her to light, as well as the Transylvania that shaped her and the outstanding archaeological discoveries she made. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Uppsala University, 2025. p. 145
Series
Occasional papers in archaeology, ISSN 1100-6358 ; 86
National Category
History and Archaeology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-551533 (URN)978-91-506-3093-0 (ISBN)
Available from: 2025-04-08 Created: 2025-02-25 Last updated: 2025-04-15
Kaliff, A. & Østigård, T. (2024). Fighting the winter: Indo-European rituals and cosmogony in cold climates. In: Jenny Larsson; Thomas Olander; Anders Richardt Jørgensen (Ed.), Indo-European Interfaces: Integrating Linguistics, Mythology and Archaeology (pp. 165-194). Stockholm: Stockholm University
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Fighting the winter: Indo-European rituals and cosmogony in cold climates
2024 (English)In: Indo-European Interfaces: Integrating Linguistics, Mythology and Archaeology / [ed] Jenny Larsson; Thomas Olander; Anders Richardt Jørgensen, Stockholm: Stockholm University, 2024, p. 165-194Chapter in book (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In Indo-European mythology, there is a strong focus on the horse and the sun in a water and fertility perspective. However, if there is one particular characteristic of the northern and Scandinavian ecology, it is the long, cold and dark winters. The seasonality of the Scandinavian ecology structured all life and wealth in prehistoric Scandinavia. The winter limited and defined the agricultural growth season and when it was possible to travel on boats further south and partake in exchange networks. Cosmologically, it was not the sun that melted away the snow during the spring, but particular water powers like springs, rivers and waterfalls were “eating away” the snow from beneath and the underworld. The Scandinavian skeid tradition with horse-fights, rituals and sacrifices is one of the longest living traditions in the world with 4000 years of continuity. The last remains of this great tradition was found in late 19th-century rural Norway and Sweden. Using archaeological and ethnographic examples, the aim of this chapter is to analyse the specific type of Indo-European ritual tradition and cosmogony when the powers of the winter were fought and overcome in Scandinavia.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Stockholm University, 2024
Series
Stockholm Studies in Indo-European Language and Culture, ISSN 2004-9080 ; 1
Keywords
Poetics, Corded Ware, Mythology, Yamnaya, Bronze Age, Indo-European
National Category
Archaeology
Research subject
Archaeology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-546953 (URN)10.16993/bcn.i (DOI)001372533000009 ()978-91-7635-218-2 (ISBN)978-91-7635-219-9 (ISBN)978-91-7635-220-5 (ISBN)978-91-7635-221-2 (ISBN)
Projects
Language and Myths of Prehistory (LAMP)
Funder
Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, M19-0625:1
Available from: 2025-01-13 Created: 2025-01-13 Last updated: 2025-06-19Bibliographically approved
Østigård, T. & Kaliff, A. (2024). Helhesten, kirkegrimer og dødsdans: Dyrestil og drager, følgesvenner til dødsrikene og dødens beskyttere. Uppsala: Uppsala universitet
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Helhesten, kirkegrimer og dødsdans: Dyrestil og drager, følgesvenner til dødsrikene og dødens beskyttere
2024 (Norwegian)Book (Other academic)
Abstract [no]

Dødsreisen til den andre siden var ufravikelig og skjebnebestemt. I etno­logiske og historiske kilder var ikke Døden fravær av liv, men følgesvennen som fraktet de døde til et nytt liv blant forfedrene. Helhesten kom og hentet de døende og døde, men Helhesten var ikke kun følgesvennen og transportmiddelet på den siste reisen. Helhesten skulle også begraves med den avdøde, helst levende og gjerne stående, og selv på kirkegårder opp til moderne tid er det historier om hester og andre dyr begravd levende. Helhesten ble gravplassens beskytter og kirkegrim. Enhver ny kirke eller kirkegård hadde en kirkegrim som vokter. Følgesvennen og beskytteren i døden ble avbildet i dyrestil på kirkeporter og runesteiner, men også farlige og uskadeliggjorte dyr, som ormer og drager drept av helter og kjemper i storslagne og kosmiske kamper. De gode vant over det onde og vernet de levende. Døden kom også dansende og dødsdansen tok mennesker med seg til dødsrikene. Spelemannen og Nøkken spilte så intensiv musikk at de levende danset seg til døde og bak alle disse forestillingene ser vi skyggene av Odin. En grunnleggende myte opp gjennom historien er Åsgårdsreien eller Odins jakt. De døde var ikke bare i dødsrikene, men forfedrene og de døde red tilbake til slektningene på sine dødshester.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Uppsala universitet, 2024. p. 256
Series
Occasional papers in archaeology, ISSN 1100-6358 ; 82
National Category
Archaeology
Research subject
Archaeology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-514607 (URN)978-91-506-3027-5 (ISBN)
Available from: 2024-01-05 Created: 2023-10-19 Last updated: 2025-01-16Bibliographically approved
Kaliff, A. (2024). Werewolves and Indo-European warrior-bands. Karlstad: Grimfrost
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Werewolves and Indo-European warrior-bands
2024 (English)Other (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
Place, publisher, year, pages
Karlstad: Grimfrost, 2024
National Category
Humanities and the Arts
Research subject
Archaeology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-546971 (URN)
Available from: 2025-01-13 Created: 2025-01-13 Last updated: 2025-01-13
Østigård, T. & Kaliff, A. (2022). Det store ritualet: Kremasjon, konstruksjon og konsumpsjon. In: Karin Ojala, Terje Østigård (Ed.), Bronsålderns Håga: Fornlämningar, fynd och förbindelser (pp. 13-36). Uppsala: Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, Uppsala universitet
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Det store ritualet: Kremasjon, konstruksjon og konsumpsjon
2022 (Norwegian)In: Bronsålderns Håga: Fornlämningar, fynd och förbindelser / [ed] Karin Ojala, Terje Østigård, Uppsala: Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, Uppsala universitet , 2022, p. 13-36Chapter in book (Other academic)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, Uppsala universitet, 2022
Series
Occasional papers in archaeology, ISSN 1100-6358 ; 80
National Category
Archaeology
Research subject
Archaeology; Archaeology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-486812 (URN)978-91-506-2973-6 (ISBN)
Available from: 2022-10-17 Created: 2022-10-17 Last updated: 2022-10-18Bibliographically approved
Kaliff, A. & Østigård, T. (2022). Werewolves, Warriors and Winter Sacrifices: Unmasking Kivik and Indo-European Cosmology in Bronze Age Scandinavia (1ed.). Uppsala: Uppsala University
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Werewolves, Warriors and Winter Sacrifices: Unmasking Kivik and Indo-European Cosmology in Bronze Age Scandinavia
2022 (English)Book (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This study is the first to consider Sweden's enigmatic Kivik grave with its famous rock art slabs in an agricultural and Indo-European context. Building on the work of archaeologist V. Gordon Childe and anthropologist James G. Frazer, this analysis presents an in-depth cultural and cosmological worldview of the Scandinavian Bronze Age. Pastoralism and warrior bands were essential parts of ecology and cosmology; novices were initiated into these brotherhoods as werewolves. By putting on masks or cloaks, they became ancestors and played a key role in a series of winter sacrifices linked to the agricultural cycle. The werewolf myth contains remnants of all lifecycle rituals – from birth to initiation as warriors, marriage, death and becoming an ancestor. Ethnographically, the cultural and cosmological instituion manifested in Kivik can be identified through parts of Europe up to modern times.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Uppsala University, 2022. p. 256 Edition: 1
Series
Occasional papers in archaeology, ISSN 1100-6358 ; 75
Keywords
agriculture, brotherhood, carnival, cattle, Indo-European, initiation rites, Kivik, masks, sacrifices, warriors
National Category
Humanities and the Arts Archaeology
Research subject
Archaeology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-453469 (URN)978-91-506-2900-2 (ISBN)
Funder
Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, M19-0625:1
Available from: 2021-10-18 Created: 2021-09-17 Last updated: 2022-10-24Bibliographically approved
Kaliff, A. (2020). Arthur Nordén (1891 - 1965). In: Anne-Sofie Gräslund (Ed.), Svenska arkeologer: (pp. 233-240). Uppsala: Kungliga Gustav Adolfs Akademien
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Arthur Nordén (1891 - 1965)
2020 (Swedish)In: Svenska arkeologer / [ed] Anne-Sofie Gräslund, Uppsala: Kungliga Gustav Adolfs Akademien, 2020, p. 233-240Chapter in book (Other academic)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Kungliga Gustav Adolfs Akademien, 2020
Series
Acta Academiae Regiae Gustavi Adolphi, ISSN 0065-0897 ; 158
National Category
Archaeology
Research subject
Archaeology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413375 (URN)978 91 87403 38 5 (ISBN)
Available from: 2020-06-16 Created: 2020-06-16 Last updated: 2020-08-14Bibliographically approved
Østigård, T. & Kaliff, A. (2020). Likbrud og dødsbryllup: Sjelen, sykdommer ogoldnordiske gravskikker. Uppsala: Uppsala universitet
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Likbrud og dødsbryllup: Sjelen, sykdommer ogoldnordiske gravskikker
2020 (Norwegian)Book (Other academic)
Abstract [no]

Døden og gravmaterial har definert arkeologifaget som disiplin siden tidenes morgen, men selv i den antikvariske samtiden ble etnologi og folklore i liten grad brukt som kilde til kunnskap om forhistorien og oldnordiske gravskikker. De fleste gravstudier har derfor ikke analysert dødens essens: sjelens substans. Gjennom en religionsvitenskapelig forståelse av etnologi og folklore presenteres en ny arkeologisk analyse av Nordens forhistoriske gravmaterial og døden som fenomen. En studie av sjelens substans må bokstavelig talt trenge inn i hjernen, beinmargen, blodet og skjelettet, som er menneskets åndelige essens, og inn i kvinnens livmor hvor sjelen skapes og fødes. Sjelene til forfedrene kroppsligjorde seg som alver, vetter og andre åndelige vesener. Den sjelelige essens i fysisk substans var også kosmologisk kraft, som kunne brukes og misbrukes, og derfor er dette også en berettelse om sykdom og trolldom. Medisinsk kannibalisme og bruk av de døde og døden var et effektivt beskyttelsesmiddel og den sterkeste medisin i tradisjonell legekunst. I den forhistoriske medisinhistorien var sykdom direkte og personlige angrep av ulike forfedre, som levde misfornøyde i en hinsidig tilværelse i ny kroppslig form. Sjelene kunne ta utallige former som ulike vetter, noen gode og andre onde, men en ting var sikkert: De ville komme tilbake til de levende, og de var farlige for de gjenlevende. Slekten definerte de døde og de døde definerte slekten. Dødsbryllup forente derfor ikke bare de levende og døde, men også fremtidige familier og slekter av forfedre, og sentralt i denne kosmologien var de store årtidsfestivaler, som kulminerte med den tradisjonelle julefeiringen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Uppsala universitet, 2020. p. 315
Series
Occasional papers in archaeology, ISSN 1100-6358 ; 69
National Category
Archaeology
Research subject
Archaeology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-399078 (URN)978-91-506-2796-1 (ISBN)
Available from: 2019-12-12 Created: 2019-12-12 Last updated: 2020-05-11Bibliographically approved
Kaliff, A. (2020). Oscar Montelius (1843 - 1921). In: Anne-Sofie Gräslund (Ed.), Svenska arkeologer: (pp. 61-68). Uppsala: Kungliga Gustav Adolfs Akademien
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Oscar Montelius (1843 - 1921)
2020 (Swedish)In: Svenska arkeologer / [ed] Anne-Sofie Gräslund, Uppsala: Kungliga Gustav Adolfs Akademien, 2020, p. 61-68Chapter in book (Other academic)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Kungliga Gustav Adolfs Akademien, 2020
Series
Acta Academiae Regiae Gustavi Adolphi, ISSN 0065-0897 ; 158
National Category
Archaeology
Research subject
Archaeology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413366 (URN)978 91 87403 38 5 (ISBN)
Available from: 2020-06-16 Created: 2020-06-16 Last updated: 2020-07-30Bibliographically approved
Projects
Ansökan om konferensstöd avseende en internationell konferens vid Uppsala universitet i samband med Wulfilajubileet 2011 [2011-00632_VR]; Uppsala UniversityUNI-CULT: Uppsala University Network on Indo-European Studies of Cultures, Languages and Traditions; Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Center for Integrated Research on Culture and Society (CIRCUS)
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-0611-2631

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