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Reporting of Non-Fatal Conflict Events
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Peace and Conflict Research.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5372-7129
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Peace and Conflict Research.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4998-7964
2022 (English)In: International Interactions, ISSN 0305-0629, E-ISSN 1547-7444, Vol. 48, no 3, p. 450-470Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Temporally and spatial disaggregated datasets are commonly used to study political violence. Researchers are increasingly studying the data generation process itself to understand the selection processes by which conflict events are included in conflict datasets. This work has focused on conflict fatalities. In this research note, we explore how non-fatal conflict events are reported upon and enter into datasets of armed conflict. To do so, we compare reported non-fatal conflict events with the population of events in two direct observation datasets, collected using a boots-on-the-ground strategy: mass abductions in Nepal (1996-2006) and troop movements in Darfur. We show that at the appropriate level of aggregation media reporting on abductions in Nepal largely mirrors the "true" population of abductions, but at more disaggregated levels of temporal or spatial analysis, the match is poor. We also show that there is no overlap between a media-driven conflict dataset and directly-observed data on troop movements in Sudan. These empirics indicate that non-fatal data can suffer from serious underreporting and that this is particularly the case for events lacking elements of coercion. These findings are indicative of selection problems in regards to the reporting on non-fatal conflict events.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2022. Vol. 48, no 3, p. 450-470
Keywords [en]
Conflict, data, event data, non-violence, reporting bias
National Category
Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-483047DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2022.2044325ISI: 000768102400001OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-483047DiVA, id: diva2:1693883
Funder
EU, European Research Council, 694640 - ViEWSAvailable from: 2022-09-08 Created: 2022-09-08 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Forecasting battles: New machine learning methods for predicting armed conflict
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Forecasting battles: New machine learning methods for predicting armed conflict
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Over the past decade, the field of conflict forecasting has undergone a remarkable metamorphosis, transforming from a series of isolated efforts with low predictive power into large, globe-spanning projects with impressive performance. However, despite this evolution, many challenges still remain. First, while we are good at predicting absolute risks, we are poor at predicting conflict dynamics (onsets, escalations, de-escalations and terminations). Second, we are over-reliant on spatio-temporal features and mechanistic models due to the nature of the event-data we use, thus excluding actor agency. Third, we do not handle either data or model uncertainty. Fourth, we are lagging behind the state-of-the-art in machine-learning. This dissertation attempts to resolve some of these salient difficulties, by contributing to six core elements of current-generation forecasting systems. First, time, by looking at the substantive effects and uncertainties of the temporal distance between data and forecast horizons. Second, space, by looking at the inherent uncertainties of high-resolution geospatial data and proposing a statistical method to address this. Third, feature space, by tackling the extreme feature sparsity in event-data and proposing a novel, deep active learning approach to mine features from existing large conflict-related text corpora. Fourth, substantive knowledge, by combining findings from the previous papers to take a fresh look at the microdynamics of conflict escalation. Fifth, the forecasting process itself, by building models that directly forecast from text, eliminating the intermediate step of manual data curation. Finally, the frontier of event-data, by looking at whether the news-media heavy way we collect violent fatal events can be extended to the collection of non-violent events. Methodologically, the dissertation introduces state-of-the art methods to the field, including the use of large language models, Gaussian processes, active learning and deep time series modelling. The six papers in the dissertation exhibit significant performance improvement, especially in forecasting dynamics.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Uppsala University, 2025. p. 62
Series
Report / Department of Peace and Conflict Research, ISSN 0566-8808 ; 132
Keywords
conflict forecasting, predictive methodology, event data, battle events, spatial forecasting, machine learning, large language models, computational linguistics, civil war, armed conflict
National Category
Political Science (excluding Public Administration Studies and Globalisation Studies) Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified Computer Sciences Social and Economic Geography
Research subject
Peace and Conflict Research; Computational Linguistics; Political Science; Social and Economic Geography; Machine learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-545176 (URN)978-91-506-3086-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-03-21, Brusewitzsalen, Gamla Torget 6, Uppsala, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-01-27 Created: 2024-12-12 Last updated: 2025-02-20

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fulltext(2821 kB)234 downloads
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Croicu, MihaiEck, Kristine

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