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Mental health status according to the dual-factor model in Swedish adolescents: A cross sectional study highlighting associations with stress, resilience, social status and gender
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Social medicine/CHAP.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0482-8094
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., Centre for Clinical Research, County of Västmanland. University Health Care Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4115-8413
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Caring Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0318-7942
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Social medicine/CHAP.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6594-2291
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2024 (English)In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 19, no 3, article id e0299225Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to I) investigate the dual-factor model of mental health by forming and describing four participant groups and II) examine associations between mental health status and background factors, school-related factors, stress, and resilience among adolescents in a community population in Sweden. Data were collected through a survey completed by 2,208 students in lower and upper secondary school on the Swedish island of Gotland. After missing data were removed, a total of 1,833 participants were included in the study. The survey included the Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF) for the assessment of mental well-being and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) for the assessment of mental health problems. These two measures were combined into a dual-factor model, forming four mental health status subgroups: Vulnerable (47.5%), Complete mental health (36.2%), Troubled (13.9%), and Symptomatic but content (2.5%). Associations between these groups were explored regarding background factors, school-related factors, stress, and resilience through chi-squared tests and logistic regressions. Girls (OR: 1.88) and participants with high stress levels (OR: 2.23) had elevated odds for Vulnerable mental health status, whereas higher resilience (OR: 0.87) and subjective social status in school (OR: 0.76) were factors associated with reduced odds for this mental health status classification. Female gender (OR: 5.02) was also associated with Troubled mental health status. Similarly, a high level of stress (ORs: 4.08 and 11.36) was associated with Symptomatic but content and Troubled mental health status, and participants with higher levels of resilience had decreased odds for being classified into these groups (ORs: 0.88 and 0.81). The findings highlight the importance of interventions to increase resilience, reduce stress, and address stereotypic gender norms as well as social status hierarchies to support adolescents’ mental health.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2024. Vol. 19, no 3, article id e0299225
National Category
Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology
Research subject
Caring Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-524403DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299225ISI: 001181701600057PubMedID: 38427682OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-524403DiVA, id: diva2:1842408
Funder
Uppsala University, Planeringsrådet Campus Gotland 19-10-28 §5, 2019Länsförsäkringar AB, 19-12-16 #11 §139, 2019Region Gotland, RS2020/663, 2020Available from: 2024-03-04 Created: 2024-03-04 Last updated: 2024-09-25Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. ”Det är liksom en stor grej som händer just nu i våra liv”: Psykisk hälsa och stigma bland ungdomar
Open this publication in new window or tab >>”Det är liksom en stor grej som händer just nu i våra liv”: Psykisk hälsa och stigma bland ungdomar
2024 (Swedish)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Adolescents’ mental health is a current public health issue. However, research, on adolescents’ views on different aspects of mental health, and the prevalence of mental well-being, mental illness and related stigma, among adolescents is limited in Sweden. The overall aim of this thesis was to explore perceptions and status of mental health and stigma related to mental health problems among adolescents in a Swedish context. 

Study I and II were based on qualitative interviews with 32 adolescents on the Swedish island Gotland. Study I indicated that the adolescents had a complex understanding of various mental health concepts but labelled mental well-being as ‘feeling good’ and mental illness as ‘feeling bad’. In Study II, the adolescents described mental health problems as common due to current living conditions, e.g. stress related to school performance and social media and an increased openness about mental health problems. Stigmatisation of people with mental health problems was perceived as problematic, caused by lack of experience and knowledge, but also as related to rumour spreading and stereotypical gender norms. 

Study III and IV were based on the Life and Health Youth survey, conducted in secondary schools located on Gotland. In study III, the results according to the dual-factor model of mental health showed that most adolescents had vulnerable mental health status (47.5%), while 36.2% had complete mental health. A smaller proportion had troubled (13,9%) or symptomatic but content (2,5%) mental health status. Associations were observed between mental health status and gender, grades, truancy, stress level, resilience, and subjective social status in school. 

In study IV, the factor structure and internal consistency was acceptable for the modified Attitudes About Mental Illness and its Treatment scale, but the adolescents perceived it as difficult to answer. Further, negative attitudes towards people with mental health problems were present, and more common among boys and foreign-born adolescents. 

The findings of this thesis suggests the two-factor model of mental health and the three-part description of stigma, including stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination, to be applicable among adolescents. Further, the findings suggest a need for promotion of mental well-being and prevention of mental health problems such as interventions to reduce school-related stress, increase resilience and promote societal knowledge about mental health, stigma and gender stereotypes among adolescents. The findings also motivate support to adolescents with low mental wellbeing and minor mental health problems as well as to adolescents who have friends with mental health problems. 

Abstract [sv]

Ungdomars psykiska hälsa är en aktuell folkhälsofråga. Forskning om ungdomars syn inom området psykisk hälsa och om förekomst av psykiskt välbefinnande, psykisk ohälsa och relaterat stigma är dock begränsad i Sverige. Syftet med avhandlingen var att undersöka uppfattningar om och status för psykisk hälsa och stigma relaterat till psykisk ohälsa bland ungdomar i en svensk kontext.

Studie I och II byggde på kvalitativa intervjuer med 32 ungdomar på Gotland. I studie I framkom att ungdomarna hade en komplex förståelse för begrepp inom området psykisk hälsa, men benämnde psykiskt välbefinnande som att ”må bra” och psykisk ohälsa som att ”må dåligt”. I studie II beskrev ungdomarna psykisk ohälsa som vanligt förekommande utifrån nuvarande levnadstillståndsförhållanden med t.ex. stress relaterat till skolprestationer och sociala medier, samt ökad öppenhet kring psykisk ohälsa. Stigmatisering av personer med psykiska problem uppfattades som negativt och beroende på bristande erfarenhet och kunskap, men också relaterat till ryktesspridning och stereotypa könsnormer.

Studie III och IV byggde på enkäten Liv och Hälsa Ung Gotland som genomfördes i högstadiet och gymnasiet på Gotland. I studie III visade resultaten utifrån två-faktormodellen för psykisk hälsa att 36,2% hade fullständig psykisk hälsa. De flesta ungdomarna hade sårbar psykisk hälsa (47,5%). En mindre andel hade besvärad eller symtomatisk men nöjd psykisk hälsostatus (13,9% respektive 2,5%). Resultaten visade också samband mellan psykisk hälsostatus och kön, betyg, skolk, stressnivå, resiliens och subjektivt upplevd social status i skolan.

I studie IV uppvisade den modifierade versionen av skattningsskalan Attitudes About Mental Illness and its Treatment acceptabel faktorstruktur och intern konsistens. Ungdomarna upplevde den dock som svår att besvara. Vid mätningen med skattningsskalan återfanns viss förekomst av negativa attityder mot personer med psykisk ohälsa, vilket var vanligare bland pojkar och utlandsfödda ungdomar.

Avhandlingens resultat indikerar att två-faktormodellen för psykisk hälsa och den tredelade beskrivningen av stigma som innefattande stereotyper, fördomar och diskriminering är tillämpbar bland ungdomar. Resultaten tyder på behov av åtgärder för främjande av psykiskt välbefinnande och förebyggande av psykisk ohälsa. Exempelvis insatser för att minska skolrelaterad stress och öka resiliens bland ungdomar, samt för att främja kunskap om psykisk hälsa, stigma och stereotypa könsnormer i samhället. Stöd till ungdomar med lågt psykiskt välbefinnande, mildare psykisk ohälsa och med vänner med psykisk ohälsa är också motiverat.

 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Uppsala universitet, 2024. p. 135
Series
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine, ISSN 1651-6206 ; 2068
Keywords
attitude, adolescent, dual-factor model, focus group, mental health, mental health problems, perception, qualitative interview, questionnaire, stigma, Sweden, view, attityd, enkät, fokusgrupp, kvalitativ intervju, psykisk hälsa, psykisk ohälsa, stigma, Sverige, två-faktormodell, ungdom, uppfattning
National Category
Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology
Research subject
Social Medicine
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-535659 (URN)978-91-513-2205-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-10-04, E22, Campus Gotland, Cramérgatan 3, Visby, 13:00 (Swedish)
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Supervisors
Available from: 2024-09-12 Created: 2024-08-06 Last updated: 2024-09-12

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Hermann, VeronicaSöderqvist, FredrikKarlsson, Ann-ChristinSarkadi, AnnaDurbeej, Natalie

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