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Eyes on social development: Aetiology of infant gaze patterns and links to later socio-communicative abilities and autism
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology. Uppsala Universitet. (Development and Neurodiversity lab)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2727-2957
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Description
Abstract [en]

Already at a very early age, infants preferentially attend to social stimuli. Although this is believed to be important for later social cognition and learning, little is known about the aetiology of infant social attention and associations to later abilities.

In this thesis, I used eye tracking to study the influence of genes and environment on individual differences in different aspects of social attention, and developmental outcomes across different domains in toddlerhood in relation to both typical and atypical development. In Study I, the influence of genes and environment on the preference for looking at eyes versus mouth (eye-mouth-index) was assessed in 5-month-old twins. The eye-mouth-index was highly heritable, and a stronger tendency to look at the eyes was associated with later language comprehension. In Study II, sustained attention to faces was assessed in the same sample of infants, and found to be moderately heritable. Longer sustained attention was associated with more socio-communicative behaviours in toddlerhood. In Study III, videos of children interacting were shown to 18-month-olds with and without an elevated likelihood of autism. At specific time intervals in the videos, there was a significant difference in gaze allocation between the toddlers who did and did not receive an autism diagnosis later in childhood.

The findings of this thesis suggest that both sustained attention to faces and eye versus mouth preference are heritable, meaning that young infants may select their environment based on their genotype, by looking at different aspects of a scene or a face. Being exposed to different types of input might influence later development, and these results indicate that social attention is associated with later social and communicative abilities, as well as later autism. In summary, this thesis contributes to the understanding of early social attention and how different aspects of this phenomenon are related to later development. 

Abstract [sv]

Att selektivt titta mot ansikten är en grundläggande mänsklig egenskap, som anses vara en viktig del av den sociala utvecklingen hos barn. Genom att titta på andra människor får man information om deras känsloliv, intentioner och kommunikativa signaler. Trots den viktiga funktionen av social uppmärksamhet vet vi väldigt lite om etiologin bakom individuella skillnader i hur man tittar på andra människor, och huruvida sådana skillnader kan kopplas till senare social och kommunikativ utveckling. 

I den här avhandlingen har jag använt mig av ögonrörelsemätningar för att studera hur barn tittar på sociala stimuli. I Studie I och II bestod deltagarna av fem månader gamla enäggs- och tvåäggstvillingar, vilket gör att man kan undersöka hur ärftligt ett visst beteende är. I Studie I undersökte vi om tendensen att titta på ögon (jämfört med mun) är ärftlig, genom att visa barnen videor av en kvinna som sjunger, pratar och ler mot kameran. Resultaten visade att ärftligheten av att titta på ögon jämfört med mun var hög, och att en tendens att titta mer på ögonen vid fem månaders ålder var associerad med högre språkförståelse vid 14 månaders ålder. I Studie II undersökte vi om benägenheten att upprätthålla uppmärksamhet mot ett ansikte är ärftlig, genom att visa bilder på leende och neutrala ansikten. Tiden det tog, i medeltal, att titta på ett ansikte innan barnet tittade bort visade sig vara ärftligt och associerat med socio-kommunikativa förmågor vid 14 månaders ålder. I Studie III bestod deltagarna av barn som har en nära familjemedlem med autism, och som därför har en större sannolikhet att själva utveckla autism jämfört med den generella befolkningen. Vid 18 månaders ålder fick barnen se videor med två äldre barn, där en pojke ber en flicka om att få en leksak som hon håller i, men där flickan vägrar att ge leksaken. Det visade sig att barnen som senare diagnosticerades med autism tittade betydligt mindre på flickans ansikte efter att pojken bett om leksaken, jämfört med barn som inte fick en autismdiagnos senare. 

Sammanfattningsvis visar resultaten från dessa studier att vissa delar av tidig social uppmärksamhet är ärftliga, och att barn redan vid fem månaders ålder tittar på olika aspekter av miljön baserat på den genotyp de har. Resultaten tyder också på att tidig social uppmärksamhet är viktig för både typisk och atypisk social och kommunikativ utveckling.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2023. , p. 80
Series
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Social Sciences, ISSN 1652-9030 ; 219
Keywords [en]
social attention, social communication, face perception, twins, infant attention, autism
Keywords [sv]
social uppmärksamhet, social kommunikation, ansiktsperception, tvillingstudie, autism
National Category
Psychology (excluding Applied Psychology)
Research subject
Psychology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-515531ISBN: 978-91-513-1970-4 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-515531DiVA, id: diva2:1811694
Public defence
2024-01-19, Sal IX, Universitetshuset, Biskopsgatan 3, Uppsala, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-12-19 Created: 2023-11-14 Last updated: 2023-12-19
List of papers
1. Preferential looking to eyes versus mouth in early infancy: heritability and link to concurrent and later development
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Preferential looking to eyes versus mouth in early infancy: heritability and link to concurrent and later development
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2023 (English)In: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, ISSN 0021-9630, E-ISSN 1469-7610, Vol. 64, no 2, p. 311-319Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BackgroundFrom birth, infants orient preferentially to faces, and when looking at the face, they attend primarily to eyes and mouth. These areas convey different types of information, and earlier research suggests that genetic factors influence the preference for one or the other in young children. MethodsIn a sample of 535 5-month-old infant twins, we assessed eye (relative to mouth) preference in early infancy, i.e., before neural systems for social communication and language are fully developed. We investigated the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the preference for looking at eyes, and the association with concurrent traits and follow-up measures. ResultsEye preference was independent from all other concurrent traits measured, and had a moderate-to-high contribution from genetic influences (A = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.66). Preference for eyes at 5 months was associated with higher parent ratings of receptive vocabulary at 14 months. No statistically significant association with later autistic traits was found. Preference for eyes was strikingly stable across different stimulus types (e.g., dynamic vs. still), suggesting that infants' preference at this age does not reflect sensitivity to low-level visual cues. ConclusionsThese results suggest that individual differences in infants' preferential looking to eyes versus mouth to a substantial degree reflect genetic variation. The findings provide new leads on both the perceptual basis and the developmental consequences of these attentional biases.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2023
Keywords
Twin design, visual attention, eye-mouth index, language comprehension
National Category
Psychology (excluding Applied Psychology)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-489037 (URN)10.1111/jcpp.13724 (DOI)000890235400001 ()36426800 (PubMedID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2018-06232Riksbankens JubileumsfondSwedish Collegium for Advanced Study (SCAS), NHS14-1802:1Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, 777394European Commission
Available from: 2022-11-25 Created: 2022-11-25 Last updated: 2023-11-14Bibliographically approved
2. Sustained looking at faces at 5 months of age is associated with socio-communicative skills in the second year of life
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Sustained looking at faces at 5 months of age is associated with socio-communicative skills in the second year of life
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2024 (English)In: Infancy, ISSN 1525-0008, E-ISSN 1532-7078, Vol. 29, no 3, p. 459-478Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Efficiently processing information from faces in infancy is foundational for nonverbal communication. We studied individual differences in 5-month-old infants' (N = 517) sustained attention to faces and preference for emotional faces. We assessed the contribution of genetic and environmental influences to individual differences in these gaze behaviors, and the association between these traits and other concurrent and later phenotypes. We found an association between the mean duration of looking at a face (before looking away from it) at 5 months and socio-communicative abilities at 14 months (β = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.08; 0.26, p < 0.001). Sustained attention to faces predicted socio-communicative abilities over and above variance captured by mean fixation duration. We also found a statistically significant but weak tendency to prefer looking at smiling faces (relative to neutral faces), but no indication that variability in this behavior was explained by genetic effects. Moderate heritability was found for sustained attention to faces (A = 0.23, CI: 0.06; 0.38), while shared environmental influences were non-significant for both phenotypes. These findings suggest that sustained looking at individual faces before looking away is a developmentally significant ‘social attention’ phenotype in infancy, characterized by moderate heritability and a specific relation to later socio-communicative abilities.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2024
Keywords
Eye tracking, socio-communicative skills, infants, twin model, visual attention
National Category
Psychology (excluding Applied Psychology) Sociology (Excluding Social Work, Social Anthropology, Demography and Criminology)
Research subject
Psychology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-515561 (URN)10.1111/infa.12586 (DOI)001162772900001 ()
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationStiftelsen Sunnerdahls HandikappfondRiksbankens JubileumsfondEU, Horizon Europe, MSCA-ITN 2018N.81European Commission, 777394
Available from: 2023-11-13 Created: 2023-11-13 Last updated: 2025-02-17Bibliographically approved
3. How 18-month-olds with Later Autism Look at Other Children Interacting: The Timing of Gaze Allocation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>How 18-month-olds with Later Autism Look at Other Children Interacting: The Timing of Gaze Allocation
2024 (English)In: Journal of autism and developmental disorders, ISSN 0162-3257, E-ISSN 1573-3432, Vol. 54, no 11, p. 4091-4101Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

When observing other people during naturally paced and dynamic interactions, it is essential to look at specific locations at the right time to extract a maximum of socially informative content. In this study, we aimed to investigate the looking behavior of typically developing toddlers and toddlers later diagnosed with autism when observing other children interact. The sample consisted of 98 toddlers; 22 in a low-likelihood of autism group, 60 in an elevated likelihood of autism group who did not receive a subsequent diagnosis, and 16 in an elevated likelihood group who did receive an autism diagnosis. Participants performed an eye tracking task at 18 months of age and were assessed for diagnostic outcome at 36 months. The video stimuli consisted of two children interacting, where a boy reaches out for a toy and a girl refuses to give it to him. The low likelihood group showed an expected increase in ratio of looking at the girl’s face after the boy requested the toy, as compared to before (t(21) = -3.337, p = .003). Toddlers with later autism showed a significantly lower ratio of looking at the girl’s face during this time window, as compared to the other groups (F(2,91) = 3.698, p = .029). These findings provide new leads on how social gaze may be different in children with autism in everyday life (e.g., kindergarten), and highlight the need of studying the dynamics of gaze on short time scales.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2024
Keywords
Autism, Eye tracking, Visual attention, Social perception
National Category
Psychology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-510543 (URN)10.1007/s10803-023-06118-z (DOI)001060684300009 ()37642874 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85168997409 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Uppsala UniversitySwedish Research Council, 2018–06232Riksbankens JubileumsfondSwedish Collegium for Advanced Study (SCAS), NHS14-1802:1Stiftelsen Sunnerdahls HandikappfondKnut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationEU, Horizon 2020, 777394EU, Horizon 2020, 847818EU, Horizon Europe, MSCA-ITN-2018 N. 81
Available from: 2023-08-31 Created: 2023-08-31 Last updated: 2025-02-19Bibliographically approved

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