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Topicals and chemical peels are the standard of care for management of facial hyperpigmentation. However, traditional therapies have come under recent scrutiny, such as topical hydroquinone (HQ) has some regulatory restrictions, and high concentration trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peel pose a risk in patients with skin of colour. The objective of our research was to identify, investigate and elucidate the mechanism of action of a novel TCA- and HQ-free professional-use chemical peel to manage common types of facial hyperpigmentation. Using computational modelling and in vitro assays on tyrosinase, we identified proprietary multi-acid synergistic technology (MAST). After a single application on human skin explants, MAST peel was found to be more effective than a commercial HQ peel in inhibiting melanin (histochemical imaging and gene expression). All participants completed the case study (N = 9) without any adverse events. After administration of the MAST peel by a dermatologist, the scoring and VISIA photography reported improvements in hyperpigmentation, texture and erythema, which could be linked to underlying pathophysiological changes in skin after peeling, visualized by non-invasive optical biopsy of face. Using reflectance confocal microscopy (VivaScope^®) and multiphoton tomography (MPTflex^TM), we observed reduction in melanin, increase in metabolic activity of keratinocytes, and no signs of inflammatory cells after peeling. Subsequent swabbing of the cheek skin found no microbiota dysbiosis resulting from the chemical peel. The strong efficacy with minimum downtime and no adverse events could be linked to the synergistic action of the ingredients in the novel HQ- and TCA-free professional peel technology.

Pulp therapy has been emerged as a one of the efficient therapies in the field of endodontics. Among different types of new endodontic materials, pulpotec has been materialized as a recognized material for vital pulp therapy. However, its efficacy has been challenged due to lack of information about its cellular biocompatibility. This study evaluates the mechanistic biocompatibility of pulpotec cement with macrophage cells (RAW 264.7) at cellular and molecular level. The biocompatibility was evaluated using experimental and computational techniques like MTT assay, oxidative stress analysis and apoptosis analysis through flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. The results showed concentration-dependent cytotoxicity of pulpotec cement extract to RAW 264.7 cells with an LC 50 of X/10 -X/20. The computational analysis depicted the molecular interaction of pulpotec cement extract components with metabolic proteins like Sod1 and p53. The study revealed the effects of Pulpotec cement's extract, showing a concentration-dependent induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis. These effects were due to influential structural and functional abnormalities in the Sod1 and p53 proteins, caused by their molecular interaction with internalized components of Pulpotec cement. The study provided a detailed view on the utility of Pulpotec in endodontic applications, highlighting its biomedical aspects.

Current methods of cancer therapy have demonstrated enormous potential in tumor inhibition. However, a high dosage regimen of chemotherapy results in various complications which affect the normal body cells. Tumor cells also develop resistance against the prescribed drugs in the whole treatment regimen increasing the risk of cancer relapse. Metronomic chemotherapy is a modern treatment method that involves administering drugs at low doses continuously, allowing the drug sufficient time to take its effect. This method ensures that the toxicity of the drugs is to a minimum in comparison to conventional chemotherapy. Nanoparticles have shown efficacy in delivering drugs to the tumor cells in various cancer therapies. Combining nanoparticles with metronomic chemotherapy can yield better treatment results. This combination stimulates the immune system, improving cancer cells recognition by immune cells. Evidence from clinical and pre-clinical trials supports the use of metronomic delivery for drug-loaded nanoparticles. This review focuses on the functionalization of nanoparticles for improved drug delivery and inhibition of tumor growth. It emphasizes the mechanisms of metronomic chemotherapy and its conjunction with nanotechnology. Additionally, it explores tumor progression and the current methods of chemotherapy. The challenges associated with nano-based metronomic chemotherapy are outlined, paving the way for prospects in this dynamic field.

Bioaccumulation of Chlorpyrifos (CP) as pesticides due to their aggrandized use in agriculture has raised serious concern on the health of ecosystem and human beings. Moreover, their degraded products like 3,5,6-trichloro-2pyridinol (TCP) has enhanced the distress due to their unpredictable biotoxicity. This study evaluates and deduce the comparative in vivo mechanistic biotoxicity of CP and TCP with zebrafish embryos through experimental and computational approach. Experimental cellular and molecular analysis showed higher induction of morphological abnormalities, oxidative stress and apoptosis in TCP exposed embryos compared to CP exposure due to upregulation of metabolic enzymes like Zhe1a, Sod1 and p53. Computational analysis excavated the differential discrepancies in intrinsic atomic interaction as a reason of disparity in biotoxicity of CP and TCP. The mechanistic differences were deduced due to the differential accumulation and internalisation leading to variable interaction with metabolic enzymes for oxidative stress and apoptosis causing physiological and morphological abnormalities. The study unravelled the information of in vivo toxicity at cellular and molecular level to advocate the attention of taking measures for management of CP as well as TCP for environmental and human health.

The aggrandised advancement in utility of advanced day-to-day materials and nanomaterials has raised serious concern on their biocompatibility with human and other biotic members. In last few decades, understanding of toxicity of these materials has been given the centre stage of research using many in vitro and in vivo models. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), a freshwater fish and a member of the minnow family has garnered much attention due to its distinct features, which make it an important and frequently used animal model in various fields of embryology and toxicological studies. Given that fertilization and development of zebrafish eggs take place externally, they serve as an excellent model organism for studying early developmental stages. Moreover, zebrafish possess a comparable genetic composition to humans and share almost 70% of their genes with mammals. This particular model organism has become increasingly popular, especially for developmental research. Moreover, it serves as a link between in vitro studies and in vivo analysis in mammals. It is an appealing choice for vertebrate research, when employing high-throughput methods, due to their small size, swift development, and relatively affordable laboratory setup. This small vertebrate has enhanced comprehension of pathobiology and drug toxicity. This review emphasizes on the recent developments in toxicity screening and assays, and the new insights gained about the toxicity of drugs through these assays. Specifically, the cardio, neural, and, hepatic toxicology studies inferred by applications of nanoparticles have been highlighted.

Biosurfactants having surface-active biomolecules have been the cynosure in environment research due to their vast application. However, the lack of information about their low-cost production and detailed mechanistic biocompatibility limits the applicability. The study explores techniques for the production and design of lowcost, biodegradable, and non-toxic biosurfactants from Brevibacterium casei strain LS14 and excavates the mechanistic details of their biomedical properties like antibacterial effects and biocompatibility. Taguchi's design of experiment was used to optimize for enhancing biosurfactant production by optimal factor combinations like Waste glycerol (1%v/v), peptone (1%w/v), NaCl 0.4% (w/v), and pH 6. Under optimal conditions, the purified biosurfactant reduced the surface tension to 35 mN/m from 72.8 mN/m (MSM) and a critical micelle concentration of 25 mg/ml was achieved. Spectroscopic analyses of the purified biosurfactant using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance suggested it as a lipopeptide biosurfactant. The evaluation of mechanistic antibacterial, antiradical, antiproliferative, and cellular effects indicated the efficient antibacterial activity (against Pseudomonas aeruginosa) of biosurfactants due to free radical scavenging activity and oxidative stress. Moreover, the cellular cytotoxicity was estimated by MTT and other cellular assays revealing the phenomenon as the dosedependent induction of apoptosis due to free radical scavenging with an LC50 of 55.6 +/- 2.3 mg/ml.

The increasing demand for plastic in our daily lives has led to global plastic pollution. The improper disposal of plastic has resulted in a massive amount of atmospheric microplastics (MPs), which has further resulted in the production of atmospheric nanoplastics (NPs). Because of its intimate relationship with the environment and human health, microplastic and nanoplastic contamination is becoming a problem. Because microplastics and nanoplastics are microscopic and light, they may penetrate deep into the human lungs. Despite several studies demonstrating the abundance of microplastics and nanoplastics in the air, the potential risks of atmospheric microplastics and nanoplastics remain unknown. Because of its small size, atmospheric nanoplastic character-ization has presented significant challenges. This paper describes sampling and characterization procedures for atmospheric microplastics and nanoplastics. This study also examines the numerous harmful effects of plastic particles on human health and other species. There is a significant void in research on the toxicity of airborne microplastics and nanoplastics upon inhalation, which has significant toxicological potential in the future. Further study is needed to determine the influence of microplastic and nanoplastic on pulmonary diseases.

A biofilm is a population of sessile microorganisms that has a distinct organized structure and characteristics like channels and projections. Good oral hygiene and reduction in the prevalence of periodontal diseases arise from minimal biofilm accumulation in the mouth, however, studies focusing on modifying the ecology of oral biofilms have not yet been consistently effective. The self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances and greater antibiotic resistance make it difficult to target and eliminate biofilm infections, which lead to serious clinical consequences that are often lethal. Therefore, a better understanding is required to target and modify the ecology of biofilms in order to eradicate the infection, not only in instances of oral disorders but also in terms of nosocomial infections. The review focuses on several biofilm ecology modifiers to prevent biofilm infections, as well as the involvement of biofilm in antibiotic resistance, implants or in-dwelling device contamination, dental caries, and other periodontal disorders. It also discusses recent advances in nanotechnology that may lead to novel strategies for preventing and treating infections caused by biofilms as well as a novel outlook to infection control.

The surge of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilization in daily products has raised the concern over their biotoxicity. The concerned biomedical and environmental biotoxicity has raised the quest of biomolecules for the synthesis of AgNPs with better biocompatibility. The emergence of biogenic biosurfactants has sought attention to solve the limitation of synthesizing controlled, stable and biocompatible nanoparticles; owing to their peculiar property of amphiphilic nature. This study provides a novel approach for functionalizing the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using lipopeptide biosurfactant extracted from Brevibacterium casei LS14 for higher in vivo environmental biocompatibility. Microbial surfactant was extracted, purified, and characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) showing the presence of chemical moieties like carboxyl, methoxy, and amide. Successful functionalization of AgNP termed "F-AgNP" was done to produce AgNPs with a size of 45.0 & PLUSMN; 2.1 nm. The optical characterization of F-AgNP showed an SPR peak at 404 nm in UV-Visible spectra and zeta potential of - 25.5 & PLUSMN; 8.5 mV. In vivo molecular cytotoxicity analysis with embryonic zebrafish determined an LC50 of 50.2 & mu;g/ml for F-AgNP compared to 33.6 & mu;g/ml of unfunctionalized AgNP (U-AgNP). The mechanistic evaluation depicted the concentration-dependent higher cellular and molecular biocompatibility of F-AgNP compared to U-AgNP with less ROS and apoptosis induction due internalization and interaction of F-AgNP with different amino acids of metabolic proteins like Sod1 and P53 proteins via hydrogen bonds having a variable bond-length to influence their expression. The study delineated the molecular mechanism and suggested a sustainable approach to functionalize AgNP using biosurfactants with for biomedical and environmental applications.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from a variety of sources, such as transportation, fossil fuel burning, and cement manufacturing facilities, are widely regarded to be the root cause of global warming. The rising CO2 levels call for immediate improvements in CO2 capture, extraction, and utilization technology. Methods for capturing and converting CO2 into useful products have included the use of microbial enzymes, nonporous materials, metal -organic frameworks (MOFs), chemicals, and hybrid membranes. However, these methods possess limitations that make the scale up and commercialization challenging. Scientists are concentrating on maximizing CO2 utilization by incorporating CO2-philic components into enzyme-chemical-material combinations, due to the high solubility of CO2. Here, the focus is on the chemistry of CO2-phillic materials, enzymes and biomolecules engaged in CO2 conversion, and the hybrid micro-reactors that contain material and enzymes integrating together to convert the CO2 into value-added products (organic acids, bioelectricity, carbonates, carbamates, methane, methanol, etc.). The difficulties and obstacles inherent in creating and sustaining such systems have also been highlighted.