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Abstract [en]
An ecological perspective that considers winter conditions and waterways, viewed from the perspective of cattle, may offer new insights into potential migration routes across the Eurasian steppes. Today, nearly half the world’s population speaks an Indo-European language. The spread of these languages through prehistoric migration has been a subject of debate for over 200 years. Recent advances in ancient DNA studies have reignited this discussion and sparked academic disputes. This analysis highlights a fundamental but often overlooked aspect of early pastoral migration in an ecological context: the role of cattle. By focusing on cattle, certain migration routes emerge as more viable, while others appear unfeasible in light of specific ecological conditions and natural obstacles. The Eurasian steppe, characterised by long, harsh winters and bisected by major north-south-flowing rivers, presents significant ecological barriers to east-west migrations to Europe and the Ural Mountains. Yet, the earliest major migrations occurred in east-west direction. Even in winter, river valleys and riverbeds, with their generally reliable supply of water and vegetation, would have been of fundamental importance for the survival of large herds. Moreover, when rivers were frozen in winter, pastoralists could easily cross north-south-flowing rivers and use the east-west waterways as highways for rapid movement over vast distances. In this light, we argue that, during the winter, the great rivers of Eurasia were key enablers of early Indo-European migration and expansion.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Uppsala University, 2025. p. 122 Edition: 50
Series
Occasional papers in archaeology, ISSN 1100-6358 ; 90
National Category
Archaeology
Research subject
Archaeology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-565027 (URN)978-91-506-3137-1 (ISBN)
Funder
Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, M19-0625:1
2025-09-052025-09-052025-09-09