Logo: to the web site of Uppsala University

uu.sePublications from Uppsala University
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Preferential looking to eyes versus mouth in early infancy: heritability and link to concurrent and later development
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3811-5471
Show others and affiliations
2023 (English)In: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, ISSN 0021-9630, E-ISSN 1469-7610, Vol. 64, no 2, p. 311-319Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BackgroundFrom birth, infants orient preferentially to faces, and when looking at the face, they attend primarily to eyes and mouth. These areas convey different types of information, and earlier research suggests that genetic factors influence the preference for one or the other in young children. MethodsIn a sample of 535 5-month-old infant twins, we assessed eye (relative to mouth) preference in early infancy, i.e., before neural systems for social communication and language are fully developed. We investigated the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the preference for looking at eyes, and the association with concurrent traits and follow-up measures. ResultsEye preference was independent from all other concurrent traits measured, and had a moderate-to-high contribution from genetic influences (A = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.66). Preference for eyes at 5 months was associated with higher parent ratings of receptive vocabulary at 14 months. No statistically significant association with later autistic traits was found. Preference for eyes was strikingly stable across different stimulus types (e.g., dynamic vs. still), suggesting that infants' preference at this age does not reflect sensitivity to low-level visual cues. ConclusionsThese results suggest that individual differences in infants' preferential looking to eyes versus mouth to a substantial degree reflect genetic variation. The findings provide new leads on both the perceptual basis and the developmental consequences of these attentional biases.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2023. Vol. 64, no 2, p. 311-319
Keywords [en]
Twin design, visual attention, eye-mouth index, language comprehension
National Category
Psychology (excluding Applied Psychology)
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-489037DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13724ISI: 000890235400001PubMedID: 36426800OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-489037DiVA, id: diva2:1713604
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2018-06232Riksbankens JubileumsfondSwedish Collegium for Advanced Study (SCAS), NHS14-1802:1Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, 777394European CommissionAvailable from: 2022-11-25 Created: 2022-11-25 Last updated: 2023-11-14Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Eyes on social development: Aetiology of infant gaze patterns and links to later socio-communicative abilities and autism
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Eyes on social development: Aetiology of infant gaze patterns and links to later socio-communicative abilities and autism
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Already at a very early age, infants preferentially attend to social stimuli. Although this is believed to be important for later social cognition and learning, little is known about the aetiology of infant social attention and associations to later abilities.

In this thesis, I used eye tracking to study the influence of genes and environment on individual differences in different aspects of social attention, and developmental outcomes across different domains in toddlerhood in relation to both typical and atypical development. In Study I, the influence of genes and environment on the preference for looking at eyes versus mouth (eye-mouth-index) was assessed in 5-month-old twins. The eye-mouth-index was highly heritable, and a stronger tendency to look at the eyes was associated with later language comprehension. In Study II, sustained attention to faces was assessed in the same sample of infants, and found to be moderately heritable. Longer sustained attention was associated with more socio-communicative behaviours in toddlerhood. In Study III, videos of children interacting were shown to 18-month-olds with and without an elevated likelihood of autism. At specific time intervals in the videos, there was a significant difference in gaze allocation between the toddlers who did and did not receive an autism diagnosis later in childhood.

The findings of this thesis suggest that both sustained attention to faces and eye versus mouth preference are heritable, meaning that young infants may select their environment based on their genotype, by looking at different aspects of a scene or a face. Being exposed to different types of input might influence later development, and these results indicate that social attention is associated with later social and communicative abilities, as well as later autism. In summary, this thesis contributes to the understanding of early social attention and how different aspects of this phenomenon are related to later development. 

Abstract [sv]

Att selektivt titta mot ansikten är en grundläggande mänsklig egenskap, som anses vara en viktig del av den sociala utvecklingen hos barn. Genom att titta på andra människor får man information om deras känsloliv, intentioner och kommunikativa signaler. Trots den viktiga funktionen av social uppmärksamhet vet vi väldigt lite om etiologin bakom individuella skillnader i hur man tittar på andra människor, och huruvida sådana skillnader kan kopplas till senare social och kommunikativ utveckling. 

I den här avhandlingen har jag använt mig av ögonrörelsemätningar för att studera hur barn tittar på sociala stimuli. I Studie I och II bestod deltagarna av fem månader gamla enäggs- och tvåäggstvillingar, vilket gör att man kan undersöka hur ärftligt ett visst beteende är. I Studie I undersökte vi om tendensen att titta på ögon (jämfört med mun) är ärftlig, genom att visa barnen videor av en kvinna som sjunger, pratar och ler mot kameran. Resultaten visade att ärftligheten av att titta på ögon jämfört med mun var hög, och att en tendens att titta mer på ögonen vid fem månaders ålder var associerad med högre språkförståelse vid 14 månaders ålder. I Studie II undersökte vi om benägenheten att upprätthålla uppmärksamhet mot ett ansikte är ärftlig, genom att visa bilder på leende och neutrala ansikten. Tiden det tog, i medeltal, att titta på ett ansikte innan barnet tittade bort visade sig vara ärftligt och associerat med socio-kommunikativa förmågor vid 14 månaders ålder. I Studie III bestod deltagarna av barn som har en nära familjemedlem med autism, och som därför har en större sannolikhet att själva utveckla autism jämfört med den generella befolkningen. Vid 18 månaders ålder fick barnen se videor med två äldre barn, där en pojke ber en flicka om att få en leksak som hon håller i, men där flickan vägrar att ge leksaken. Det visade sig att barnen som senare diagnosticerades med autism tittade betydligt mindre på flickans ansikte efter att pojken bett om leksaken, jämfört med barn som inte fick en autismdiagnos senare. 

Sammanfattningsvis visar resultaten från dessa studier att vissa delar av tidig social uppmärksamhet är ärftliga, och att barn redan vid fem månaders ålder tittar på olika aspekter av miljön baserat på den genotyp de har. Resultaten tyder också på att tidig social uppmärksamhet är viktig för både typisk och atypisk social och kommunikativ utveckling.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2023. p. 80
Series
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Social Sciences, ISSN 1652-9030 ; 219
Keywords
social attention, social communication, face perception, twins, infant attention, autism, social uppmärksamhet, social kommunikation, ansiktsperception, tvillingstudie, autism
National Category
Psychology (excluding Applied Psychology)
Research subject
Psychology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-515531 (URN)978-91-513-1970-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-01-19, Sal IX, Universitetshuset, Biskopsgatan 3, Uppsala, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-12-19 Created: 2023-11-14 Last updated: 2023-12-19

Open Access in DiVA

fulltext(1291 kB)309 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT01.pdfFile size 1291 kBChecksum SHA-512
9fd6ae498d64c89f748c6bd4ebbfe33485f1fa0738247c2c4522ee08d8482f736d9cc706d505927a9001cf57d38ed72de3f1257666d338634c69ae764ca4f7f6
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf

Other links

Publisher's full textPubMed

Authority records

Viktorsson, CharlotteRudling, MajaFalck-Ytter, Terje

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Viktorsson, CharlotteRudling, MajaFalck-Ytter, Terje
By organisation
Department of PsychologySwedish Collegium for Advanced Study (SCAS)
In the same journal
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Psychology (excluding Applied Psychology)

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
Total: 310 downloads
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

doi
pubmed
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
pubmed
urn-nbn
Total: 234 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf