Logo: to the web site of Uppsala University

uu.sePublications from Uppsala University
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Reimagining the cycle: interaction in self-tracking period apps and menstrual empowerment
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics and Media, Human-Computer Interaction.
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics and Media, Human-Computer Interaction.
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics and Media, Human-Computer Interaction.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8086-4962
2023 (English)In: Frontiers in Computer Science, E-ISSN 2624-9898, Vol. 5, article id 1166210Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

FemTech, technology often in the forms of apps developed to specifically target female health issues, have billions of users globally. Yet, despite the popularity of e.g., period trackers or pregnancy apps, we know little about the potential impact of these technologies, often developed outside controlled and regulated healthcare. How interactive technology is designed, and in our case the cycle represented through the design, has the potential to shape women's understanding of menstruation. In this study we analyse the interaction design of nine of the most downloaded menstruation apps, asking how commercial menstruation apps represent the cycle through their interaction design. While previous research has criticized these types of apps for lacking privacy and for enforcing normative ideals on women, they are often marketed in terms of female empowerment and users do indeed seem to find them very useful for period and fertility tracking. However, the term 'empowerment' is today used broadly and is known for having many potential meanings. Even within the field of Human Computer Interaction (HCI), 'empowerment' is used frequently but rarely explicitly defined. The question then becomes what empowerment could mean for menstruation tracking. In order to begin exploring the way menstruation and the period is represented in current apps and the way that future apps could design for empowerment, we engage in a comparative design investigation using what we call critical app-walkthrough methodology where an app's design is explored comprehensibly at one point in time and apps interacted with over a longer time period through researcher use-diares. Our results center around three ways in which these apps represent the cycle to users through design. We analyse; (1) interface metaphors used to represent the temporality of bleeding, (2) datafication of menstruation through input and output for intimate data tracking, and (3) the ways fertility predictions convey certainty over uncertainty. In a second step, we then explore what empowerment could mean for period trackers and how design could support empowering experiences. Finally, we present four design sensitivities meant to inspire designers to design for other types of period tracking experiences that might better empower bleeders. These are: support lived temporalities, embrace uncertainty, empower the self, and design less.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Frontiers Media S.A., 2023. Vol. 5, article id 1166210
Keywords [en]
FemTech, menstruation, reproductive health, self-tracking, period apps, interaction design, empowerment, critical feminism
National Category
Human Computer Interaction Design Other Computer and Information Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-514743DOI: 10.3389/fcomp.2023.1166210ISI: 001075500900001OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-514743DiVA, id: diva2:1808353
Part of project
Controlling the Uncontrollable: The Impact of Reproductive Health Apps on Experiences of Pregnancy, Healthcare Professionals’ Work, and Data Privacy., Swedish Research Council
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2020-01453Available from: 2023-10-31 Created: 2023-10-31 Last updated: 2026-06-22Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Making Bodies: Becoming with FemTech
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Making Bodies: Becoming with FemTech
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis explores the becoming of bodies with FemTech – female health technologies – motivated by the widespread use of reproductive health apps for tracking menstruation, fertility, and pregnancy. Empirically, the aim is to understand the implications of FemTech for what it means to have a body, to be a body, and to exist in relation to other bodies in a time when digital technologies have fundamentally transformed how we live, act, and interact in society. Theoretically, the aim is to expand how bodies are conceptualised, understood, and designed for within Human-Computer Interaction. Underpinned by relational ontologies, entanglement theories, and Karen Barad’s agential realism, this thesis approaches bodies as emerging relationally with technologies. It asks what bodies become with FemTech. Using thematic literature review, qualitative interviews, app walkthrough method, and autoethnography, it explores this question through five empirical studies which capture FemTech as phenomenon, the perspectives of developers and users, and the design of these technologies. Synthesising the findings from the empirical studies, I show how bodies emerge as what I call cyclic-reproductive with FemTech. Through intra-action with FemTech the body becomes a cyclic-reproductive force, an agency in itself. As the body becomes cyclic-reproductive it gains new meaning, lived experiences are reinterpreted, and the relationship between subject and body is transformed. The cyclic-reproductive body emerges as an agency that is ever-present and boundless, yet distinct from the subject. It becomes something that users cannot completely grasp or know, while remaining ever-present in their lives. In a concluding discussion, I argue that in order to understand what humans become with technologies, we must move beyond viewing technologies as fixed, designed artefacts and instead understand them as emergent phenomena that make particular constitutions of humans possible and impossible. Understanding bodies differently is to take responsibility in the mattering of bodies through design and technology, and I encourage researchers to think with entanglement theories in a pragmatic stretching and unstretching to make alternative perspectives on technologies visible and new worlds possible.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Uppsala University, Department of Informatics and Media, 2026. p. 71
Series
Uppsala Studies in Human-Computer Interaction ; 7
Keywords
FemTech, reproductive health technologies, bodies, entanglement, agential realism, relational ontologies
National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Research subject
Human-Computer Interaction
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-591641 (URN)978-91-506-3183-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-09-09, Hörsal 2, Kyrkogårdsgatan 10, Uppsala, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-08-14 Created: 2026-06-22 Last updated: 2026-08-14

Open Access in DiVA

fulltext(2268 kB)1018 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT01.pdfFile size 2268 kBChecksum SHA-512
e135e0b856460a4c74cda01e5c77af22a6ca9b0e36a0edd7e2587252fae27f4eb3d1ed94aab8bb102d94dc0c9c65ba354359b8f07c1951b661fce568ea348e06
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf

Other links

Publisher's full text

Authority records

Tylstedt, BeatriceNormark, MariaEklund, Lina

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Tylstedt, BeatriceNormark, MariaEklund, Lina
By organisation
Human-Computer Interaction
In the same journal
Frontiers in Computer Science
Human Computer InteractionDesignOther Computer and Information Science

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
Total: 1020 downloads
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

doi
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
urn-nbn
Total: 2278 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf